GEOPHYSICS, VOL. 70, NO. 3 (MAY-JUNE 2005); P. B11B18, 11 FIGS.
10.1190/1.1926571
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Case History
2D electrical resistivity imaging of some complex landslides
in the Lucanian Apennine chain, southern Italy
Vincenzo Lapenna1 , Pietro Lorenzo2 , Angela Perrone1 , Sabatino Piscitelli1 ,
Enzo Rizzo1 , and Francesco Sdao2
ABSTRACT
We use high-resolution electrical resistivity imaging
to delineate the geometry of complex landslides in the
Lucanian Apennine chain of southern Italy, to iden-
tify the discontinuity between the landslide material
and bedrock, and to locate possible surfaces of re-
activation. The Lucanian Apennine chain is charac-
terized by high hydrogeological hazard and shows a
complete panorama of mass movements. In this area,
all typologies of landslides markedly predisposed and
tightly controlled by the geostructural characteristics,
are found: rotational and translational slides, rototrans-
lational slides, earth and mudflows, as well as deep-
seated gravitational slope phenomena with a predom-
inance of rototranslational slides evolving as earthflow
slides.
Three test sites, characterized by complex geology
and a high hydrogeologic hazard, are studied. The Gi-
arrossa and Varco Izzo earthflow slides are located to
the west and east of the town of Potenza, whereas
the Latronico slide is located close to the town of La-
tronico. Electrical images are produced from dipole-
dipole geoelectric data acquired along arrays spanning
selected profiles positioned perpendicular and parallel
to the landslide bodies. High-resolution electrical resis-
tivity images are attained through the use of geologic
and borehole constraints in the interpretation phase. In-
tegration and comparison of our results with other geo-
physical data delineate the geometries and hydrologic
characteristics of the landslide structures.
Manuscript received by the Editor December 3, 2002; revised manuscript received March 23, 2004; published online May 23, 2005.
1
Istituto di Metodologie per lAnalisi Ambientale del CNR, 85050 Tito Scalo (PZ), Italy. E-mail: lapenna@imaa.cnr.it; perrone@imaa.cnr.it;
piscitelli@imaa.cnr.it; rizzo@imaa.cnr.it.
2
Universita` degli Studi della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Strutture, Geotecnica e Geologia Applicata allIngegneria, 85100 Potenza, Italy. E-mail:
p.lorenzo@studioterrae.com; sdao@unibas.it.


c 2005 Society of Exploration Geophysicists. All rights reserved.
B11
INTRODUCTION
The Lucanian Apennine chain (Basilicata region, southern
Italy) is affected by a wide spectrum of mass movements and
is a natural outdoor laboratory for using geophysical tomo-
graphic methods to reconstruct the complex geometry of land-
slide bodies. Italian areas of more recent orogenesis, such as
the Apennine chain, are still subject to appreciable and dif-
ferential neotectonic uplift; the geomorphologic evolution of
the slopes is clearly influenced by mass movements of differ-
ent types and size (Polemio and Sdao, 1999). Italian territories
are characterized by a landslide density of about five per every
100 km2 , but some regions present more alarming statistics.
The Basilicata region exhibits the highest density of landslides,
with more than 27 landslide areas every 100 km2 (Canuti et al.,
2002). This high density of landslides is related to the pres-
ence of clayey materials, extreme rainfall events, deforesta-
tion, intense urbanization, and industrialization (Gulla` and
Sdao, 2001), which worsen the already inadequate drainage
of surface and deep waters in the hills and mountains of the
territory.
By taking these geologic and socioeconomic considerations
into account, we planned a geoelectrical field survey to help us
gain a better hydrogeologic understanding of three rototrans-
lational slides. The first two survey sites are the Giarrossa and
Varco Izzo earthflows, which affect important communication
lifelines of the Basilicata region located to the west and east of
the town of Potenza, respectively. The third is the Latronico
landslide located near Latronico in the core of the southern
Apennine chain (Figure 1).
Geophysical methods (seismic, geoelectric, magnetome-
try, gravimetry, thermometry, global positioning system, etc.)
have been effective tools for studying hydrogeologic problems
 B12 Lapenna et al.
and, in particular, for defining the geometry of complex land-
slides (McCann and Forster, 1990; Bruno and Marillier, 2000;
Gallipoli et al., 2000; Mauritsch et al., 2000; Lapenna et al.,
2003; Perrone et al., 2004). Most recently, great attention
has been devoted to the electrical resistivity imaging (ERI)
method (Griffiths and Barker, 1993; Loke and Barker, 1996;
Giano et al., 2000; Schmutz et al., 2000), which provides high
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spatial resolution with a relatively fast field acquisition time
while being low in cost. It appears as a natural counterpart of
the near-surface seismic reflection method and could play a
more relevant role in geophysical exploration of many land-
slide areas.
From 20012002, geoelectrical surveys were performed to
delineate the geometries of the Giarrossa, Varco Izzo, and La-
tronico landslides. Advanced instrumentation for data acqui-
sition was combined with the data inversion method proposed
by Loke and Barker (1996). The challenge was to determine if
electrical imaging has the potential to illuminate sliding sur-
faces that separate layers characterized by a relatively low-
resistivity contrast found in a complex hydrogeologic environ-
ment.
High resolution of the electrical images was essential for ac-
curately describing the geometry of the landslide bodies. The
geoelectrical results have been systematically integrated with
the data obtained from geologic-geomorphologic surveys and
boreholes. The joint interpretation of geologic and geophysi-
cal data provides the means for identifying the sliding surfaces
and estimating the thickness of mobilized material.
We compared the results of the geoelectrical investigations
with other geophysical data. In particular, sonic soundings
obtained from spectral analysis of the seismic microtremors
using the HVSR technique of Nakamura (1989) allow us
to reduce ambiguities related to estimating thickness of the
landslide material. Furthermore, the comparison with self-
potential surveys (Patella, 1997; Sharma, 1997; Revil et al.,
1999) reveals how to better identify the lateral limits of the
landslide bodies and the main pattern of groundwater flow.
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY IMAGING METHOD
ERI is an active geoelectrical prospecting technique used
to obtain a high-resolution image of subsurface electrical
Figure 1. Map of the Basilicata region, noting the location of
the three test sites.
resistivity. It has been used to investigate areas of com-
plex geology, such as volcanic and geothermal areas, seismo-
tectonic structures, and areas of hydrogeologic phenomena
and environmental problems [Steeples (2001) and references
therein].
We used a multielectrode system with 32 electrodes in a
dipole-dipole array with an electrode spacing varying from
10 to 30 m. The choice of the dipole-dipole array was the
consequence of preliminary tests using the software of Loke
(1999). To construct a subsurface model representing the main
geometric features of the investigated landslides, theoretical
data were computed for different electrode arrays. The dipole-
dipole array, which can detect both vertical and horizontal
structures (i.e., lateral limits and sliding surface of the land-
slide bodies), was selected to optimally illuminate the land-
slide geometry under observation. When rugged topographi-
cal surfaces were present, we used a single-channel acquisition
system with a dipole-dipole array.
For each profile, more than 323 measurements were ac-
quired in accordance with the 2D pseudosection scheme of
Sharma (1997). To optimize data acquisition and reduce er-
rors associated with estimates of resistivity values, a statisti-
cal analysis of the voltage time series recorded for the mea-
suring electrodes was performed in real time (Lapenna et al.,
1994; Cuomo et al., 1999). Long recording times were used to
achieve S/N ratios better than 20:1 after statistical processing.
We used the method proposed by Loke and Barker (1996)
to transform the apparent resistivity pseudosection into a
model of the subsurface resistivity distribution. The inver-
sion routine is based on the smoothness-constrained, least-
squares inversion of Sasaki (1992) implemented with a quasi-
Newton optimization technique. The subsurface is subdivided
into rectangular blocks whose number is related to the mea-
suring points. The optimization method iteratively adjusts the
2D resistivity model to minimize the difference between the
calculated and measured apparent resistivity values.
GIARROSSA LANDSLIDE
Geologic-geomorphic setting
The Giarrossa landslide, located in Potenza (southern Italy,
see Figure 1), is one of the greatest mass movements in the
whole Lucanian Apennine chain. On 5 December 1976, after
long and heavy rain showers, the entire landmass was mobi-
lized, causing serious damage to diverse suburban areas and
to communication routes. Extremely high displacement veloc-
ities characterized the initial failure and then gradually slowed
(Polemio and Sdao, 1998; Gallipoli et al., 2000).
This landslide is a rototranslational slide-earthflow (Cruden
and Varnes, 1996) that dates to ancient times. It is approxi-
mately 2700 m long and about 60 to 420 m wide. It developed
along an area ranging from 1215 m (Poggi di San Michele) to
790 m above sea level (asl) (Fiumara Malamogliera) and has
a mean inclination of about 9 . The landslide is currently inac-
tive, although some local reactivations are present in the accu-
mulation zones (Figure 2). These localized reactivation areas
are related to two phenomena: the presence of some back-
ward landslide terraces, which causes saturation of the land-
slide body, and erosion near the lateral trenches bounding the
body.
 Electrical Tomographies for Landslides B13

In the outcrop area, structurally complex clayey-marly ter-
rains belong to the Upper Cretaceouslower Oligocene vari-
colored clays and to the Lower Cretaceous Galestrino Flysch
of the Lagonegrese unit (Di Nocera et al., 1988). Discor-
dant on these terrains are middle Pliocene deposits composed
of essentially poligenic conglomerates with sandy intercala-
tions (Ariano unit). The landslide is composed of varicolored
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which is characterized by high clay content and high degrees
of saturation as defined by borehole data. The relatively high-
resistivity zone has been interpreted as compact deposits not
involved in the landslide. There are some high-resistivity nu-
clei that could be lapideous intercalations (calcilutitic blocks,
calcarenitic blocks, etc.) embedded in the dislocated material.
The low-resistivity zone is limited on both sides by the extrem-

clays that are intensively tectonized and fissured and sheared ities of the landslide, as shown by the results of the geomor-
clay shales, clay, and mudstones, including locally disarranged phic survey.
blocks and layers of lapideous rocks such as marls, calcaren-
ites, and limestones. Accurate geologic and geomorphic sur-
veys, aerial photo analyses related to flights conducted in 1956,
1982, 1991, and 1997, and boreholes reaching the bottom of
the detachment zone (Melidoro, 1977) delineate the landslide
boundaries (Figure 2), including probable thickness of the dis-
placed material and depth of the sliding surface.
In particular, the data obtained from boreholes S1S7 (Fig-
ure 2) (Melidoro, 1977) show that thickness of the slide ma-
terial varies from 3540 m in the source area (borehole S7)
to 2030 m in the flow track (boreholes S6S4). In the accu-
mulation zone, thickness reaches a depth of about 25 to 30 m
(boreholes S3, S2, and S1).

ERI results
A single-channel acquisition system was used to perform
five apparent resistivity profiles: four were oriented perpen-
dicular (AA , BB , CC and DD ) and one was parallel (EE )
to the landslide body (Figure 2). The obtained ERIs of lines
CC and EE in Figures 3 and 4, respectively, show a range
of resistivity values of 1 < < 250 ohm-m and a lateral vari-
ability between the low-resistivity zones and relatively high-
resistivity zones. The low-resistivity values ( < 2030 ohm-m)
observed in the middle part of line CC (Figure 3) ERI and in
the shallow part of line EE ERI (Figure 4) could be associ-
ated with the landslide body, characterized by high content of
clayey material and water. The clayey material is made up of
mixed layers of illite-smectite characterized by a high cationic
exchange, which notably reduce resistivity values (Waxman
and Smits, 1968; Cavalcante et al., 2003). The relatively high
resistivity values ( > 60100 ohm-m) present at the bottom
of the slide in the EE ERI profile could be related to the com- Figure 2. Geomorphic map of the Giarrossa landslide, with
pact bedrock and not be involved in the landslide. The shallow location of the geologic and geophysical surveys.
high-resistivity nuclei, located in the up-
per part of the CC ERI profile, are asso-
ciated with lapideous intercalations (cal-
cilutitic blocks, calcarenitic blocks, etc.)
embedded in the dislocated material. Es-
timated thickness of the landslide body,
as inferred from the ERIs and confirmed
by borehole data, ranges from 15 m in the
flow track to 35 m in the accumulation
zone.
In particular, the transversal CC ERI
(Figure 3) shows poor resistivity con-
trast between a relatively high-resistivity
zone ( > 20 ohm-m) and a relatively
low-resistivity zone ( < 520 ohm-m)
Figure 3. ERI of the CC profile line, transverse to the accumulation zone of the Gi-
at about 25 to 30 m depth. The low- arrossa landslide. The sliding surface, indicated with the dashed black line, reaches a
resistivity zone has a lenticular shape depth of about 30 m. The yellow dashed line indicates the sliding surface obtained by
and is associated with the landslide body, the microtremor measurements.
 B14 Lapenna et al.

The four HVSR sonic soundings ac-

quired inside the landslide as well as the
one taken at a reference site outside the
mobilized area along the CC ERI line
are denoted in Figure 3. The thickness of
the landslide material, obtained by us-
ing the HVSR below each measurement
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point, is in accordance with the thick-

ness reported from the CC ERI (Gal-
lipoli et al., 2000).
The longitudinal EE ERI in Figure
4 shows a clear resistivity contrast be-
tween a low-resistivity zone ( < 520
ohm-m) and a higher resistive zone (
> 20 ohm-m) at about 30 m depth. The
former has an irregular shape and could
be associated with the mobilized body,
while the latter probably reflects com-
pact formations unaffected by the land-
Figure 4. ERI of the EE profile parallel to the Giarrossa landslide, compared to the slide. The two relatively high-resistivity
stratigraphic data from boreholes S3, S2, and S1. The 3035 m depth of the sliding shallow nuclei observed in the accu-
surface, obtained by the geoelectrical survey (dashed black line), agrees well with the
stratigraphic data. mulation zones could be interpreted
as intercalated lapideous blocks. The comparison between the
electrical image and the boreholes data (S3, S2, S1 in Figure 2)
(Melidoro, 1977) allows us to depict the geometry of the slid-
ing surface, which reaches a maximum depth of about 35 m. A
low-resistivity zone, identified between boreholes S2 and S1,
is likely associated with a counterslope area having higher wa-
ter content (better seen after a rainy period), probably quite
liable for future remobilization.

VARCO IZZO LANDSLIDE

Geologic-geomorphic setting
The Varco Izzo landslide located in Potenza (southern
Italy) is one of the most dangerous mass movements situated
in the Lucanian Apennines (Figure 1). This active rototrans-
lational slide-earthflow (Cruden and Varnes, 1996) is approx-
imately 1400 m long and about 130 to 420 m wide, and it has
developed along an area ranging from 850 to 620 m above sea
level in the vicinity of the Basento River. It has a mean incli-
nation of about 10 (Figure 5). In the outcropping section, the
same structurally complex clayey-marly terrains of the varicol-
ored clays (Upper Cretaceouslower Oligocene), as discussed
for the Giarrossa site, can be found.
Geologic and geomorphic surveys and aerial photo analyses
related to flights carried out in 1956, 1982, and 1997 allow us to
define approximately the geometry and the boundaries of the
landslide in Figure 5. Direct sounding data coming from bore-
holes equipped with inclinometers and piezometers reaching
the bottom of the detachment zone (Curcetti, 1996) are used
to estimate the thickness of the displaced material correspond-
ing to different portions of the landslide. In particular, inclino-
metric data in boreholes B22B25 show the thickness of the
slide material varying from 13 m in borehole B25 to 32 m in
borehole B22.

ERI results

Figure 5. Geomorphic map of the Varco Izzo landslide with We performed eight electrical resistivity profiles: seven ori-
location of the geologic and geophysical soundings. ented perpendicular (AA , BB , CC , DD , EE , FF , GG ) and
 Electrical Tomographies for Landslides B15

one parallel (HH ) to the landslide body (Figure 5). Prelimi-
nary inspection of the ERIs identified weak variability of the
electrical resistivity, showing values lower than 150 ohm-m,
as seen in Figures 6 and 7. In particular, the ERIs show low-
resistivity values ( < 20 ohm-m) associated with the land-
slide material, located in the first 30 m of depth, characterized
by high content of clayey material and water. Laterally and at
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Self-potential results
Figure 8 shows a map of the self-potential (SP) data col-
lected over the Varco Izzo landslide. Slightly negative SP
values in the source area, a positive zone in the flow-track
area, and a strong SP negative zone in the accumulation
area of the slide characterize the spatial pattern. The nega-

the bottom of all ERIs, the relatively high-resistivity zones ( tive values in the source area are probably the result of wa-
> 30 ohm-m) correlate with the compact bedrock not involved ter infiltration flowing through the detachment zone (Sharma,
in the landslide. The shallow, high-resistivity nuclei may be as- 1997). The positive zone in the flow track is possibly from the
sociated with lapideous intercalations (calcilutitic blocks, cal- containment walls and drainage structures built for the Basen-
carenitic blocks, etc.) embedded in the dislocated material. tana road, which prevent groundwater from flowing toward
The estimated thickness of the landslide material, as inferred the accumulation zone, resulting in an accumulation and an
from all of the electrical images, varies between 25 and 35 m in excess of positive electrical charges. The SP negative sector in
range. the accumulation zone that delineates the outline of the slide
The ERI along the transverse profile EE (Figure 6) may be explained by groundwater flow toward the Basento
shows a resistivity contrast between a relatively low-resistivity River where an excess in positive electric charges can be found
layer ( < 20 ohm-m) and a higher resistivity zone ( > (Perrone et al., 2004).
30 ohm-m). The boundaries of these zones
are not well defined, but the resistivity slowly
increases beginning at a depth of about
30 m. The low-resistivity zone has a lentic-
ular shape, corresponding with the landslide
body having high clay content and a high de-
gree of saturation, while the high-resistivity
zone beginning at 30 m is considered allu-
vial material not involved in the movement.
This result is confirmed by data from bore-
hole B22, which report the sliding surface to
be at a depth of about 32 m (11 m of altered
soil covering 21 m of landslide material). The
sliding surface corresponds to the transition
zone of increasing resistivity. The relatively
high-resistivity zone ( > 50 ohm-m) in the
central part of the ERI could be related to
the tunnel of a railway involved in the move- Figure 6. ERI of the EE profile line, transverse to the Varco Izzo landslide, com-
ment. The deep resistivity zone is associated pared to the stratigraphic data coming from borehole B22. The hypothetical depth
with compact deposits not involved in the of the sliding surface is depicted by a dashed red line.
landslide.
The ERI of profile line HH , parallel to
the landslide (Figure 7), highlights a clear
resistivity contrast between a low-resistivity
zone ( < 20 ohm-m) and a relatively high
zone ( > 30 ohm-m). This contrast begins
at about 20 m and gradually increases to 30
m in depth as it progresses toward the toe
of the landslide. The low-resistivity zone has
an irregular shape, probably associated with
the mobilized body; the high-resistivity zone
could be related to the compact deposits (al-
luvial and clayey material) not involved with
the landslide.
These results are in accordance with the
stratigraphic and inclinometric data from
boreholes B24, B23, and B22, which show
a sliding surface at depths of about 21, 30,
and 32 m, respectively. The relatively high-
resistivity nucleus ( > 50 ohm-m) located Figure 7. Comparison between the ERI of the HH profile line, parallel to the
Varco Izzo landslide, and the stratigraphic data inferred from boreholes B22, B23,
about 110 m from the origin of the pro- and B24. The shape of the landslide body is well defined, and the depth of the
file is related to a railway tunnel involved sliding surface, indicated by the dashed red line, increases toward the toe of the
in the landslide. slide.
 B16 Lapenna et al.
LATRONICO LANDSLIDE
Geologic-geomorphic setting
The northwest side of the developed area of the town of
Latronico (Figure 1) is characterized by many landslides of
various sizes and typologies, showing a prevailing longitudinal
development corresponding to a rotational slide in the upper
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zone evolving into a translational slide and earthflow in the re-
maining area. These active landslides have a mean inclination
of about 11 that increases when approaching the valley; the
last reactivation occurred in 1990, causing considerable dam-
age to area structures.
The upper section of the landslides are made up of ter-
rains coming from the Frido Formation, characterized by
intensively tectonized shales showing chaotic attitude. The
Crete Nere Formation, which includes gray-black fissured and
fractured shales, layers of calcareous marls, calcarenites, and
quartzites (Bonardi et al., 1988; Pieri et al., 1994), is found in
the central and lower portions of the slide.
Geologic and geomorphic field surveys, aerial photo anal-
yses, and interpretation of direct soundings acquired from
boreholes S3, S8, and S11, equipped with inclinometers and
piezometers, allow us to define approximately the boundaries
of the landslide body and to estimate the depth of the slid-
Figure 8. Self-potential map of the Varco dIzzo landslide.
ing surface (Figure 8). In particular, borehole S3 shows 36 m
of thickness in the slide material, while the depths of the slide
surfaces in boreholes S8 and S11 are about 26 and 7 m, respec-
tively.
ERI results
We performed two electrical resistivity profiles: one paral-
lel (AA ) and one perpendicular (BB ) to the landslide body
(Figure 9). In comparison to the other areas, we observed a
larger resistivity range and clear distinction of the electrical
resistivity, with values ranging from 10 to 1280 ohm-m, corre-
sponding to the electrical properties of the outcropping clayey
and quartzarenitic materials.
The obtained ERIs (Figures 10 and 11) show a middle sec-
tion with low-resistivity values ( < 160 ohm-m) correspond-
ing to the landslide material. The relatively high-resistivity
zones ( > 160 ohm-m) represent lateral and basal material
not involved in the landslide. Some shallow high-resistivity
centers can be related to lapideous intercalations or infrastruc-
tures built to control movements in the landslide.
The ERI along profile line AA , parallel to the land-
slide body (Figure 10), shows a clear contrast between a
low-resistivity zone ( < 160 ohm-m) and a relatively high-
resistivity zone ( > 160 ohm-m) at a depth varying between
10 and 30 m. The low-resistivity zone has a lenticular shape
that could be associated with slide material, as inferred from
Figure 9. Geomorphic map of the Latronico landslide with lo-
cation of the geologic and geophysical soundings.
 Electrical Tomographies for Landslides B17

boreholes S8 and S11. The deep, relatively high-resistivity
zone is assumed to be compact bedrock associated with the
Crete Nere Formation and is not involved in the landslide.
The shallow high-resistivity center, located about 130 to 140 m
from the origin in the ERI, is associated with the gabionade
built to contain the movement of the slide material.
Results from sonic soundings are superimposed onto the
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(Timoran project, 2001), which is in accordance with the ERI
results.
The ERI from line BB perpendicular to the landslide body
(Figure 11) shows three low-resistivity zones ( < 160 ohm-m)
with a lenticular shape that reach a depth of about 35 to 40
m. This could be associated with three different landslides
that have developed within the main landslide body, as in-

ERI AA profile. The L4 and L5 measurement points out-
line a sliding surface at a depth of about 10 m, while the
L6 point reports a sliding surface at a depth of about 30 m
ferred from data acquired from boreholes S3 and S8. The
deep, relatively high-resistivity material is probably related to
the bedrock south of the conglomerates of the Castronuovo
Formation, as reported in the data from
borehole S3, and north of the quartzite,
as seen from borehole S8 data. The high-
resistivity nuclei embedded in the con-
ductive material are interpreted as lapi-
deous intercalations.

CONCLUSIONS
The ERI method is used successfully
to investigate three landslides located
in the Basilicata region, an area in the
Mediterranean basin exposed to differ-
ent types of hydrogeologic hazard. The
geophysical data were interpreted using
geologic constraints from borehole data
and geomorphic surveys. The 2D elec-
trical images, notwithstanding the geo-
logic complexity of the investigated areas
Figure 10. The ERI of the AA profile line parallel to the Latronico landslide, com- and relatively low resistivity contrasts be-
pared to the stratigraphic data coming from boreholes S8 and S11. The dashed black tween the slide material and the bedrock,
line indicates the interpreted sliding surface, whose depth varies from 10 to 40 m. The outlined the geometry of the investigated
yellow dashed line indicates the sliding surface obtained by the microtremor measure-
ments. landslides. Therefore, the ERI method
appears to be a powerful tool for imag-
ing the geometric boundaries of complex
rototranslational-earthflow landslides. It
combines an accurate capability for de-
lineating the boundaries of landslide
bodies, fast field data acquisition, and low
cost. In the future, this technique could
be applied to monitor landslide bodies
continuously, thus opening a way to per-
form 4D time-lapse analysis of subsur-
face electrical images.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work has been carried out in
the framework of two projects supported
by the Italian Ministry of Research and
University: Design of geophysical mon-
itoring network in areas of Basilicata
Region characterized by an high hydro-
geological hazard and Geomorpholog-
Figure 11. ERI of the BB profile line transverse to the Latronico landslide, compared ical study and landslides control in some
to the stratigraphic data coming from boreholes S3 and S8. The dashed black line areas of Basilicata region characterized
indicates the interpreted sliding surfaces. by historical-cultural heritage.
 B18 Lapenna et al.
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