Based on material

by Werner Purgathofer
Overview of Graphics Systems

video display devices

raster-scan systems
graphics monitors and workstations
input devices
hard-copy devices

Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg

Video Display Devices (1) Video Display Devices

cathode-ray tube (CRT)
refresh CRT (raster-scan display,
random-scan display)
direct-view storage tubes
refresh CRT
electrons hit phosphor-coated screen
permanent glowing through refreshing
phosphor persistence
resolution, e.g., 1280x1024, aspect ratio
screen diagonal size, e.g., 21 inches
basic design of a magnetic-deflection CRT
Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg

Video Display Devices (2) Raster Scan Display Principle

raster-scan displays
television technology
object represented as set of discrete points
screen point: pixel or pel
refresh buffer, frame buffer
bitmap or pixmap
3Mbytes for 1024x1024x24
refresh rate (60 - 120 Hz)
horizontal, vertical retrace
interlacing
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 Video Display Devices (3) RGB Shadow Mask Technology
Electron Beam Systems
Color CRT Monitors
Blue
phosphors emit different-colored light Green
beam-penetration (for random-scan Red
monitors)
shadow-mask
three different phosphors: R,G,B
delta-delta or in-line arrangement Shadow Mask
additive color-mix, RGB-model
24 bits color information (16 million colors), glass plate with
true-color system phosphor dots
Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg

Video Display Devices (4) LCD Monitor

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
Flat-Panel Displays advantages
reduced volume, weight, power flat
requirement light-weight
emissive displays (plasma panel, LEDs) radiation free
nonemissive displays (LCD) disadvantages
LCDs (liquid-crystal displays) low contrast
polarized light is (non)passing through liquid
low brightness
crystal material solutions:
- "supertwist"
refresh buffer, 60Hz refresh rate - backlight
passive-matrix, active-matrix high persistence
Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg

Color LCD Monitor Plasma-Panel Display

glowing gas between 2 glass panels
advantages: flat, high brightness, good image
disadvantages: heavy, expensive, instable
display
holes ignition drill holes

display raster
(c) How Stuff Works front panel anodes isolation cathodes back panel anodes
Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg (transparent)
Overview of Graphics Systems plate (transparent)
Dieter Schmalstieg

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 LED monitors 3D Display Techniques
Three-Dimensional Viewing Devices
LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) are arranged
in matrix form, each one can be controlled vibrating flexible mirror
separately stereoscopic and virtual-reality systems
shutter glasses (+ tracking)
advantages: flat, light-weight, robust, bright headset with tracking
disadvantages: high energy consumption, other VR devices
expensive, reduced color gamut holograms
NC-mills + soft material
stereolithographic apparatus (SLA)

Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg

3D Display Techniques Vibrating Mirror Display

Three-Dimensional Viewing Devices
vibrating flexible mirror
stereoscopic and virtual-reality systems screen
shutter glasses (+ tracking)
headset with tracking
other VR devices eye
holograms
virtual
NC-mills + soft material image
stereolithographic apparatus (SLA) mirror
Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg

Vibrating Mirror Display Vibrating Mirror Display

screen screen

eye eye
virtual virtual
images images
vibrating mirror vibrating mirror
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 Vibrating Mirror Display 3D Display Techniques
Three-Dimensional Viewing Devices
vibrating flexible mirror
screen stereoscopic and virtual-reality systems
shutter glasses (+ tracking)
headset with tracking
eye other VR devices
holograms
virtual
images NC-mills + soft material
vibrating mirror stereolithographic apparatus (SLA)

Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg

Virtual Reality Devices Shutter Glasses

Virtual reality = stimulation of the
human senses to simulate a fictional viewing a
environment (reality) plus the stereoscopic
possibilities to interact with this world projection

eyes: private eye, head mounted displays

(HMD)
ears: headphones, 3D audio synthesis
tactile sense: force feedback stylus or
glove
Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg

Head Mounted Display (HMD) Shutter Glasses

2 small screens display
images for both eyes:
☺ high immersion degree
☺ head movement controls
virtual camera
☺ artificial image only
limited field-of-view
rather expensive
ultrasound tracking device used with
cybersickness stereoscopic glasses to track head position
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 Interactive Walkthrough Data Glove

data glove as
interaction
device
HMD in combination
with data glove
Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg

Virtual Windtunnel Workbench

very large screen area

Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg

Very large Viewing Screens CAVE

small room (3x3m)
with display walls

full immersion
with 3D-
projection
(with glasses)
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 Motion platforms Smell Device
experimental laboratory development

Quelle: Georgia Tech

Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg
Quelle: Fraunhofer IGD

3D Display Techniques Stereolithographic Apparatus (SLA)

Three-Dimensional Viewing Devices UV-laser gun
vibrating flexible mirror is dipped in
stereoscopic and virtual-reality systems polymerized layer by
shutter glasses (+ tracking) plastic layer
headset with tracking (solid) liquid
other VR devices plastic
holograms
NC-mills + soft material
stereolithographic apparatus (SLA)

Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg

SLA examples Raster-Scan Systems (1)

video controller controls display device
refresh operations
double buffering
areas of screen enlarged, reduced,
moved
look-up table
mix of frame-buffer image and another
image

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 Raster-Scan: Video Controller Raster-Scan Syst.: Frame Buffer

basic video-
controller architecture of a raster system with a fixed
refresh portion of the system memory reserved for the
operations frame buffer
Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg

Raster-Scan: Display Processor Raster-Scan Systems (2)

display processor performs
raster graphics operations (instead of
CPU)
scan conversion
line styles
raster ops
interface with input device (e.g., mouse)

architecture of a raster graphics system

with a display processor
Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg

Raster-Scan Characters Input Devices (1)

keyboard
mouse (relative positioning)
trackball (absolute positioning)
spaceball (6 DOF)
joysticks (stick for cursor steering)
data glove (grasp virtual objects)

defined as a grid defined as a

of pixel positions curve outline
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 Input Devices: Keyboards (gebrauchte Tastatur)
ergonomically
designed
keyboard with
removable
palm rests

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Input Devices: Joysticks Input Devices: Gamepads & Co

Spaceball

Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg

Input Devices (2) Input Devices: Tablets

digitizer
drawing, painting, selecting coordinate
positions
scanning 2D, 3D objects
graphics tablet
2D coordinates
hand cursor or stylus
3D digitizers, motion capture desktop tablet with a
electromagnetic, acoustic systems 16-button hand cursor large tablet with
hand cursor
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 Input Devices: Tablets Input Devices: 3D Digitizers

manual digitizer
artist’s digitizer system with stylus laser light stripe scanner,
desktop tablet with cordless stylus < 1 sec, 400x400 recon-
with stylus struction by triangulation
Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg

Input Devices (3) Input Devices: Scanners

image scanners
touch panels (optical, electrical,
acoustical)
light pens
voice systems flatbed scanner drum scanner
others ...
floor-model
scanner

hand
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Input Devices: Touch Screens Input Devices: Light Pen

recognizes cathod ray

to calculate position

plasma panels with touch screens

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 Input Devices: Haptic Devices Hard-Copy Devices
paper output, slides, transparencies, videos
quality depends on dot size, dots/inch
CMY color model (cyan, magenta, yellow)
printers:
impact devices (line, dot-matrix)
non impact devices (laser, ink-jet,
electrothermal, thermotransfer,
thermosublimation)
pen plotters

Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg

Hard-Copy: Dot Matrix Printer Hard-Copy Devices: Laser Printers

varying density of dot patterns

produces light and dark areas
Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg Overview of Graphics Systems Dieter Schmalstieg

Hard-Copy Devices: Ink Jet Plotter Hard-Copy Devices: Pen Plotter

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 Hard-Copy Devices: Pen Plotter

rollfeed
pen
plotter

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