M

Section 28. In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP)

HIGHLIGHTS
This section of the manual contains the following major topics:

28.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................28-2

28.2 Entering In-Circuit Serial Programming Mode .............................................................28-3
28.3 Application Circuit ........................................................................................................28-4
28.4 Programmer .................................................................................................................28-6
28.5 Programming Environment ..........................................................................................28-6
28.6 Other Benefits ..............................................................................................................28-7
28.7 Field Programming of PICmicro OTP MCUs................................................................28-8
28.8 Field Programming of FLASH PICmicros...................................................................28-10
28.9 Design Tips ................................................................................................................28-12
28.10 Related Application Notes..........................................................................................28-13
28.11 Revision History .........................................................................................................28-14
28

ICSP

1997 Microchip Technology Inc. DS31028A page 28-1

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
28.1 Introduction
All midrange devices can be In-Circuit Serial Programmed (ICSP) while in the end application
circuit. This is simply done with two lines for clock and data, and three other lines for power,
ground, and the programming voltage.
In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) is a great way to reduce your inventory overhead and
time-to-market for your product. By assembling your product with a blank Microchip microcontrol-
ler (MCU), you can stock one design. When an order has been placed, these units can be pro-
grammed with the latest revision of firmware, tested, and shipped in a very short time. This
method also reduces scrapped inventory due to old firmware revisions. This type of manufactur-
ing system can also facilitate quick turnarounds on custom orders for your product.
Most people would think to use ICSP with PICmicro OTP MCUs only on an assembly line
where the device is programmed once. However, there is a method by which an OTP device can
be programmed several times depending on the size of the firmware. This method, explained
later, provides a way to field upgrade your firmware in a way similar to EEPROM- or Flash-based
devices.

DS31028A-page 28-2 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

 Section 28. ICSP
28.2 Entering In-Circuit Serial Programming Mode
The device is placed into a program/verify mode by holding the RB6 and RB7 pins low while rais-
ing the MCLR (VPP) pin from VIL to VIHH (see programming specification) and having VDD at the
programming voltage. RB6 becomes the programming clock and RB7 becomes the program-
ming data. Both RB6 and RB7 are Schmitt Trigger inputs in this mode, and when RB7 is driving
data it is a CMOS output driver.
After reset, to place the device into programming/verify mode, the program counter (PC) is at
location 00h. A 6-bit command is then supplied to the device. Some commands then specify that
14-bits of program data are then supplied to or read from the device, depending on if the com-
mand was a load or a read. For complete details of serial programming, please refer to the device
specific Programming Specifications.
During the In-Circuit Serial Programming Mode, the WDT circuitry is disabled from generating a
device reset.

28

ICSP

1997 Microchip Technology Inc. DS31028A-page 28-3

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
28.3 Application Circuit
The application circuit must be designed to allow all the programming signals to be directly con-
nected to the PICmicro MCU. Figure 28-1 shows a typical circuit that is a starting point for when
designing with ICSP. The application must compensate for the following issues:
Isolation of the MCLR/VPP pin from the rest of the circuit
Loading of pins RB6 and RB7
Capacitance on each of the VDD, MCLR/VPP, RB6, and RB7 pins
Minimum and maximum operating voltage for VDD
PICmicro Oscillator
Interface to the programmer
The MCLR/VPP pin is normally connected to an RC circuit. The pull-up resistor is tied to VDD and
a capacitor is tied to ground. This circuit can affect the operation of ICSP depending on the size
of the capacitor since the VPP voltage must be isolated from the rest of the circuit (in most cases
a resistor is not capable of isolating the circuit). It is, therefore, recommended that the circuit in
Figure 28-1 be used when an RC is connected to MCLR/VPP. The diode should be a Schot-
tky-type device. Another issue with MCLR/VPP is that when the PICmicro device is programmed,
this pin is driven to approximately 13V and also to ground. Therefore, the application circuit must
be isolated from this voltage provided by the programmer.
Pins RB6 and RB7 are used by the PICmicro for serial programming. RB6 is the clock line and
RB7 is the data line. RB6 is driven by the programmer. RB7 is a bi-directional pin that is driven
by the programmer when programming, and driven by the PICmicro when verifying. These pins
must be isolated from the rest of the application circuit so as not to affect the signals during pro-
gramming. You must take into consideration the output impedance of the programmer when iso-
lating RB6 and RB7 from the rest of the circuit. This isolation circuit must account for RB6 being
an input on the PICmicro, and for RB7 being bi-directional (can be driven by both the PICmicro
and the programmer). For instance, PRO MATE II has an output impedance of 1k. If the
design permits, these pins should not be used by the application. This is not the case with most
applications so it is recommended that the designer evaluate whether these signals need to be
buffered. As a designer, you must consider what type of circuitry is connected to RB6 and RB7
and then make a decision on how to isolate these pins. Figure 28-1 does not show any circuitry
to isolate RB6 and RB7 on the application circuit because this is very application dependent.
To simplify this interface the optimal usage of these I/O in the application are (in order):
1. Do not use RB6/RB7 so they are dedicated to ICSP.
2. Use these pins as outputs with minimal loading on signal line.
3. Isolation circuitry so that these signals can be driven to the ICSP specifications.

Figure 28-1: Typical In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) Application Circuit

Application PCB VDD VDD
PIC16CXXX
MCLR/VPP
ICSP Connector

VDD
VSS
RB7
RB6

To application circuit
Isolation circuits

DS31028A-page 28-4 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

 Section 28. ICSP
The total capacitance on the programming pins affects the rise rates of these signals as they are
driven out of the programmer. Typical circuits use several hundred microfarads of capacitance on
VDD which helps to dampen noise and ripple. However, this capacitance requires a fairly strong
driver in the programmer to meet the rise rate timings for VDD. Most programmers are designed
to simply program the PICmicro itself and dont have strong enough drivers to power the appli-
cation circuit. One solution is to use a driver board between the programmer and the application
circuit. The driver board requires a separate power supply that is capable of driving the VPP and
VDD pins with the correct rise rates and should also provide enough current to power the appli-
cation circuit. RB6 and RB7 are not buffered on this schematic but may require buffering depend-
ing upon the application. A sample driver board schematic is shown in Figure 28-2.

Note: The driver board design MUST be tested in the user's application to determine the
effects of the application circuit on the programming signals timing. Changes may
be required if the application places a significant load on VDD, VPP, RB6 OR RB7.
The Microchip programming specification states that the device should be programmed at 5V.
Special considerations must be made if your application circuit operates at 3V only. These con-
siderations may include totally isolating the PICmicro during programming. The other issue is that
the device must be verified at the minimum and maximum voltages at which the application circuit
will be operating. For instance, a battery operated system may operate from three 1.5V cells giv-
ing an operating voltage range of 2.7V to 4.5V. The programmer must program the device at 5V
and must verify the program memory contents at both 2.7V and 4.5V to ensure that proper pro-
gramming margins have been achieved. This ensures the PICmicro operation over the voltage
range of the system.
The final issue deals with the oscillator circuit on the application board. The voltage on
MCLR/VPP must rise to the specified program mode entry voltage before the device executes any
code. The crystal modes available on the PICmicro are not affected by this issue because the 28
Oscillator Start-up Timer waits for 1024 oscillations before any code is executed. However, RC
oscillators do not require any start-up time and, therefore, the Oscillator Start-up Timer is not
used. The programmer must drive MCLR/VPP to the program mode entry voltage before the RC
oscillator toggles four times. If the RC oscillator toggles four or more times, the program counter

ICSP
will be incremented to some value X. Now when the device enters programming mode, the pro-
gram counter will not be zero and the programmer will start programming your code at an offset
of X. There are several alternatives that can compensate for a slow rise rate on MCLR/VPP. The
first method would be to not populate the R, program the device, and then insert the R. The other
method would be to have the programming interface drive the OSC1 pin of the PICmicro to
ground while programming. This will prevent any oscillations from occurring during programming.
Now all that is left is how to connect the application circuit to the programmer. This depends a lot
on the programming environment and will be discussed in that section.

1997 Microchip Technology Inc. DS31028A-page 28-5

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
28.4 Programmer
The second consideration is the programmer. PIC16CXXX MCUs only use serial programming
and therefore all programmers supporting these devices will support ICSP. One issue with the
programmer is the drive capability. As discussed before, it must be able to provide the specified
rise rates on the ICSP signals and also provide enough current to power the application circuit.
Figure 28-2 shows an example driver board. This driver schematic does not show any buffer cir-
cuitry for RB6 and RB7. It is recommended that an evaluation be performed to determine if buff-
ering is required. Another issue with the programmer is what VDD levels are used to verify the
memory contents of the PICmicro. For instance, the PRO MATE II verifies program memory at
the minimum and maximum VDD levels for the specified device and is therefore considered a pro-
duction quality programmer. On the other hand, the PICSTART Plus only verifies at 5V and is
for prototyping use only. The Microchip programming specifications state that the program mem-
ory contents should be verified at both the minimum and maximum VDD levels that the application
circuit will be operating. This implies that the application circuit must be able to handle the varying
VDD voltages.
There are also several third party programmers that are available. You should select a program-
mer based on the features it has and how it fits into your programming environment. The Micro-
chip Development Systems Ordering Guide (DS30177) provides detailed information on all our
development tools. The Microchip Third Party Guide (DS00104) provides information on all of our
third party tool developers. Please consult these two references when selecting a programmer.
Many options exist including serial or parallel PC host connection, stand-alone operation, and
single or gang programmers. Some of the third party developers include Advanced Transdata
Corporation, BP Microsystems, Data I/O, Emulation Technology and Logical Devices.
28.5 Programming Environment
The programming environment will affect the type of programmer used, the programmer cable
length, and the application circuit interface. Some programmers are well suited for a manual
assembly line while others are desirable for an automated assembly line. You may want to choose
a gang programmer to program multiple systems at a time.
The physical distance between the programmer and the application circuit affects the load capac-
itance on each of the programming signals. This will directly affect the drive strength needed to
provide the correct signal rise rates and current. This programming cable must also be as short
as possible and properly terminated and shielded, or the programming signals may be corrupted
by ringing or noise.
Finally, the application circuit interface to the programmer depends on the size constraints of the
application circuit itself and the assembly line. A simple header can be used to interface the appli-
cation circuit to the programmer. This might be more desirable for a manual assembly line where
a technician plugs the programmer cable into the board. A different method is the use of spring
loaded test pins (commonly referred to as pogo pins). The application circuit has pads on the
board for each of the programming signals. Then there is a fixture that has pogo pins in the same
configuration as the pads on the board. The application circuit or fixture is moved into position
such that the pogo pins come into contact with the board. This method might be more suitable
for an automated assembly line.
After taking into consideration the issues with the application circuit, the programmer, and the
programming environment, anyone can build a high quality, reliable manufacturing line based on
ICSP.

DS31028A-page 28-6 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

 Section 28. ICSP
28.6 Other Benefits
ICSP provides other benefits, such as calibration and serialization. If program memory permits,
it would be cheaper and more reliable to store calibration constants in program memory instead
of using an external serial EEPROM. For example, if your system has a thermistor which can vary
from one system to another, storing some calibration information in a table format allows the
microcontroller to compensate (in software) for external component tolerances. System cost can
be reduced without affecting the required performance of the system by using software calibra-
tion techniques. But how does this relate to ICSP? The PICmicro has already been programmed
with firmware that performs a calibration cycle. The calibration data is transferred to a calibration
fixture. When all calibration data has been transferred, the fixture places the PICmicro in pro-
gramming mode and programs the PICmicro with the calibration data. Application note AN656,
In-Circuit Serial Programming of Calibration Parameters Using a PICmicro Microcontroller,
shows exactly how to implement this type of calibration data programming.
The other benefit of ICSP is serialization. Each individual system can be programmed with a
unique or random serial number. One such application of a unique serial number would be for
security systems. A typical system might use DIP switches to set the serial number. Instead, this
number can be burned into program memory, thus reducing the overall system cost and lowering
the risk of tampering.

28

ICSP

1997 Microchip Technology Inc. DS31028A-page 28-7

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
28.7 Field Programming of PICmicro OTP MCUs
An OTP device is not normally capable of being reprogrammed, but the PICmicro architecture
gives you this flexibility provided the size of your firmware is at least half that of the desired device
and the device is not code protected. If your target device does not have enough program mem-
ory, Microchip provides a wide spectrum of devices from 0.5K to 8K program memory with the
same set of peripheral features that will help meet the criteria.
The PIC16CXXX microcontrollers have two vectors, reset and interrupt, at locations 0x0000 and
0x0004. When the PICmicro encounters a reset or interrupt condition, the code located at one of
these two locations in program memory is executed. The first listing of Example 28-2 shows the
code that is first programmed into the PICmicro. The second listing of Example 28-2 shows the
code that is programmed into the PICmicro for the second time.
Example 28-2 shows that to program the PICmicro a second time the memory location 0x0000,
originally goto Main (0x2808), is reprogrammed to all 0s which happens to be a NOP instruction.
This location cannot be reprogrammed to the new opcode (0x2860) because the bits that are 0s
cannot be reprogrammed to 1s, only bits that are 1s can be reprogrammed to 0s. The next mem-
ory location 0x0001 was originally blank (all 1s) and now becomes a goto Main (0x2860). When
a reset condition occurs, the PICmicro executes the instruction at location 0x0000 which is the
NOP, a completely benign instruction, and then executes the goto Main to start the execution of
code. The example also shows that all program memory locations after 0x005A are blank in the
original program so that the second time the PICmicro is programmed, the revised code can be
programmed at these locations. The same descriptions can be given for the interrupt vector at
location 0x0004.
This method changes slightly for PICmicros with >2K words of program memory. Each of the
goto Main and goto ISR instructions are replaced by the following code segment is
Example 28-1 due to paging on devices with >2K words of program memory.

Example 28-1: Crossing Program Memory Pages

movlw <page> movlw <page>

movwf PCLATH movwf PCLATH
goto Main goto ISR

Now your one-time programmable PICmicro is exhibiting EEPROM- or Flash-like qualities.

DS31028A-page 28-8 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

 Section 28. ICSP
Example 28-2: Programming Cycle Listing Files

First Program Cycle Second Program Cycle

_________________________________________________________________________________________
Prog Opcode Assembly | Prog Opcode Assembly
Mem Instruction | Mem Instruction
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0000 2808 goto Main ;Main loop | 0000 0000 nop
0001 3FFF <blank> ; at 0x0008 | 0001 2860 goto Main; Main now
0002 3FFF <blank> | 0002 3FFF <blank> ; at 0x0060
0003 3FFF <blank> | 0003 3FFF <blank>
0004 2848 goto ISR ; ISR at | 0004 0000 nop
0005 3FFF <blank> ; 0x0048 | 0005 28A8 goto ISR ; ISR now at
0006 3FFF <blank> | 0006 3FFF <blank> ; 0x00A8
0007 3FFF <blank> | 0007 3FFF <blank>
0008 1683 bsf STATUS,RP0 | 0008 1683 bsf STATUS,RP0
0009 3007 movlw 0x07 | 0009 3007 movlw 0x07
000A 009F movwf ADCON1 | 000A 009F movwf ADCON1
. | .
. | .
. | .
0048 1C0C btfss PIR1,RBIF | 0048 1C0C btfss PIR1,RBIF
0049 284E goto EndISR | 0049 284E goto EndISR
004A 1806 btfsc PORTB,0 | 004A 1806 btfsc PORTB,0
. | .
. | .
. | .
0060
0061
3FFF
3FFF
<blank>
<blank>
| 0060
| 0061
1683
3005
bsf STATUS,RP0
movlw 0x05 28
0062 3FFF <blank> | 0062 009F movwf ADCON1
. | .
. | .
. | .

ICSP
00A8 3FFF <blank> | 00A8 1C0C btfss PIR1,RBIF
00A9 3FFF <blank> | 00A9 28AE goto EndISR
00AA 3FFF <blank> | 00AA 1806 btfsc PORTB,0
. | .
. | .
. | .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1997 Microchip Technology Inc. DS31028A-page 28-9

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
28.8 Field Programming of FLASH PICmicros
With the ICSP interface circuitry already in place, FLASH-based PICmicros can be easily repro-
grammed in the field. These FLASH devices allow you to reprogram them even if they are code
protected. A portable ICSP programming station might consist of a laptop computer and pro-
grammer. The technician plugs the ICSP interface cable into the application circuit and down-
loads the new firmware into the PICmicro. The next thing you know the system is up and running
without those annoying bugs. Another instance would be that you want to add an additional fea-
ture to your system. All of your current inventory can be converted to the new firmware and field
upgrades can be performed to bring your installed base of systems up to the latest revision of
firmware.

DS31028A-page 28-10 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

 R3
PVDD PVDD
1 1 C6
2 Q1
Figure 28-2:

2N2907 14 U2A
3 0.1 1 74HC126
R7
U1D 100 RB6 2 3 PRB6
U1A
11 13 R6 +8V
2 R5 14 7
1 12
3 100 1
100 TLE2144A 2 Q3 U2B

1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

4 TLE2144A 2N2222 4 74HC126
VDD C7 3
C3 0.001 5 6

0.1 R1
+15V 5.1k 10 U2C
74HC126
9 8
R4
Example Driver Board Schematic

PVPP
1 1 13 U2D
2 Q2 74HC126
2N2907
3 12 11
R8
U1C 100
U1B
9 R9 +15V
6 R10 8
7 10
5 100 1 JP3
100 TLE2144A 2 Q4 PVPP 1
TLE2144A 2N2222 PVDD 2
VPP C8 3 3
0.001 RB7 4
PRB6 5
JP1 R2
5.1k HEADER
1 VPP
2 VDD
3 RB7
4
5 RB6 +15V VR1
LM7808
HEADER 1 VIN VOUT 2 +8V
Note: All resistors are in Ohms,
all capacitors are in F.
JP2 C5 C9 C4
0.1 GND 100 0.1
1 +15V
2 3
HEADER
Section 28. ICSP

DS31028A-page 28-11
28

ICSP
PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
28.9 Design Tips

Question 1: When I try to do ICSP, the entire program is shifted (offset) in the device
program memory.
Answer 1:
If the MCLR pin does not rise fast enough, while the devices voltage is in the valid operating
range, the internal Program Counter (PC) can increment. This means that the PC is no longer
pointing to the address that you expected to be at. The exact location depends on the number of
device clocks that occurred in the valid operating region of the device.

Question 2: I am using a PRO MATE II with a socket that I designed to bring the pro-
gramming signal to my application board. Sometimes when I try to do ICSP,
the program memory is programmed wrong.
Answer 2:
The voltages / timings may be violated at the device. This could be due to the:
Application board circuitry
Cable length from programmer to target
Large capacitance on VDD which affects levels / timings

DS31028A-page 28-12 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

 Section 28. ICSP
28.10 Related Application Notes
This section lists application notes that are related to this section of the manual. These applica-
tion notes may not be written specifically for the Mid-Range MCU family (that is they may be writ-
ten for the Base-Line, or High-End families), but the concepts are pertinent, and could be used
(with modification and possible limitations). The current application notes related to In-Circuit
Serial Programming are:

Title Application Note #

In-Circuit Serial Programming of Calibration Parameters using a
PICmicro AN656
In-Circuit Serial Programming Guide DS30277

28

ICSP

1997 Microchip Technology Inc. DS31028A-page 28-13

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
28.11 Revision History
Revision A
This is the initial released revision of the In-Circuit Serial Programming description.

DS31028A-page 28-14 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.