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Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
This is the largest iron and steel producing This Doab is in between Jhelum and Chenab
area in lndia: Rivers:
* Durgapur * Chaj
* Bhelai *Rachna
* Jamshedpur * Bari
* Gujrat * Sind sagar
SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS
Geography of World
Q-1 Explain the terms Renewable Natural Resources & Non-renewable Natural Resource.
Ans Natural resources are either RENEWABLE or NON-RENEWABLE. Non-renewable natural resources
are listed as: fossil fuels, oil, coal, copper, diamonds, natural gas, iron ore, minerals, gold, silver, platinum,
rocks, and many more. Once non-renewable resources are removed it will take . a very, very long time, if ever,
to replace them. We certainly will not see it again in our lifetime or that of the next generation.
Renewable. resources, on-the-other-hand, can be replaced in a relatively short period of time or used
through conservation efforts without depleting the resource. We consider renewable natural resources to be:
animals, insects, reptiles, plants, trees, water, grass, solar and wind energy. Yes, water is considered a renewable
resource! Even though the same amount of water is on the earth TODAY, as there was when the earth was
formed, only 3% is actually in a useable state. The rest is either too salty or frozen in polar packs. That 3% is
renewable through the.water cycle, but we still need to conserve our water use and be careful not to waste water
or any of our natural resources.
One of the clearest impacts of climate change will be on trade infrastructure and routes. Port facilities, as we
as buildings, roads, railways, airports and bridges are at risk of damage from rising sea levels and the increased
occurrence of instances of extreme weather, floods and storms. In addition, fuel prices are likely to change
significantly in the future, making some existing trade uneconomic but also opening up new possibilities.
Q-3 Explain the role of transport network in the development of mining in any area.
Ans. Transportation within the mines and to the places of demand was also a serious concern. Indeed,
since only human and horse transport was available raw ores underwent primary processing at the mines just
because of the restrictions of transportation. The opening of the railway solved this problem.
The possibility of development of transportation within mines from manual labours to horsepower and then
to tramcars depended on the physical nature of the mine, the height and width of its shafts, and the design of the
route. The full development of a mine with a unified transportation system connecting all the main shafts and its
branches would be possible only by implementing modern mining methods. Investments for geological surveys,
ranging from the traditional mountain diagnosis (the old method of looking over an area and choosing a site
according to feel) to modern boring and feasibility surveys, have to be done in advance, but these were all
beyond the scope and financial capacity of the subcontracted mine operators.
E Commerce websites are built differently, but they all use the same basic functions. The ability to accept
credit cards is very important. When a purchase is made the money will be transferred directly into your
businesses bank account. When an order is placed, the customers purchase and payment information will come
into your administration section. You will login with your desired username and password to view this
information. Through the admin section you will also be able to add new products, update products, and
maintain your whole website.
Q-5 The largest tea producers have no role in world tea trade. Comment.
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Ans. Ultimately the options for tea producers to improve their livelihoods are limited. Increasing
productivity and reducing the costs of inputs can help to some extent. But producers will still be vulnerable to
impacts of climate change as well as global reductions in tea price. The only way to create long term security
for tea producers is to increase their negotiating power so as to shift the value chain in their favor. Harriet Lamb,
Executive Director, Fair-trade Foundation says:
It is our ambition to re-balance the power in the supply chain so that tea workers and farmers become price-
makers rather than price-takers in the long run.
Currently, there are 93 Fair-trade certified tea producers but they are only able to sell a small proportion of their
tea on Fair-trade terms as there is not enough consumer demand for Fair-trade tea. Director of United Nilgiri
Tea Estates in India, Mr. Pinto said: We would love to sell all our tea as Fair-trade tea. That is not only good for
the company as it yields higher prices but especially for the workers. Look what has been accomplished with
the premium money and imagine what would happen if all our tea was sold as Fair-trade. Major changes could
be achieved. The future faced by tea growers and workers is not just in the hands of a few companies and the
changing climate. It is in our hands also. If we all demanded Fair-trade tea for our daily cupper, we could start
to tip the balance in favor of tea producers in Asia and Africa. Fair-trade is the only independent assurance that
workers have a voice within the value chain and that small farmers livelihoods are more secure.
Sodium Nitrates:
Sodium nitrates contain 16 percent nitrogen and also are known as Chilates or Chilean nitrate. They are useful
in soil that is acidic.
Ammonium Sulphate:
Ammonium sulphate comes in a white crystal form, similar to salt. It contains about 20 percent
ammoniacal nitrogen and has an acidic effect on the soil.
Ammonium Nitrate:
Ammonium nitrate comes in a form similar to ammonium sulphate but it contains about 34 percent nitrogen. It
acts quickly on the soil but cant be stored for very long.
Fertilizers are generally inorganic salts such as ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, super phosphate, triple
phosphate and potassium nitrate etc. Urea is organic in nature. Fertilizers makeup deficiency of soil, keep it
slightly alkaline or neutral. It should be noted down that the soil having pH below 3 or above 10 is sterile.
Furnish adequate supply of the elements to the plants to become fertile again. Supply of necessary food.
Maintain pH of soil in between 7.00 to 8.00.
Farming isnt practiced in the desert regions because of its temperatures an its deadly contrast in climate
changes. Desert soil is very dry and it doesnt hold the appropriate nutrient value for ordinary crops to be
grown. Also the scorching heat is not a favorable condition for crops to be grown.
Q-10 Which region of the world is the, front runner in rubber production nowadays? Write three points
in support of your answer.
Ans. The Top 5 Rubber Producing Countries, with production in 2010 in metric tons.
1. Thailand 3,166,910m/t
2. Indonesia 2,921,872m/t
3. Malaysia 1,072,400m/t
4. India 819,000m/t
5. Viet-Nam 659,600m/t
Blessed with natural and man-made advantages, Thailand has developed into the worlds largest producer
and exporter of natural rubber. The country turns out more than a million metric tons of natural rubber annually,
and progress in the industry remains vigorous. Perfectly positioned to lead, Thailand rose to prominence
because of its abundant resources of natural rubber, cost- effective workforce, and strategic location in
the Asia-Pacific region. According to the Thai Rubber Association, the Asia- Pacific currently accounts for 57%
of global rubber demand and will remain the worlds strongest growth area through at least 2013. This
represents continued lucrative opportunities for Thai rubber businesses.
Q-11 The sugar industry is located close to the sugarcane plantation because of several factors. List any
four factors for this.
Ans. Due to the high temperatures in the areas where cane is produced, workers need to consume large
quantities of liquid.
Fumes and gases such as carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrochloric acid may be
given off at various stages of the refining process. The high temperatures of processing can also result in fumes
and steam that are not only irritating or hot, but sometimes can be , toxic as well.
In some areas of the mill, there are excessive noise levels.
Bagassosis is an occupational lung disease of the extrinsic allergic alveoli is type, caused by breathing
dusts containing spores of thermopile actinomycetes which grow in stored, mouldy bagasse. Hypersensitivity
pneumonitis can also result from this exposure.
Q-12 State four points for the importance of the study of Commercial Geography for the commerce
students.
Ans. The study of commercial geography is extremely beneficial for acommerce student.
(i) Commerce students aim at achieving a respectable position in the business society. The study of
commercial geography broadest his mind and help him to select the tight track.
(ii) As a trader or industrialist he should know in which venture to invest, how much to invest so as to get
maximum return.
(iii) Students should know about the main trade routes of the world, the best means of transport and
communication to be used,
(iv) He should know where the raw materials for a particular industry are available.
Q-14 USA and Canada are both importers and exporters of Iron Ore. Comment.
Ans. In 2004, almost all of the usable ore, having an estimated value of $1.6 billion, was shipped from mines
in Michigan and Minnesota. Ten iron ore production complexes with 10 mines, 8 concentration plants, and 8
palletizing plants were in operation during the year. The mines included 10 open pits and no underground
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operations. Virtually all ore was concentrated before shipment. Eight mines operated by three companies
accounted for 99% of production. The United States produced 4% of the worlds iron ore output and consumed
about 5%.
Imports of iron ore-products in the Canada-U.S. market are split 70% for agglomerates (i.e., pellets) and 30%
for agglomerates (i.e., concentrates). American, Canadian, and Venezuelan producers are the main competitors
in this pellet market, while Brazilian, Canadian, Venezuelan, and Australian producers battle for the concentrate
market.
Q-17 How does Intensive Commercial Agriculture differ from Extensive Grain production?
Ans. Intensive agriculture or intensive farming is an approach to farming in which the goal is to get a yield
which is as high as possible using techniques which are geared towards maximizing the amount of crops which
can be.grown on land, the number of growing cycles per year, and so forth. Extensive farming or extensive
agriculture is an agricultural production system that uses small inputs of labour, fertilizers, and capital, relative
to the land area being farmed. Extensive farming most commonly refers to sheep and . cattle farming in areas
with low agricultural productivity, but can also refer to large-scale growing of wheat, barley and other grain
crops in areas like the Murray-Darling Basin.
Q-18 The Eskimo hunter are distinguished for special aptitudes and methods. Comment.
Ans. The hypothesis that the ecological and cultural characteristics of Eskimo society lead to village
Eskimo children having greater ability in visual memory than urban Caucasian children has been studied. A test
of visual memory was given to 501 urban Caucasian and 125 village Eskimo children. Village Eskimo children
demonstrated significantly higher levels of visual. memory. Visual memory was also found to increase
significantly with age. A follow-up questionnaire study indicated that about 65 per cent of teac Canal system
on the right (west) bank of the Indus. hers in Eskimo villages noted the unusually high ability of Eskimo
students in recalling visual detail or mentioned their high performance in tasks depending partly upon this
ability.
Innovations in carding & spinning enabled by advances in cast iron ever larger spinning mules and water frames
were constructed. They were housed in water driven mills on numerous streams. The need for more power
stimulated the production of steam driven beam engines, and then relative mill engines. The line shaft
transmitted this power to each floor of the mill. Surplus power capacity encouraged the construction of ever
more sophisticated power looms working in weaving sheds. The scale of production in the mill towns round
Manchester created a need for a commercial structure; for a cotton exchange and warehousing. These earned
Manchester the sobriquet Cotton polls.
Q-20 The total crop duration of spring wheat is lesser than winter wheat. Write two major reasons in
support of this statement.
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Ans. Winter wheat acreage has always been much smaller than that of spring wheat in Minnesota. From 1999
to 2004, the winter wheat acreage in Minnesota varied from 15,000 to 60,000 acres. The primary constraint to
winter wheat production in Minnesota is winter kill. Newer varieties and production practices have reduced this
risk, making winter wheat a more viable option in the cropping systems of the state. The benefits of winter
wheat include:
Q-22 List the major Fishing grounds of the world and describe anyone fishing ground of the U.S.A.
Ans. MAJOR FISHING GROUNDS OF THE WORLD The major commercial fishing grounds are located
in the cool waters of the northern hemisphere in comparatively high. latitudes. Commercial fishing is little
developed in the tropics or in the southern hemisphere.
This towns name should be your first clue as to why attracts sportsmen the way a spawning run draws bears.
Located right on the Salmon River-and bordering millions of acres of public hunting ground, including
the largest wilderness area in the Lowe 48 (the Frank Church River of No Return Wilderness)-Salmon has, well,
everything. The Salmon and its tributaries offer world-class fishing for trout, steel head, and other species year-
round. On the crags and benches above the Salmon and other nearby rivers, wing shooters chase chukar and
Huns, while at higher elevations blue and spruce grouse predominate.
The big-g~me scene has changed in Salmon with the resurgence of wolves. But trophy elk, mule deer, and
whitetails are still accessible, and the hunting for bears and mountain lions is second to none.
Commercial geography that deals with commodities according to their places of origin and their paths
of transportation.
Q-26 If the birth rate of a country is 3% and its death rate is 1%, calculate the doubling time for that
country.
Ans. The formula for doubling time (Td) in a population with an NIR (Net increase in rare) of r% is based
on logarithms:
Q-27 What is a fertilizer? List the functions of three major fertilizer elements.
Ans. Chemical fertilizers promote plant growth and are produced by a chemical process. Chemical fertilizers
are less bulky than natural fertilizers such as manure or compost. There are many different types of chemical
fertilizers and they come in powder, granular, liquid and gas forms.
Sodium Nitrates:
Sodium nitrates contain 16 percent nitrogen and also are known as Chilates or Chilean nitrate. They are useful
in soil that is acidic.
Ammonium Sulphate:
Ammonium sulphate comes in a white crystal form, similar to salt. It contains about 20 percent
ammoniacal nitrogen and has an acidic effect on the soil.
Ammonium Nitrate:
Ammonium nitrate comes in a form similar to ammonium sulphate but it contains about 34 percent nitrogen. It
acts quickly on the soil but cant be stored for very long.
Q-34 The best Fishing grounds are developed at the meeting places of warm and cold ocean currents.
Comment.
Ans. Cold and warm climates are best fishing grounds in the world. Mixed sea water enriches in fish
species and plankton that are the basic food Of fishes. Warm Gulf stream and cold Labrador current meet near
gaud Bank which is one of the best fishing grounds in the world.
Q-38 Write about the Natural gas producing countries of the world.
Ans. Natural gas has remained in human use since prehistoric times. It is an important need of today. It is used
for industrial as well as domestic use.
RUSSIA: The largest producer of natural gas is central Asia is Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
U.S.A.: U.S.A. produces about 80% of worlds natural gas. The use of natural gas in U.S.A. began in 1820.
Today 3000,000 miles of pipe lines distributed gas to 27 states.
CANADA: The third largest gas producing country of North America. Gas found in Quebec and Ontario.
MEXICO: The gas producing areas lies in tar Pico Oil region.
INDONESIA: Indonesia rank, top as gas producing countries in the Asia. Gas found in Smarta and Borreo.
Q-39 Why are Prairies grasslands called the bread basket of the world?
Ans. Wheat is the most important of all grains of temperate climate. Canada is the major producer of wheat. It
is grown in almost every state. It is mostly grown in the cool temperature region. The Canadian wheat growing
region is also known as the Bread Basket of the world. It export large amount of wheat.
(i) PRODUCTION: Hunting of animals, harvesting commodities from nature, subsistence agriculture,
forestry, fishing, mining.
(iii) CONSUMPTION: Use of commodities and services by human beings to satisfy their needs and wants.
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Geography of Pakistan: -
In the initial years of the adoption oj the canal irrigation system, there were various ways to irrigate the fields
such as shaduf, charsa, Persian wheel and karez. In Shaduf, it is a balancing act where a bucket is attached to
one side while on the other side the weight of the bucket is balanced by a tantamount weight. Shaduf is used to
irrigate a small piece of land. Coming to Charsa, it is characterized by animal power, which is incorporated to
draw the water from the well. Then comes the Persian wheel which is used to irrigate vast expanses of land and
is a system of perpetual water supply. Coming towards the next one, its the karez, which is a horizontal canal,
which is built underground in the foothills. This approach is primarily used to prevent the evaporation rate as it
is built underground.
Q-2 In which season does Pakistan receive most of its rairifall? Give reason.
Ans. The average rainfall in Pakistan is less than 20 inches annually. Pakistan situated in the Monsoon
region. The monsoon lauds receive most of their rainfall during the summer months ..Heaviest rainfall is on the
coasts and stapes of mountains the annual rainfall is usually more than 80 inches in some places. Areas far from
the sea receive about 40 inches of rain.
(i) The more densely populated centers of Pakistan are situated in the urban areas, which are the busiest centers
of trade and commerce. Besides, so many industries have also deyeloped around these areas. The surrounding
areas, around Lahore, Faisalabad and Gujranwala, are very fertile. The irrigation facilities are available, so the
necessities of life can be had easily. The employment facilities in different industrial and commercial units are
also available. That is why the population of rural area is migrating towards these urban centers and
their population is increasing very rapidly.
(ii) The areas situated in the plains are more densely populated than the mountain, regions, because the
mountains having pugged topography are not suitable for agricultural activities. Besides, in winter, due to
intense cold, snowfall is common and the mean of transportation become ineffective the establishment of
industries not possible in these areas due to scarcity of resources. That these areas are thinly populated.
(iii) In the plains, the density if population also differs in various regions. The areas of Punjab and Sindh there
irrigation facilities and other resources are available; density of population is more than the dry Barani areas.
Lahore, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Multan districts are more dense than Attock, Jhelum and Dera Ghazi Khan
Districts. Similarly in Sindh, Hyderabad, Larkana, Nawabshah districts are more densely populated than
Tharparkar, Thatta, Dadu and Sanghar Districts.
(iv) Those areas which are situated far away and where climate is intense, irrigation facilities are not available
,rain is meager and there is scarcity of resources, even the water for drinking purpose has to be brought from
long distances, there density of Population
Q-6 Write note on (a) Makran Coast (b) Lower Indus Plain
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Ans. (a) Makran Coast:.
The coastal area of Balochistan is about 850 miles lOng the people living around Pasni, Gwader, Ormara are
engaged fishing. The chief verities of fish caught here. About 80% of the fish caught in this area is dried,
canned, salted and exported to various Middle East and South Asian Countries. Three fishing harbors have been
developed. Ice factories and refrigeration plants have been set up by the Government.
In case of a barrage, its entire length across the river i.e. between the banks is provided with gates having their
bottom sill near the river bed level. Thus the storage behind the barrage is solely created by the height of the
gates. The dam on the other hand has spillway gates almost near its top level and the storage behind the-darn is
mainly due to the height of concrete structure and partially due to the gate height.
In both the cases, however, the number and size of gates is adequate to pass the design flood during monsoons.
Q-8 Why are the deltaic plains not suitable for agriculture?
Ans. A deltaic plain consists of active or abandoned deltas, which are either overlapping or contiguous to
one another. A delta is a relatively flat area at the mouth of a river or a river system in which sediment load is
deposited and distributed. That portion of a drainage basin within which the sediment load is traded or carried in
transit is referred to as an alluvial valley. The alluvial valley merges downstream with the deltaic plain, often
where the main stream channel branches, or has branched in the past, into multiple distributaries. The deltaic
plain does not necessarily begin downstream from its most upstream distributarys or its most upstream
abandoned distributarys.
1. In flat basins large dams cause flooding of large tracts of land, destroying local animals and habitats.
2. People have to be displaced causing change in life style and customs, even causing emotional scarring. About
40 to 80 million people have been displaced physically by dams worldwide.
3. Large amounts of plant life are submerged and decay anaerobically (in the absence of oxygen)
generating greenhouse gases like methane. It is- estimated that a hydroelectric power plant produces 3.5 times
the amount of greenhouse gases as a thermal power plant burning fossil fuels.
4. The migratory pattern of river animals like salmon and trout are affected.
5. Dams restrict sediments that are responsible for the fertile lands downstream. Farmers use chemical fertilizers
and pesticides to compensate for the loss in productivity.
6. Salt water intrusion into the deltas means that the saline water cannot be used for irrigation.
7. Large dams are breeding grounds for mosquitoes and cause the spread of disease.
8. Farmers downstream who used to wait for the flooding of the fields to plant their seeds are affected.
9. Dams serve as a heat sink, and the water is hotter than the normal river water. This warm water when released
into the river downstream can affect animal life.
10. Peak power operations can change the water level thirty to forty feet in one day and can kill the animals
staying at the shorelines.
11. Around 400,000 km2 of land worldwide has been submerged due to the construction of dams.
Q-11 Discuss the measures employed for improving occupational structure in Pakistan.
Ans. Occupational choice plays an important role in determining earnings and success in the labour market. In
the social structure of Pakistan, an occupation reflects the socioeconomic status of the individual. In this
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backdrop, the paper looks at the occupational structure and analyses how different characteristics help
individuals to access jobs of their choice. The main issue discussed in the paper is how men and women have a
different occupation distribution. Estimates are based on a multinomial log model of occupation choices for
men and women, using the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS) 2001-02 data. The empirical results
show that individuals with high educational achievements choose highranking jobs. It is also noted that gender
has a role in the labour market and males are sorted out in high-paying occupation. Occupational choice is
influenced more by the human capital variables than by the individual characteristics. Among human capital
variables, education has the strongest impact in the selection of an occupation of choice.
Secondly, water wastage is very high in our country. The archaic method of flood irrigation is still in practice
in whole of the country which wastes almost 50 to 60 percent of water.
Thirdly, owing did methods of cultivation and harvesting, Pakistan has low yield per acre that means
the average crop in Pakistan is just 1/4th of that of advance states. Whereas Nepal, India and Bangladesh
are using modern scientific methods to increase their yield per acre. For this purpose, these states are using
modern machines to improve their yield.
Fourthly, the small farmers are increasing in our country as the lands are dividing generation by generation. So,
there are large number of farmers who own only 4 acres of land. These small farmers do not get credit facilities
to purchase seeds, pesticides, fertilizers etc.
Q-13 Mention the rail and road links of Pakistan to the neighboring countries.
Ans. Railway links with adjacent countries:
Afghanistan Azerbaijan Armenia Iraq one long Iink from Arak via Kermanshah to Baghdad,
Khorramshahr to Basra Bam to Zahedan completed 2009.Turkey via Lake Van train ferry,
Turkmenistan break-of-gauge
The NTC will connect Pakistan with China, Iran, Central Asian Republics, Turkey, Middle East and India.
Federal Minister Chaudhary Nisar Ali Khan said that the corridor would be completed by 2010.
Khan also said that the newly constructed Makran Coastal Highway had immense-importance not only for
transit trade for the Central Asian Republics but also for other neighboring countries.
Q-15 Discuss the role of KPT in the management of Water transport in Pakistan.
Ans. Karachi Port Trust:
(KPT) is a Pakistan Federal government agency that oversees the operations of Karachi .Port at Karachi,
Sindh, Pakistan. Sea Port plays a vital role in International Maritime Trade. Efficient Port attracts .
more business which in turns generates revenue and strengthens economy of the country. Port is more a service
industry not only for the nationbut for international community as well. The effects of its working are not
limited and are realized beyond the country.
Transportation cost contributes a valuable part in determining the prlce of goods either in domestic or in
international market. Transportation through sea is mainly dominated by ports. The economists of the ocean
carriers say that ships earn in sea and loose in the port. It is the port which makes the carrier cost efficient with
its courteous reception and timely dispatch. Longer is the waiting time lesser is the efficiency of the port.
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The productivity of the port is measured with per ton cost of cargo handling. This cost is ultimately added to
the price of goods and finally borne by the common consumer. Karachi Port being a natural harbor is a gift
of God. Its value can be better assessed if compared with landlocked countries which do not have access to the
sea. The investors always try to set up their productions units nearer to the port.
Q-16 Describe Canal system on the right (west) bank of the Indus.
Ans. The Indus River is a major river in Asia which flows through Pakistan. It also has courses through
western Tibet & northern India. Originating in the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Mansarovar, the river
runs a course through the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, towards Gilgit and Baltistan and then flows in
a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of
Karachi in Sindh. The total length of the riyer is 3,180 km (1,980 mi). It is Pakistans longest river.
The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 km2 (450,000 sq mi). Its estimated annual flow stands
at around 207 km3 (50 cu mi), making it the twenty-first largest river in the world in terms of annual flow. The
Zanskar is its left bank tributary inLadakh. In the plains, its left bank tributary is the Chenab which itself has
four major tributaries, namely, the Jhelum, the Ravi, the Beas and the Sutlej. Its principal right bank tributaries
are the Shyok, the Gilgit, the Kabul, the Gomal and the Kurram. Beginning in a mountain spring and fed with
glaciers and rivers in the Himalayas, the river supports ecosystems of temperate forests, plain sand arid
countryside.
Q-18 Although contributing a lesser share in GDP, the primary sector plays art important role in
Pakistans economy. Comment.
Ans. Primary commercial activities like hunting, fishing, mining, animal keeping, agricultural and
lumbering have great and appreciable share in the Gross Domestic Product (G.D.P) of Pakistan. Basically
Pakistan is an agricultural country so GDP consist of greater part of primary commercial activities, which are
produce in Pakistan and all the above primary activities are greatly done on rendered in Pakistan, therefore these
primary activities have played a vital role in G.D.P of Pakistan
Q-19 Write note on the functions of NHA and Makran Coastal Highway
Ans. Functions of NHA
The National Highway Authority is responsible for building & maintaining highways and motorways in
Pakistan. The objective of the NHA is to plan, promote and organize programmes for
construction, development, operation, repairs & maintenance of National Highways, Motorways & strategic
roads.
Q-20 Give any four Government oriented solutions for agricultural problems in Pakistan.
Ans. Solutions for Agricultural Problems In Pakistan:
(i) Feudalism should be abolished and lands should be allotted to poor farmers. This will enhance the
productivity and per acre yield of all the crops in Pakistan. Taxes should be levied on Agricultural income but
not without devising limit of land holding. Otherwise it would directly affect poor farmers.
(ii) Federal Seed Certification and Federal Seed Registration is approved but it should take responsible steps in
approving seeds as it has already approved 36 new kinds of seeds. Specially, those seeds should be banned
which can create pest problem in near future. These seeds are of cotton mainly. International seed makers are
providing those seeds which are not successful in our country as these seeds are not tested on our soil.
(iii) A new Agricultural policy must be framed in which following steps should be focused on.
(iv) Small farmer must be focused. The major problems of small farmers should be solved first.
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Q-21 What is a pass? List any two passes and their connective area.
Ans. A mountain pass is a route through a mountain range or over a ridge. If following the lowest possible
route, a pass is locally the highest point on that route. Since many of .the worlds mountain ranges have
presented formidable barriers to travel, passes have been important since before recorded history, and have
played a key role in trade, war, and migration.
Chillinji Pass 17,503 ft
Chilinji Glacier, Karamber
Daintar Pass 16,390 ft
Daintar Nala, Lower Nagar
Q-22 Bongar soil is the best soil for agriculture in the country. Comment.
Ans. Bongar Soils Bongar soils cover a vast area of Indus plain. The area includes most of the part of
Punjab, Peshawar, Mardan, Bannu and Kachhi plain. A major part of the province of sindh is also comprised of
these soils. Some of these soils are rich and irrigated give very good production. Usually these soils ate far from
the present rivers beds.
Q-24 Run of water and dams are the two ways to produce hydroelectricity. Explain the statement.
Ans. Hydro power depends on two factors:
The amount of electricity a hydro plant produces depends on two factors:
quantity of water moving through a turbine (volume of water flow)
height from which the water falls (the greater the height, the greater the potential energy source). This is
called the head
Generally, the greater the flow and head, the more electricity can be produced.
Q-25 Why is Quetta not suitable for cotton textile industry? (Give any four reasons)
Ans. It can be explained as; -
1. Cotton requires damp climate Quetta cant provide that.
2. Temperature of about 80 F to 100 F and Quetta does not have.
3. It requires 30 to 40 inches annual rain fall and Quetta is less then 20 inches of rainfall.
4. Alluvial soil having a mixture of clay and sand is suitable for cotton and the soil of Quetta does not this type
of soil.
Q-27 Write the names of four Barrages built on the left bank tributaries of River Indus.
Ans. In the plains, its left bank tributary is Chenab which itself has four major tributaries, namely, Jhelum,
Ravi, Beas and Satluj. Its principal right bank tributaries are Shyok, Gilgit, Kabul, Gomal and Kurram.
Q-28 Karachi records lower temperature in summer, and higher in winter as compared to Lahore.
Comments;
Ans. Karachi has two main seasons; Summer & Winter, while spring and autumn are very short.
Summer season persists for longest period during the year. The level of precipitation is low for most of the year.
Less precipitation during summer is due to inversion layer. Karachi also receives the monsoon rains from July
to September. (From the end of April till the end of August) are approximately 30C (86 OF)to 36 C (97
OF),the winter months (From November till the end of March) are the best time to visit Karachi.
Lahore features a hot semi-arid climate with rainy, long and extremely hot summers, dry and warm winters,
a monsoon and dust storms. The weather of Lahore is extreme during the months of May, June and July, when
the temperatures soar to 40-48 C (104-118 F).
Q-31 Balochistan constitutes 43.6% of the total area of Pakistan. Explain the reasons of its low
population.
Ans. Balochistan is situated on the southwest of Pakistan and covers an area of 134,051 mi2 or (347,190
km2), thus constituting 4% of Pakistans total land mass and making it Pakistans largest province by area.
The population density is very low due to the mountainous terrain and scarcity of water. As of the 1998 census,
Balochistan had a population of 8 million inhabitants, representing approximately 5% of the Pakistani
population. Official estimates of Balochistans population grew from approximately 7.45 million in 2003 to 7.8
million in 2005.
Q-33 What is food Autarky? What is the present position of Pakistan in food autarky?
Ans. Autarky is the quality of being self-sufficient. Autarky exists whenever an entity can survive or continue
its activities without external assistance or international trade. Wide fluctuations in world prices of food-
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grains, especially rice and wheat, in the seventies and the early eighties forced many developing countries to
strive for self sufficiency in food-grain production. Pakistan is among the countries where near self-sufficiency
was achieved in wheat in the early eighties. It also maintained its status as a leading rice-exporting country.
However, a continuously high rate of population growth, a changing pattern of income distribution, and a
greater level of urbanization have greatly influenced the demand for food-grains.