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Booking for a LPG Cylinder Refill and getting it delivered in time is getting
easier. The new system is an IndianOil initiative to introduce simpler ways for
customers to book for their Indane gas LPG refill. The system is provided and
maintained by RF TECHNOLOGY Ltd. RF (RADIO FERQUENCY): This too is
a 24 x 7 facility where Indane customers can send an data from their rf receiver to
register for the service and subsequently book for refills. If the customer is using
RF facility for the first time, then RF IOC <RF Code + Distributor's RF . N u m
b e r ><ConsumerRF Number> to the unique RF ID number for your city. For
example, in case the distributor's RF ID number in Delhi is 26024289 and
consumer number is QX00827C, RF shall be sent as follows: IOC 01126024289
QX00287C. For subsequent bookings, send RF ID IOC to the same number. With a
view to provide better services to the customers and to reduce the scope for
irregularities, we have introduced the facility of refill booking through RADIO
FERQUENCY(RF).and also if an gas leakage is detected automatically main
supply will OFF in order to avoid fire accident.
1
1. INTRODUCTION
2
Our system is also intended to help consumers to upgrade their safety standards,
act in accordance with statutory requirements on environmental commitments and
most impor-tantly the basic function being prevented by accidents and protect life
and property from disasters. The primary objective of our paper is to measure the
gas present in the cylinder when weight of the cylinder reached below the fixed
load, using the pervasive sensors . The gas retailer gets the order for a new cylinder
and the house owner (consumer) receives the message about the same and the
details about the booking proceedings. And the sec-ondary objective is to provide
any malfunction in gas system in order to prevent damage or explosion of LPG.
3
1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM
1.2.1 SINGLE-FUNCTIONED
4
1.3. EMBEDDED PROCESSOR TECHNOLOGY
Motorola ARM
Atmel AVR
Microchip PIC
Intel Pentium-(I/II/III/IV)-Series
5
manufactured in high quantities, so NRE is spread upon many units. The total costs
per SSPP unit are lower than for custom single purpose processors.
Custom single purpose processors are designed for a very specific task. This
implies less flexibility, longer time-to-market and high costs. On the other hand
CSPP can be designed to be very small, fast and power-efficient. Examples for
such CSPP are FPGAs or more general PLDs.
ASIPs are basically standard general purpose processors which are extended
by domain-specific instructions. This allows domain-relevant tasks to be performed
highly optimized, while keeping the flexibility of general purpose processors.
When designing an embedded system, usually, the first step is to specify the
intended or required functionality. This is mostly done using natural language, after
the functionality is specified it is formalized in some sort of definition language
such as VHDL or Verilog. Subsequently the resulting design is converted into
hardware or software components which are then implemented.
1.4 IMPORTANCE
6
use networks of sensors for detection. Besides the quality and sensibility of the
sensors, the connections to the monitoring system of large number of sensor raise
some difficulties when wires are used. The advantage of using these radio
technologies are the flexibility in topology implementation and reorganization of
the measurement systems as well as the possibility of realization of portable
devices connected to a measuring and monitoring system with in an area. Security
and accuracy are major concerns. So to overcome these issues the data should be
encrypted to provide security for secret data. In this paper we implement Tiny
Encryption Algorithm (TEA) at the either nodes.
1.5CONCERNS OF SYSTEM
7
BLOCK DIAGRAM
TRANSMITTER
POWER RF TX
SUPPLY
PRESSURE
GAS
SENSOR MICROCONTROL SENSOR
LER
RELAY DC MOTOR
RECEIVER
8
BOOKING
UNIT
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
9
5.1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM
REGULATOR
5.1.4 TRANSFORMER
The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V)
to (0-6V) level. Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected
to the precision rectifier, which is constructed with the help of op-amp. The
advantages of using precision rectifier are it will give peak voltage output as DC;
rest of the circuits will give only RMS output.
5.1.5 RECTIFIER
When four diodes are connected as shown in the power supply circuit
diagram, is called Bridge rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the
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diagonally opposite corners of the network, and the output is taken from the
remaining two corners.
5.1 ATMEGA 8
11
Micro controllers will combine other devices such as:
A timer module to allow the micro controller to perform tasks for certain
time periods.
A serial i/o port to allow data to flow between the controller and other
devices such as a PIC or another Microcontroller.
An ADC to allow the Micro controller to accept analogue input data for
processing.
Micro controllers are :
Smaller in size
Consumes less power
Inexpensive
Micro controller is a stand aloneunit ,which can perform functions on its
own without any requirement for additional hardware like i/o ports and external
memory.
The heart of the microcontroller is the CPU core. In the past, this has traditionally
been based on a 8-bit microprocessor unit. For example Motorola uses a basic
6800 microprocessor core in their 6805/6808 microcontroller devices.
12
5.1.2 MICROCONTROLLER ATmega8:
PIN DIAGRAM:
5.1.2.1 FEATURES:
High-performance, Low-power AtmelAVR 8-bit Microcontroller
Advanced RISC Architecture
130 Powerful Instructions Most Single-clock Cycle Execution
32 8 General Purpose Working Registers
Fully Static Operation
Up to 16MIPS Throughput at 16MHz
On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
13
8Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory
512Bytes EEPROM
1Kbyte Internal SRAM
Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
Data retention: 20 years at 85C/100 years at 25C(1)
Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
Peripheral Features
Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler, one Compare Mode
One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and
Capture
Mode
Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
Three PWM Channels
8-channel ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package
Eight Channels 10-bit Accuracy
6-channel ADC in PDIP package
Six Channels 10-bit Accuracy
Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
Programmable Serial USART
Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
On-chip Analog Comparator
14
Special Microcontroller Features
Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
External and Internal Interrupt Sources
Five Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down,
and
Standby
I/O and Packages
23 Programmable I/O Lines
28-lead PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, and 32-pad QFN/MLF
Operating Voltages
2.7V - 5.5V (ATmega8L)
4.5V - 5.5V (ATmega8)
Speed Grades
0 - 8MHz (ATmega8L)
0 - 16MHz (ATmega8)
2.GNDGround.
3. XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2
Port B (PB7..PB0)
15
Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that
are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated.
The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,even if the
clock is not running. Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be
used as input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used
as output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.If the Internal Calibrated RC
Oscillator is used as chip clock source, PB7..6 is used as TOSC2..1input for the
Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set.
Port C (PC5..PC0)
Port C is an 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that
are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors.
PC6/RESET
If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that
the electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C.If
the RSTDISBL Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level
on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even if
the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a Reset.
Port D (PD7..PD0)
Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins
that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are
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activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes
active,even if the clock is not running.
RESET
Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse
length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not
guaranteed to generate a reset.
5.1.2.3 ATmega8(L)
AVCC AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, Port C (3..0),
and ADC (7..6). It should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not
used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter.
Note that Port C (5..4) use digital supply voltage, VCC.AREF AREF is the analog
reference pin for the A/D Converter.
5.1.2.4 ARCHITECTURAL OVER VIEW
17
5.3 LCD DISPLAY:
18
board). This controller is standard across many displays (hd 44780), which means
many micro-controllers have libraries that make displaying messages as easy as a
single line of code.
5.3.1 FEATURES:
19
5.3.2 ADDRESS CODE:
20
Fig 5.3.3Pin details for 16 x 2 LCD display
21
Fig.5.4., schematic view of 4x1 Keypad
The interrupt and interfacing circuit includes some diodes, resistors, pull-up
resistors and a NPN transistor.The transistor part is designed as an inverter for
generating interrupt signal to EZ328 when there is a key pressed. There are two
groups of diodes mainly for restricting signal flow in single direction so as to
enable this circuitry to identify the pressed key uniquely. One of these two groups
of diodes have been wired together to provide a OR function which in turn
allows any key pressed on each column of the keypad to signal the transistor part
for generating interrupt.
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scanning operation afterwards. Detail of the method in scanning and identifying
the pressed key will be discussed in the section SCAN KEYOperation. It should
also be noted that in this design, EZ328 uses five ports for interfacing but only one
of them requires interrupt capability.
Five ports are used for key scanning function in this system. One of them
(PD7) is used as the interrupt pin before a key is pressed. Before the key scanning
process starts, all of the I/O ports except the one with interrupt capability is
configured as output high. Then, when there is a key pressed, one of the columns
on the keypad changes state from low to high. As all the columns on the keypad are
wired together to form a OR logic to the base of the NPN transistor, it will
generate an active low interrupt signal to EZ328 and initiates the interrupt handler
to scan the pressed key.When the key scanning process begins, one of the five I/O
ports will be configured to output high while the other ports are configured to
input.
The states on all ports are then read and compared with the pattern recorded
in a predefined lookup table in order to locate which key is pressed. If the key is
not found, another port will be configured to output high instead and read the states
again. This process is repeated until all ports have been configured once to output
high or a key is found.Since the circuitry provides feedback paths, one of the input
port will change state from low to high by the output high port and the states
obtained can identify uniquely which key is being pressed.
23
5.5.1 UART
5.5.2 RF TECHNOLOGY
24
of choice is RF since it does not require line of sight. RF communications
incorporate a transmitter or receiver.
RF modules are most often used in medium and low volume products for consumer
applications such as garage door openers, wireless alarm systems, industrial remote
controls, smart sensor applications, and wireless home automation systems. They
are sometimes used to replace older infra red communication designs as they have
the advantage of not requiring line-of-sight operation.
25
RF modules may comply with a defined protocol for RF communications such
as Zigbee, Bluetooth low energy, or Wi-Fi, or they may implement a proprietary
protocol.
26
Typical application areas include
The most capable device, the coordinator forms the root of the network
tree and might bridge to other networks. There is exactly one MIWI coordinator in
each network since it is the device that started the network originally. It is able to
store information about the network, including acting as the Trust Center &
repository for security keys.
Contains just enough functionality to talk to the parent node (either the
coordinator or a router); it cannot relay data from other devices. This relationship
allows the node to be asleep a significant amount of the time thereby giving long
battery life. A ZED requires the least amount of memory, and therefore can be less
expensive to manufacture than a ZR or ZC.
28
Fig.5.5.4 Electrical characteristics of Zigbee
29
5.6 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF ZIGBEE
30
Fig 5.5.7 Circuit Diagram
5.5.7 FEATURES:
RF/Analog Features:
MAC/Baseband Features:
5.5.8 Applications
32
Health care
GAS SENSOR:
A gas detector is a device that detects the presence of gases in an area, often as part
of a safety system. This type of equipment is used to detect a gas leak or other
emissions and can interface with a control system so a process can be
automatically shut down. A gas detector can sound an alarm to operators in the area
where the leak is occurring, giving them the opportunity to leave. This type of
device is important because there are many gases that can be harmful to organic
life, such as humans or animals.
Gas detectors can be used to detect combustible, flammable and toxic gases,
and oxygen depletion. This type of device is used widely in industry and can be
found in locations, such as on oil rigs, to monitor manufacture processes and
emerging technologies such as photovoltaic. They may be used in firefighting.
Gas leak detection is the process of identifying potentially hazardous gas leaks by
sensors. These sensors usually employ an audible alarm to alert people when a
dangerous gas has been detected. Exposure to toxic gases can also occur in
operations such as painting, fumigation, fuel filling, construction, excavation of
contaminated soils, landfill operations, entering confined spaces, etc. Common
sensors include combustible gas sensors, photoionization detectors, infrared point
sensors, ultrasonic sensors, electrochemical gas sensors, and semiconductor
sensors. More recently, infrared imaging sensors have come into use. All of these
sensors are used for a wide range of applications and can be found in industrial
plants, refineries, pharmaceutical manufacturing, fumigation facilities, paper pulp
33
mills, aircraft and ship-building facilities, hazmat operations, waste-water
treatment facilities, vehicles, indoor air quality testing and homes.
..
34
Designed for global market, sim300 is a tri-band gsm/gprs engine that works on frequencies
egsm 900 mhz, dcs 1800 mhz and pcs1900 mhz. Sim300 provides gprs multi-slot class 10
capability and support the gprs coding schemes cs-1, cs-2, cs-3 and cs-4.
With a tiny configuration of 40mm x 33mm x 2.85 mm , sim300 can fit almost all the space
requirement in your application, such as smart phone, pda phone and other mobile device.
The physical interface to the mobile application is made through a 60 pins board-to-board
connector, which provides all hardware interfaces between the module and customers boards
except the rf antenna interface.
The keypad and spilcd interface will give you the flexibility to develop customized
applications.
Two serial ports can help you easily develop your applications.
Two audio channels include two microphones inputs and two speaker outputs. This can be
easily configured by at command.
Sim300 provide rf antenna interface with two alternatives: antenna connector and antenna pad.
The antenna connector is murata mm9329-2700. And customers antenna can be soldered to the
antenna pad. The sim300 is designed with power saving technique, the current consumption to
as low as 2.5ma in sleep mode. The sim300 is integrated with the
tcp/ipprotocol extendedtcp/ip at commands are developed for customers to use the tcp/ip
protocol easily, which is very useful for those data transfer applications.
35
36
Application interface:
All hardware interfaces except rf interface that connects sim300 to the customers cellular
application platform is through a 60-pin 0.5mm pitch board-to-board connector. Sub-interfaces
included in this board-to-board connector are described in detail in following chapters:
Power supply
Dual serial interface
Two analog audio interfaces
Sim interface
Electrical and mechanical characteristics of the board-to-board connector are specified. There we
also order information for mating connectors.
Power supply:
37
The power supply of sim300 is from a single voltage source of vbat= 3.4v...4.5v. In some
case, the ripple in a transmit burst may cause voltage drops when current consumption rises to
typical peaks of 2a, so the power supply must be able to provide sufficient current up to 2a. For
the vbat input, a local bypass capacitor is recommended.
A capacitor (about 100f, low esr) is recommended. Multi-layer ceramic chip (mlcc)
capacitors can provide the best combination of low esr and small size but may not be cost
effective. A lower cost choice may be a 100 f tantalum capacitor (low esr) with a small (1 f to
10f) ceramic in parallel, which is illustrated as following figure. And the capacitors should put
as closer as possible to the sim300 vbat pins. The following figure is the recommended circuit.
The following figure is the vbat voltage ripple wave at the maximum power transmit phase, the
test condition is vbat=4.0v, vbat maximum output current =2a, c a=100 f tantalum capacitor
38
Eight vbat pins of the board-to-board connector are dedicated to connect the supply
voltage; four gnd pins are recommended for grounding. Backup can be used to back up the rtc.
Please pay special attention to the supply power when you are designing your
applications. Please make sure that the input voltage will never drops below 3.4v even in a
transmit burst during which the current consumption may rise up to 2a. If the power voltage
drops below 3.4v, the module may be switched off. Using the board-to-board connector will be
the best way to reduce the voltage drops. You should also take the resistance of the power supply
lines on the host board or of battery pack into account.
To monitor the supply voltage, you can use the at+cbc command which include three
parameters: voltage percent and voltage value (in mv). It returns the battery voltage 1-100
percent of capacity and actual value measured at vbat and gnd.
The voltage is continuously measured at intervals depending on the operating mode. The
displayed voltage (in mv) is averaged over the last measuring period before the at+cbc command
was executed.
39
You can turn on the sim300 by driving the pwrkey to a low level voltage
For period time. The power on scenarios illustrate as following figure.
Alarm mode is a power-on approach by using the rtc. The alert function of rtc makes the
sim300 wake up while the module is power off. In alarm mode, sim300 will not register to gsm
network and the software protocol stack is close. Thus the parts of at commands related with sim
card and protocol stack will not accessible, and the others can be used as well as in normal mode.
Use the at+calarm command to set the alarm time. The rtc remains the alarm time if sim300 was
power down by at+cpowd=1 or by pwrkey pin. Once the alarm time expires and executed,
sim300 goes into the alarm mode. In this case, sim300 will send out an unsolicited result code
(urc):
Rdyalarm mode:
During alarm mode, using at+cfun command to query the status of software protocol
stack; it will return 0 which indicates that the protocol stack is closed. Then after 90s, sim300
40
will power down automatically. However, during alarm mode, if the software protocol is started
by at+cfun=1, 1 command, the process of automatic power down will not available. In alarm
mode, driving the pwrkey to a low level voltage for a period will cause sim300 to power down
Normal power down procedure: turn off sim300 using the pwrkey pin
Normal power down procedure: turn off sim300 using at command
Under-voltage automatic shutdown: takes effect if under-voltage is detected
Over-temperature automatic shutdown: takes effect if over-temperature is detected
You can turn off the sim300 by driving the pwrkey to a low level voltage for period time. The
power down scenarios illustrate as following figure. This procedure will let the module to log
off from the network and allow the software to enter into a secure state and save data before
completely disconnect the power supply. Before the completion of the switching off procedure
the module will send out result code:
Power down:
After this moment, no any at commands can be executed. Module enters the power down mode,
only the rtc is still active. Power down can also be indicated by vdd_ext pin, which is a low level
voltage in this mode.
41
Turn off sim300 using at command :
You can use an at command at+cpowd=1 to turn off the module. This command will let the
module to log off from the network and allow the software to enter into a secure state and safe
data before completely disconnect the power supply.
Power down:
After this moment, no any at commands can be executed. Module enters the power down mode,
only the rtc is still active. Power down can also be indicated by vdd_ext pin, which is a low level
voltage in this mode
Software will constantly monitors the voltage applied on the vbat, if the measured battery
voltage is no more than 3.5v, the following urc will be presented:
If the measured battery voltage is no more than 3.4v, the following urc will be presented:
42
Power low down:
After this moment, no further more at commands can be executed. The module will log off from
network and enters power down mode, only the rtc is still active. Pow
Restart sim300 using the pwrkeypin :
You can restart sim300 by driving the pwrkey to a low level voltage for period time, same as turn
on sim300 using the pwrkey pin. Before restart the sim300, you need delay at least 500ms from
detecting the vdd_ext low level on. The restart scenarios illustrate as the following figure.
Power saving :
There are two methods to achieve sim300 module extreme low power. at+cfun is used to set
module into minimum functionality mode and /dtr hardware interface signal can be used to set
system to be sleep mode (or slow clocking mode).
Minimum functionality mode reduces the functionality of the module to a minimum and, thus,
minimizes the current consumption to the lowest level. This mode is set with the at+cfun
command which provides the choice of the functionality levels <fun>=014
43
0: minimum functionality;
If sim300 has been set to minimum functionality by at+cfun=0, then the rf function and sim
card function will be closed, in this case, the serial ports is still accessible, but all at commands
need rf function or sim card function will not accessible. If sim300 has disable all rf function by
at+cfun=4, then rf function will be closed, the serial ports is still active in this case but all at
commands need rf function will not accessible. When sim300 is in minimum functionality or
has been disable all rf functionality by at+cfun=4, it can return to full functionality by
at+cfun=1.
Through dtr signal control sim300 module to enter or exit the sleep mode in customer
applications. When dtr is in high level, at the same time there is no on air or audio activity is
required and no hardware interrupt (such as gpio interrupt or data on serial port), sim300 will
enter sleep mode automatically. In this mode, sim300 can still receive paging or sms from
network. In sleep mode, the serial port is not accessible.
When sim300 is sleep mode, the following method can wake up the module. Enable dtr pin to
wake up sim300; Ifdtr pin is pull down to a low level this signal will wake up sim300 from
powersaving mode. The serial port will be active after dtr change to low level about 20m
Receive a voice or data call from network to wake up sim300;
Receive a sms from network to wake up sim300
Rtc alarm expired to wake up sim300;
44
Max232:
Pin diagram:
Features:
Operates from a single 5-v power supply with 1.0-_f charge-pump capacitors
45
Esd protection exceeds jesd 22
Upgrade with improved esd (15-kv hbm) and 0.1-_f charge-pump capacitors is available
with the max202.
Description:
The max232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply
tia/eia-232-f voltage levels from a single 5-v supply. Each receiver converts tia/eia-232-f inputs
to 5-v ttl/cmos levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 v, a typical hysteresis of 0.5
v, and can accept 30-v inputs. Each driver converts ttl/cmos input levels into tia/eia-232-f
levels. The driver, receiver, and
46
Figure 6 :Schematic diagram of max232
Test circuit:
Waveforms:
47
RELAY:
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an
electric motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power
circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform
switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple
operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in
48
modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital
instruments still called "protective relays".
Magnetic latching relays require one pulse of coil power to move their contacts in
one direction, and another, redirected pulse to move them back. Repeated pulses
from the same input have no effect. Magnetic latching relays are useful in
applications where interrupted power should not be able to transition the contacts.
Magnetic latching relays can have either single or dual coils. On a single coil
device, the relay will operate in one direction when power is applied with one
polarity, and will reset when the polarity is reversed. On a dual coil device, when
polarized voltage is applied to the reset coil the contacts will transition. AC
controlled magnetic latch relays have single coils that employ steering diodes to
differentiate between operate and reset commands.
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CHAPTER 6
SOFTWARE ANALYSIS
The Integrated Development Environment (IDE) has built-in AVR Chip In-
System Programmer software that enables the automatical transfer of the program
to the microcontroller chip after successful compilation/assembly. The In-System
Programmer software is designed to work in conjunction with the Atmel STK500,
Kanda Systems STK200+/300, Dontronics DT006, Vogel Elektronik VTEC-ISP,
Futurlec JRAVR and MicroTronics' ATCPU/Mega2000 development boards. For
debugging embedded systems, which employ serial communication, the IDE has a
built-in Terminal.Besides the standard C libraries, the CodeVisionAVR C compiler
has dedicated libraries for:
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Alphanumeric LCD modules
Philips I2C bus
National Semiconductor LM75 Temperature Sensor
Philips PCF8563, PCF8583, Dallas Semiconductor DS1302 and DS1307
Real Time Clocks
Dallas Semiconductor 1 Wire protocol
Dallas Semiconductor DS1820/DS18S20 Temperature Sensors
Dallas Semiconductor DS1621 Thermometer/Thermostat
Dallas Semiconductor DS2430 and DS2433 EEPROMs
SPI
Power management
Delays
Gray code conversion.
51
SPI Interface initialization
I2C Bus, LM75 Temperature Sensor, DS1621 Thermometer/Thermostat and
PCF8563, PCF8583,
DS1302, DS1307 Real Time Clocks initialization
1 Wire Bus and DS1820/DS18S20 Temperature Sensors initialization
LCD module initialization
CONCLUSION:
52