Diploma Final Aug 2010 NTT Final

Networks Techniques & Technologies-August 2010
Ministry of Communications and Information National Telecommunication Institute

Technology Diploma 2nd Semester Final Exam
Computer and Communication Networks Diploma August 2010
Examiner: Associate Prof. Hesham ElBadawy Time Allowed: 3 Hours
Networks Techniques & Technologies
Attempt ALL questions:
The Exam is consisting of (5) Five Questions in TWO Pages
Question 1:
a- The Wireless communication networks are deploying different access
technologies, namely: FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. Compare between these
technologies from the following point views: interference immunity,
Flexibility, ease of planning, system capacity, and type of the baseband signal
to be carried by each one of them.
b- Wireless Data Communication Networks have been developed to
accommodate high speed access techniques. Nowadays, there is a competition
between the HSPA and LTE systems. Compare briefly between them from the
following points (at least): access technique, Bandwidth, Duplex mode,
Maximum data rate, supported modulation schemes, performance parameters
as (latency and throughput), and spectral efficiency.
Question 2:
a- Wireless Communication networks have many duplexing techniques: namely
Frequency division duplex (FDD), and Time division duplex (TDD). Compare
between these types from the following point of views: principle of operatin,
advantages, disadvantages frequency utilization, load type, and eases of
planning.
b- Assume a CDMA cellular system. The system has the following parameters:
81 Customer/sector may be supported, data rate=9.6Kbps, Eb/N0=10dB. Find
the chipping rate that may be used with 40% voice activity in Tri-Sectorized
cells. What will be the effect of introducing the voice activity and sectorization
on the operator bandwidth?
Question 3:
a- In the two-ray ground reflected model, prove that the path difference may be
approximated to 2hthr/d. Show when this holds as a good approximation.
In this model, assume that must be kept below 6.261 radians for phase
cancellation reasons. Assuming a UMTS system has mobile station height of
2m, and given a requirement that i be less than 5, what are the minimum
allowable values for the T-R separation distance and the height of the
transmitter antenna?
b- In data communication networks, there are different types of wired
transmission media (namely; UTP, Coaxial, and fiber optic cables). Compare
between them briefly.
(Page 1/2 ) Dr. Hesham ElBadawy, Networks Techniques & Technologies-June 2010
Question 4:
a- In a Wireless access network, six received power measurements were taken at
distances of 100 m, 200 m, 1Km, 3Km, 4Km, and 5Km from a transmitter.
The measured values at these distances are:
0 dBm, -8dBm, -20 dBm, -31dBm, -39dBm, and -45 dBm, respectively. It is
assumed that the path loss for these measurements follows the log-normal
model:
(Where do = 100 m and Po = 0dBm.)
Derive an expression for the minimum mean square error (MMSE) and then
estimate the path loss exponent n.
Estimate the received power in micro-Watts at d = 2.5km using the
resulting model.
b- Calculate the capacity for an FDMA based system (such as AMPS cellular
system). The system has the following parameters: BW(channel)=30KhZ,
BW(Operator)=20MhZ, C/I=10dB, and n=4.
Question 5:
a- For a 3G mobile communication system operated by UMTS 2100 system. If

the system has the following operational parameters:
- Min BTS Sensitivity = -130dBm
- Min MS Sensitivity = - 90dBm
- MS average power = 10mili Watt.
- Calculate:
i. The BTS transmitter output power in Watts, which is required to have
suitable communication sessions.
ii. What do you think if the MS cannot transmit more than 1 micro Watt.
Explain your results.
b- Compute the CRC (by means of binary or equivalent polynomial techniques), for the
following word:1011111100001 if the divisor is: 101001, then check your obtained
coded word.
With My Best Wishes,,,
Model Answer
Question 1:
a- The Wireless communication networks are deploying different access technologies, namely:
FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. Compare between these technologies from the following point
views: interference immunity, Flexibility, ease of planning, system capacity, and type of the
baseband signal to be carried by each one of them.
Multiple Access Techniques
FDMA/TDMA vs. CDMA

Here are some technology comparisons between FDMA/TDMA and CDMA:
Fading resistance. Because CDMA systems use a higher bandwidth compared to systems that use FDMA, the
systems are less vulnerable to frequency-selective fading. On the other hand, the near-far effect means that fast
power control is needed in CDMA systems to ensure that interference is not too large.
Flexibility. A FDMA/TDMA system is limited by its choice of channel bandwidth and time slot structure, which
typically can not be changed after standardization. In a CDMA system, on the other hand, the resource sharing is
accomplished by control the amount of power transmitted for each user, which can be changed in realtime.
Frequency planning. Systems based on FDMA require frequency planning, which is difficult and timeconsuming.
This is not necessary with CDMA systems.
Radiation. Mobile stations based on TDMA transmit in short pulses, causing strong power peaks and potentially
interfering with other devices. CDMA-based mobile stations, on the other hand, transmit continuously, only
changing the power in steps according to varying radio conditions and desired bit rates.
Complexity. The high bandwidth and chip rates of CDMA makes the transmitters and receivers more complex to
design and manufactured compared to FDMA-based devices.
b- Wireless Data Communication Networks have been developed to accommodate high
speed access techniques. Nowadays, there is a competition between the HSPA and LTE
systems. Compare briefly between them from the following points (at least): access
technique, Bandwidth, Duplex mode, Maximum data rate, supported modulation
schemes, performance parameters as (latency and throughput), and spectral
efficiency.
HSPA VS LTE
Point of comparison HSPA LTE
A standardized evolution LET, the next generation of
of Wideband Code Division Access mobile communication
(WCDMA) , the world's evading third technology, enables the fast
INTRO generation mobile standard. transfer of huge amounts of
data in an efficient and cost-
effective way, optimizing the
use of the radio spectrum.
DL: CDMA DL: Adaptive OFDMA
Physical Layer
UL: CDMA UL:SC-FDMA
Channel BW 5 MHz Scalable From 1.25 MHz to 20
MHz
Duplex Arrangement FDD Support: FDD only or TDD
only or both
DL: up to 14 Mbps DL: up to 100 Mbps
PEAK Data Rate
UL: up to 5 Mbps UL: up to 50 Mbps
Urban: 1.03 km Optimum Performance: 5 km
Suburban: 1.6 km cell radius
Rural: 16 km Effective Performance: 30 km
Cell Coverage
cell radius
Limited Performance: up to
100 km cell radius
Multiple Antenna Not supported, available in HSPA+ Supported (2x2, 2x4, 4x4)
UL: 1920 1980 MHz UL: 2500 2750MHz
DL: 2110 2120 MHz DL: 2620 2690 MHz
Operating Freq
UL: 3400 3500MHz
DL: 3500 3600 MHz
HSDPA: 130 millisecond
50 millisecond
HSUPA: 100 millisecond
Latency Able to reach less than 10
Able to reach less than 70 millisecond
millisecond
for both
HSDPA: 0.6 to 0.8 bps/Hz/sector DL: 2.4 bps/Hz/sector
Spectral Efficiency
HSUPA: up to 0.35 bps/Hz/sector UL: up to 0.7 bps/Hz/sector
HSDPA: QPSK & 16-QAM DL: QPSK, 16-QAM & 64-
Modulation Tech. HSUPA: QPSK & 2-QPSK QAM
HSPA+: QPSK,16QAM,64QAM UL: QPSK & 16-QAM
Mobility Up to 250 km/h Up to 350 km/h
Cell Setup Time 2 sec 50 ms
HSDPA: 900 Kbps DL: 3000 Kbps
Averaged User Throughput
HSUPA: 150 Kbps UL: 350 Kbps
Conv & turbo coding Advanced coding with lower
Coding
rate
Transmission Time Interval 2 msec 1 msec
Question 2:
a- Wireless Communication networks have many duplexing techniques: namely
Frequency division duplex (FDD), and Time division duplex(TDD). Compare between
these types from the following point of views: principle of operatin, advantages,
disadvantages frequency utilization, load type, and eases of planning.
FDD TDD
- Transmitter and receiver operates at - It separates outward and return
different center frequencies. signals.
- Uplink and downlink subbands are said - It emulates full duplex
to be separated by the frequency offset communication over half duplex
(guard band). communication link by allocating
- FDD is efficient in case of symmetric time slot for send and other for
traffic, in this case TDD tends to waste receive (same freq for transmit and
BW, greater latency and more complex receive)
circuitry during switch over from TX to - It has a strong adv in case we have
RX. asymmetry of uplink and downlink,
- FDD makes radio planning easier and as if the amount of uplink increases
more efficient (TX and RX in different more communication capacity can be
sub bands), on the converse in TDD care dynamically allocated and as the
must be taken to keep guard times traffic load becomes lighter capacity
between neighboring base station (which can be taken away
decrease spectral efficiency) / or base - Has efficient use of BW in case of
station must be synchronized so they will symmetry data
TX and RX @ the same time (which - No waster of band as a guard band as
increase network complex and:. Cost, in FDD, it only requires a guard time
reduces BW allocation flexibility as all between uplink and downlink
base station and sector will be forced to - TDD requires only "1" interference
use same up/down link ratio) free channel
- FDD requires "2" interference free - Best suited for asymmetric or
channel unbalanced load or traffic such as
- Best suited for applications that generate internet
symmetric or balanced or traffic such as - Ex :-
voice W-CDMA
- Ex :- DECT
HDSL, TDSCDMA
Most Cellular System WiMAX/LTE
WiMAX/LTE
b- Assume a CDMA cellular system. The system has the following parameters: 81
Customer/sector may be supported, data rate=9.6Kbps, Eb/N0=10dB. Find the chipping
rate that may be used with 40% voice activity in Tri-Sectorized cells. What will be the
effect of introducing the voice activity and sectorization on the operator bandwidth?
Solution
So the effect of introducing the voice activity and sectorization on the operator bandwidth will
cause the following:
-More Capacity
-Reduced SNR
-Lower RF Bandwidth
Question 3:
a- In the two-ray ground reflected model, prove that the path difference may be
approximated to 2hthr/d. Show when this holds as a good approximation.
In this model, assume that must be kept below 6.261 radians for phase cancellation
reasons. Assuming a UMTS system has mobile station height of 2m, and given a
requirement that i be less than 5, what are the minimum allowable values for the T-R
separation distance and the height of the transmitter antenna?
< 6.261 rad hr = 2 m

i <2.5 f = 2000 MHz
= = (2) / = ((2f) / c) * ((2hthr) / d)
= 48 (ht / d)
< 6.261
24 (ht / d) < 6.261
ht / d = 0.0374 -------------- eqn 1
tan i = (ht + hr) / d
i = tan-1 ((ht / d) +(hr / d))
tan-1 ((ht / d) +(hr / d)) < 5 take it-2.2
(ht / d) +(hr / d) = 0.0384 -------------- eqn 2
By solving eqn 1 and eqn 2

D (min) = 1968m and So Ht= 73.6m
b- In data communication networks, there are different types of wired transmission media (namely;
UTP, Coaxial, and fiber optic cables). Compare between them briefly.
Transmission media
Twisted pair cable

o Consists of 2 conductors (normally copper). Each with its own plastic isolation, twisted together.
o One of the wires is used to carry signals to the receiver and the other is used only as a ground
reference.
o Pairs twisted to reduce the interference (noise) & cross talk effect.
Categories:
o UTP cable classified into 7 categories according to its quality.
o Number 1 is the cable with lowest quality, & number 7 is the cable with highest quality.
Connectors:
RJ45 (registered jack 45) is a UTP keyed connector, it can be inserted in only one way.
Coaxial cable
Carries signals of higher frequency ranges than those in twisted pair cables.
Attenuation in coax is much higher than twisted pair.
Connectors
BNC (bayone neill concelman) : connect the end of the cable to the device.
BNC T connector: used in Ethernet networks to branch out to a connection to pc or any device.
BNC terminator: used at the end of the cable to prevent the reflection of the signal.
Fiber optic cable
Transmits signals in the form of light.

Use reflection to guide light through a channel.
c- Twisted pair cables have many types Compare between different types briefly.
a- Coaxial cables have many types Compare between different types briefly.
Question 4:
d- In a Wireless access network, five received power measurements were taken at distances
of 100 m, 200 m, 1Km, 3Km, and 5Km from a transmitter. The measured values at these
distances are:
0 dBm, -9dBm, -25 dBm,, -39dBm, and -45 dBm, respectively. It is assumed that the
path loss for these measurements follows the log-normal model:
(Where do = 100 m.)
c- Derive an expression for the minimum mean square error (MMSE) and then estimate
the path loss exponent n.
d- Estimate the received power in micro-Watts at d = 4km using the resulting model.
k
Squared Error is defined by : J(n) = (P
i 1
rn Pre ) 2
d
But Pre = P(do) 10n log( ) , Substitute by P(d0)=0 (given at do = 100 m)
do
d d d
So, Pre1 = 10n log ( 1 ) , Pre2 = 10n log ( 2 ) , , Pren = 10n log ( n )
do do do
d1 2 d d
Hence J(n) = (Prm1 + 10n log ( )) + (Prm2 + 10n log ( 2 ))2 + + (Prmn + 10n log ( n ) )2.
do do do
dJ (n)
For MSSE we have; 0
dn
d1 d d d
2(Prm1+ 10n log ( ))(10log( 1 )) + 2(Prm2 + 10n log ( 2 ))(10log ( 2 ))+.+ 2(Prmn + 10nlog(
do do do do
dn d
) )( 10n log ( n )) = 0
do do
For the case of having only 6 measured values:
d
So, n= 2.374; Pre (2.5Km) = 10n log x = -33.185 dBm = 0.48 Micro Watt.
do
b- Calculate the capacity for an FDMA based system (such as AMPS cellular system). The
system has the following parameters: BW(channel)=30KhZ, BW(Operator)=20MhZ,
C/I=10dB, and n=4.
Solution
AMPS is FDMA based system,
Question 5:
a- For a 3G mobile communication system operated by UMTS 2100 system. If the system
has the following operational parameters:
- Min BTS Sensitivity = -130dBm
- Min MS Sensitivity = - 90dBm
- MS average power = 10mili Watt.
- Calculate:
i. The BTS transmitter output power in Watts, which is required to have suitable
communication sessions.
ii. What do you think if the MS cannot transmit more than 1 micro Watt. Explain
your results.
Assume that Lpath for the uplink = Lpath for the downlink________________(1)
Downlink:
Pr must be greater or at least equal to the MS Min sensitivity level

For the worst case,
Pr=P(MS Min_Sens)= Pt (BTS) + Gt(BTS)+Gr(MS)-Lp (Downlink) ________ (2)
Uplink:
Pr must be greater or at least equal to the BTS Min sensitivity level
For the worst case,
Pr=P(BTS Min_Sens)= Pt (MS) + Gt(MS)+Gr(BTS)-Lp (uplink) ___________ (3)
By solving the above three equations,
P(MS Min_Sens) - P(BTS Min_Sens)= Pt (BTS) - Pt (MS)
So,
Pt(BTS)= Pt (MS) + P(MS Min_Sens) - P(BTS Min_Sens)
=10dBm + (-130 dBm) - (-90dBm)
=50dBm = 20dBW= 100Watts
BTS output power= 100Watt_____________________________________(i)
In case of Pt(MS)=1microWatt= -30dBm

Pt( BTS) = (-30dBm) + (-130 dBm) - (-90dBm)
=10dBm = -20dBW= 10 Mille Watts
BTS output power= 10 Mille Watts ________________________________(ii)
Comments:
In this case BTS will not be able to achieve good coverage and the MS will suffer from bad
coverage and also unstable or unbalanced Uplink/Downlinks.
Also this BTS power is impracticable for the real systems.
b- Compute the CRC (by means of binary or equivalent polynomial techniques), for the following
word:1011111100001 if the divisor is: 101001, then check your obtained coded word.
D=User Word=1011111100001
P=Divisor=101001 (i.e.6bits)
Q= Word + Zeros(Divisor-1)= 101111110000100000
CRC=Reminder of Q over the divisor
1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 1
Reminder= 00011
So, the CRC is 00011 and the codeword is :
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
In order to check we have to perform the division of the code word on the divisor:
1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0
So, the Reminder is Zeros

So, There is no error !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Diploma Final Aug 2010 NTT Final

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Networks Techniques & Technologies-August 2010

Ministry of Communications and Information National Telecommunication Institute

a- For a 3G mobile communication system operated by UMTS 2100 system. If

With My Best Wishes,,,

Multiple Access Techniques

FDMA/TDMA vs. CDMA

< 6.261 rad hr = 2 m

By solving eqn 1 and eqn 2

Twisted pair cable

Fiber optic cable

Transmits signals in the form of light.

Pr must be greater or at least equal to the MS Min sensitivity level

By solving the above three equations,

P(MS Min_Sens) - P(BTS Min_Sens)= Pt (BTS) - Pt (MS)

In case of Pt(MS)=1microWatt= -30dBm

So, the Reminder is Zeros

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