GOVERNING SYSTEMS

The main function of the governor is to

maintain the rotational speed of the turbine
with in acceptable limits despite wide
variations in the load on the machine. The
governor executes this function by sensing
changes in speed and accordingly cutting or
admitting water into turbine at fast rate to
maintain the rated speed.
When the hydro Turbine with A.C. Synch. Generator supplies
electric power to a large network, a governor is necessary to
maintain the speed/frequency of the generator equal to the
speed/frequency of the grid, which depends upon the load
demand conditions.

If the demand of the power is more than the supply power then
the grid frequency will dip and vice versa. Hence governor
functions are:

Bring the turbine speed at the rated r.p.m. Say 50 Hz. Hence
controlling the speed of prime mover.
Help in synchronization of generator with grid frequency
Controlling the active power of the machines
Controlling the grid frequency of the Network.
HOW DOES A GOVERNOR FUNCTION?

It senses the speed of Turbine rotation

Generates signal proportional to difference
between the turbine speed and governor speed
reference
Develops Hydraulic Control Signal of sufficient
power to position the turbine wicket gate servo
motor as required to control the turbine.
Senses the feedback of Wicket Gate Position
and tries to attain a balanced condition
Functions

Functional description of the governor

positioner
regulation of speed
starting and synchronization
regulation of power
regulation of level
MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE TURBINE GOVERNOR

Turbine start-up and shutdown sequences

Synchronization of the turbine with the grid
Control of network frequency on an isolated grid
Control of the active power in interconnected grid
Protection against over speed
Control of unit auxiliaries sequences
Electric grid: types of network

Role of the
governor
infinite: f = constant

power, level,
isolated: flow governing,
grid freqeuncy
stability

separated: consumers frequency

governing

Units consumers frequency

governing, grid
stability

8
Some Basic Concepts

TYPES OF CONTROL SYSTEM

OPEN LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM :A System in which output has no
control on input of the System.
No Feedback
Output is independent of input
No Regulation / Modulation in output is possible

Reference Dynamic
Command Req.
Selector Unit Output
Input
Input
Some Basic Concepts

CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM :It is a system in which there is a

provision of Feedback of Output to the input. This ensures more
accurate control of output by regulating the input based on feedback.
Feedback is present (either Manual or Automatic)
Output depends on Input
Regulation / Modulation of Output is possible.

Actuating signal
Command Reference Dynamic
Output
Input Selector Unit

Feedback Signal
WHAT IS A GOVEROR?

It is a combination of devices and

mechanism that detects speed
deviation from a set value and
converts it into a equivalent change
of Servo Motor or Wicket Gate
position.
MAIN FUNCTIONS

Start-up and acceleration

Synchronization
Coupled unit:
contribution to adjustment of interconnected grid
frequency
frequency adjustment on an isolated network
power, level, flow feedback
Return to speed-no-load
Shutdown
SECONDARY FUNCTIONS

Co-ordination of blades/wicket gates for Kaplan and bulb

turbines
Management of specific sequences:
back-to-back start-up of pump-turbines
Kaplan and bulb turbine load rejection operation
synchronous condenser operation
etc.
Generation of speed thresholds for the automated system
Interface with the automated system
SECONDARY FUNCTIONS

Monitoring of correct operation:

monitoring of sensors and electronic systems
fault signaling and recording
machine shutdown or fallback to downgraded operation
mode, depending on the fault
Operator interface:
access to the governing system characteristic values
fault reading and acknowledgement
parameter modification
Governing system: components

Supply of command energy: hydraulic power plant

Electro-hydraulic conversion and hydraulic amplification:
actuator
distributor
servo-motor
electronic governor
safety systems:
safety electro-valve
mechanical overspeed detector
 Governing system: components
Unit speed Electronic governor
Grid frequency
PLC

Safety
electrovalve Actuator
Position
sensor PLC
PLC

Distributor Filter
Pressurised oil
generation
TURBINE
Position
SERVOMOTOR
sensor
Components of Governing System

Speed sensing elements

Electronic Governor
Hydraulic Governor (EHGC)
Distributing valve
Turbine control servomotor
Governor Feedback Devices
Hydraulic Pressure Supply System (OPU)
 TR10 : Neyrpic TR 10 actuator

Le TR10:

de distribution
Vers
chappem soupape
ent
pression

turbinette
 Feed back box
FEED BACK SYSTEM

Inductive proximity sensor

overspeedGOVERNING
detector SYSTEM INTRODUCTION - OIL SYSTEM
GOVERNING PRESSURE
GOVERNING SYSTEM INTRODUCTION - OIL SYSTEM
Overspeed detector
OVERSPEED DETECTION

Relay valve A
Y X
A B
P T L

P T Shutdown solenoid valve

A

Turbine P T
shaft I
s
Actuator A
Main
distributing
L V L valve
P T

T A
P B
R

Leakage

Drainage

Oil pressure

Closure

Regulating device
servomotor
GOVERNING SYSTEM INTRODUCTION - OIL SYSTEM
OIL PRESSURE SUPPLY

Air injection

Oil pressure
tank

Governing oil station

B M M
A

P T
Main oil circuit
X

Idler valve

Loading T
A
distributing valve P

P
Y
T
X
 Oil levels & functions
OIL PRESSURE SUPPLY

Too high level Alarm

High level Air injection
Normal level P maxi. Unloading
pump
principal

Standby pump stop

Idler level Loading principal pump
Sufficient level Unit start autorisation
1,5 closure cylinder
Safety volume

Standy pump start

1st stage low level Alarm
2nd stage low level Unit shutdown

Too low level P mini. Unit shutdown &

isolating valve closure
Contents

Adjustment of electric grids

isolated network
permanent droop
extension to 2 units
basic transfer function: proportional, integral, derivative
stability
fundamental elements
Types of governing systems
proportional
PI
PID
effect of P,I,D actions
Adjustment of electric grids:
permanent droop
DROOP
frequen W = (f / f) / (Bp)
cy Bp = 4 %, i.e.:
W = (1Hz / 50Hz) / (0.04)
100 % power for 4 %
50 W = (0.02) / (0.04) = 0.5 = frequency difference
+50% W
Bp = 4%, either:
48
100% of power for 4%
d 'cart of frequency
For a gap of frequency of
0.04% (0.02 Hz) the
opening of the admission
organ will be:

0 Wn power
0.04 %
4%
Types of governors: effects of P, I, D actions

-s+1 1
3
0.5s+1 7s+0.1 Scope
setpoint Gain1
0.001s
1 process
0.05s+1 0
s
Transfer Fcn
Gain2 Integrator
(with initial outputs)
governor

Measurement

proportional hydraulic Inertia and

derivative
integral friction
FUNCTIONS AND PRINCIPLES

Oil Governing
IHM

PLC Sets Communication

Unit

Speed Governor
Speed/Power Governing Position Actuator Servomotor Turbine

Techometer Opening Position

Opening Position

Unit Speed Sensor

Unit Frequency

Unit Power Generator

Types of governors: effects of P, I, D actions

Proportional governor:
Kp = 4
static error
excess

PI governor:
Kp = 4, Ti = 7 s
no static error
excess
 PID governor:

Kp = 4, Ti = 7 s, Td = 0.6 s
no static error
reduced excess
A proportional controller (Kp) will have the effect of reducing the rise time
and will reduce ,but never eliminate, the steady-state error. An integral
control (Ki) will have the effect of eliminating the steady-state error, but it
may make the transient response worse. A derivative control (Kd) will have
the effect of increasing the stability of the system, reducing the overshoot,
and improving the transient response.
SPEED CONTROL BY GOVERNOR MECHANISM
 G.V. Opening

Limiter

Start Pos. 1
Start Pos. 2
No Load
Position
Time
G. V. Lock to
Service Position
Start
Input
DIFFERENT GOVERNORS

Mechanical Hydraulic Governor Analog Governor

DIFFERENT GOVERNORS

Proportional valve- Main valve Digital Governor

assembly for digital Governor
PARTS OF GOVERNING SYSTEM

Speed sensing elements

Governor Control Actuator (HMC/Servo valve cabinet)
Electro Hydraulic Governor (EHGC)
Hydraulic Pressure Supply System (PP Set)
Distributing valve
Turbine control servomotor
Governor Feedback Devices
PARTS OF GOVERNING SYSTEM

PMG
Toothed Wheel (Capacitor type probe)
PT Voltage (frequency detection)
Over Speed Detection (mechanical)
SPEED SENSING DEVICE

Top of PMG Digital speed sensor/s

TOOTHED WHEEL AND MAGNETIC PICK-UP

The Turbine speed in Hydro sets is sensed through Toothed Wheel (mounted
on generator shaft) and Magnetic Pick-up. The following fundamental
relationship between Speed and Frequency of output signal implies.
nxp
f = ----------
60
Where
f = Frequency of the sensors output signal in Hz.
n = Speed of the toothed wheel in RPM.
P = Number of Teeth on the Toothed wheel.
SPEED SENSING ELEMENT
SPEED SENSING : BACK UP

In case of failure of Speed Sensing through SSG, as a back-up arrangement,

Governor Automatically switches to Speed Sensing through Potential
Transformer (PT) through EHGC Module
USE OF SPEED SENSING

Speed Control

Power Control
Braking
Field Breaker Control
Over Speed Tripping

Machine Standstill Signal

GOVERNOR CONTROL ACTUATOR-HMC

HYDRO MECHANICAL CABINET (ACTUATOR CABINET)

The function is to convert the Electrical Control Signal coming from Electro Hydraulic
Cabinet (EHG) into proportional Mechanical Movement so that Servomotor can be
Opened or Closed
HMC- MAJOR COMPONENTS

Electro Hydraulic Transducer (EHT)

Hydraulic Amplifier
Auto Rod
Pilot Valve
Main Distributing Valves (MDV)
Spool & Sleeve
Master Controller
Indicating Meters
Auto rod:
Auto rod transfers the movement of EMT to Pilot valve after mechanical amplification
by hydraulic amplifier.

Pilot valve:
The pilot valve operates main distributing valve through floating lever which is
actuated by the mechanical signal from hydraulic transducer.

Main Distributing Valve:

Main slide valve or MDV regulates oil flow to the main servomotor and allow steady
state operation.
Feedback Mechanism:
Feedback mechanism essentially helps in restoring the main slide valve of governor to
the steady state operation. The full stroke of guide vane servomotor is converted to
200mm feedback stroke for governor.

Master Controller:
Master controller consists of set of cams and limit switches to provide different
position of guide vane for automatic control.
Limit Motor, Hand Wheel and Gear Box:
Gate limiter sets an opening limit for the gates and exercises an over-riding command
and prevents further gate opening beyond the set limit.

Limit according to head:

This feature provided helps in operating the machine for optimum output depending
on the head available.
Auto-Manual solenoid:
To facilitate changing governor mode of operation from Auto control to Manual control
and vise versa.

Emergency Solenoid valve:

Emergency solenoid valve provided in the HMC helps in closing the machine during any
emergency condition.

Duplex Filter:
Electro hydraulic governor requires clean oil for trouble free operation. One duplex filter
is provided for filtering the oil to the purity of 70 microns.
INDICATIONS ON HMC

Electro-tachometer for the speed of

turbine
Balance indicator
Gate limiter and gate position
indicator
Pressure gauge
Speed setting indicator
Load setting indicator
HYDRO-MECHANICAL CABINET
OIL PRESSURIZED UNIT

The function of Oil Pressure System is to maintain the Pressure of the System
to designated level so that Servomotors could be operated as required
PRESSURE RECEIVER

Pressure Receiver( upto 60 kg/cm2 )

Piston Accumulator ( for high pressure systems)
AIR-OIL PRESSURE RECEIVER

Air oil ratio 2:1

Designed as per ASME Pressure Vessel code Section VII, Divison 1.
Capacity is selected considering 3 strokes of Servomotor (C+O+C+Margin).
AIR-OIL PRESSURE RECEIVER

It consists of following devices:

Pressure gauge
Magnetic float reed switch type level Gauge
Automatic air admission system
Air Trap Valve
Level transmitter
PRESSURE RECEIVER
AIR-OIL PRESSURE TANK
VARIOUS ACCUMULATOR CONCEPTS
ACCUMULATOR VARIETIES (GAS TENSIONED)
VARIOUS STAGES OF ACCUMULATOR
PISTON TYPE ACCUMULATOR

Piston Accumulator
Back up nitrogen bottles
Safety block
Nitrogen bottle for recharging/topping
Charging kit
Pressure gauges
OIL PRESSURE UNIT
PICTORIAL VIEW OF P.P.SET
Sump tank
Screw/Gear
Pump with motor
Unloader Valve
Safety Relief Valve
Non Return Valve
Pressure Switch
Magnetic Flow Switch
Level controller cum Transmitter
Temperature Transmitter
Pressure Transmitter
Oil Cooler
Return Line Filter
Breather Cum Filler
H.P. Valves & Pipings along with filter.
SUMP TANK CAPACITY

Following factors are considered for Sump tank capacity

Servomotor oil volume
Pump capacity
Oil volume in Pressure Receiver
Oil in pipe line
Residual oil in tank
INTERNAL GEAR PUMPS
EXTERNAL GEAR PUMPS
Diff. Pressure gauge Pressure gauge Digital type pressure
indicator
Pressure switch Level Indicator
Suction Line Filter
PRESSURE LINER FILTER
AIR BREATHER
PARTS OF GOVERNOR-FEEDBACK SYSTEM

Electrical Feedback
Through Potentiometer
Electronic Feedback
Through LVDT
Mechanical Feedback LVDT
NOZZLE FEEDBACK MECHANISM (WIRE ROPE)
NOZZLE FEEDBACK MECHANISM (LVDT)
DEFLECTOR FEEDBACK MECHANISM
FEEDBACK MECHANISM DEFLECTOR
MIV Servomotor Turbine Servomotor
PARTS OF EHGC

ELECTRO HYDRAULIC GOVERNOR CUBICLE:

Electronic Portion of the Governor which senses change in Turbine Speed/
Grid Frequency and generates proportional Control Signal for HMC for
Opening or Closing of Servomotor.
EHGC-COMPONENTS

Analog Input Module

Analog Output Module
Binary Input Module
Binary Output Module
Data Processing Module
Auxiliary Relays
AC-DC/DC-DC Converters
EHGC-ANALOG INPUTS

Head Race Level

Tail Race Level
Turbine Speed
Guide Vane Position
Guide Vane Limit Position
EHGC-BINARY INPUTS

Auto Sequencer Commands

Push Button Commands
Contacts from HMC
EHGC- ANALOG OUTPUTS

Control Signal to HMC & NCC/RCM

Speed & Power Reference Indications
GV Position Indication
GV Limit Indication
EHGC- BINARY OUTPUTS

Governor START/STOP
Governor AUTO/MANUAL
Governor LOCAL / REMOTE
Speed Setter RAISE/LOWER
Power Setter RAISE /LOWER
Flow Setter RAISE/LOWER
ADJUSTMENTS OF ELECTRIC GRIDS-PERMANENT DROOP

W = (f / f) / (Bp)
frequenc
y
W = (1Hz / 50Hz) / (0.04) Bp = 4 %, i.e.:

W = (0.02) / (0.04) = 0.5 = +50% 100 % power for 4 %

50 W frequency difference

Bp = 4%, either:
48
100% of power for 4% d 'cart
of frequency
For a gap of frequency of
0.04% (0.02 Hz) the opening of
the admission organ will be:
0.01

0 Wn power
1%
STATISME
EHGC AND HMC PANEL
GOVERNOR REQUIREMENTS

The governor must satisfy the following requirements as per IEC61312:

Steady state
Small transient
Large transient
Blocked gate
GOVERNOR REQUIREMENTS

The governor must satisfy the following requirements as per IEC61362:

Steady state
Small transient
Large transient
Blocked gate
GOVERNOR- IEC61362

To satisfy IEC61312 requirements following feature is essential for the Governing system:

Over laps in the main distributing valve for regulated flow of oil through opening/closing
ports.
Feedback system for stability during small transients
Timing device to achieve faster rate of closing and opening to limit speed rise & pressure
rise in water conductor system of hydro power station.
Gate limit feature for blocked gate (i.e. blocked load) requirement
PARALLEL OPERATION OF UNITS
SPEED REGULATION

The term speed regulation refers to the amount of speed or frequency change that is
necessary to cause the output of the synchronous generator to change from zero output to
full output.

In contrast with droop, this term focuses on the output of the generator, rather than the
position of its valves. In some cases, especially in hydro, the droop setting will be
significantly different from the resulting speed regulation. This is due to the nonlinear
relationship between valve position and water, gas or steam flow through the turbine.

Governors using droop feed back should be adjusted so that the speed regulation meets
the power system requirements. Speed regulation can be implemented directly in
electrohydraulic and digital electrohydraulic governors by using a watt transducer to
provide feedback from the generator output to replace the feedback from the prime mover
control mechanism

If a 1% change in speed occurs, the generator output must move enough to cause the
feedback through the speed regulation element to cancel this speed change. Thus, for a 1%
speed change, the percent change in generator output will be the reciprocal of the speed
regulation (i.e. if the speed regulation is 5% the movement will be 1/.05 = 20).

In general, the percent change in generator output for a system frequency disturbance can
be calculated as the speed change (in percent) divided by the per unit speed regulation.
BLOCKED GOVERNORS

Blocking the governor of a generator essentially bypasses the governing feedback

mechanisms and maintains the generator at a fixed output level. Although this
action may facilitate generator control for plant personnel, serious system
problems may arise if too many generators are operating with blocked governors.
These problems include:
system instability can occur since fewer units will be capable of reacting for
system frequency deviations

restoration of system frequency to normal following a disturbance may take

longer

loading on interties can be further aggravated during system disturbances

GENERAL PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS OF GOVERNORS

Stability:
With the governor, in speed reference control mode, controlling the turbine operating at
rated speed and no load, the isolated operation shall not result in speed oscillation with an
excess of plus or minus 0.1 percent of rated speed.

Sustained generator operation:

With the governor, in speed droop control mode, controlling the turbine at rated speed and
all steady-state power outputs between zero and maximum power output inclusive, the
steady-state power stability index shall not exceed 1.0 percent of rated power output when
operating at 5 percent droop.
GENERAL PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS OF GOVERNORS

Load ramping performance:

With the governor, in speed reference control mode, controlling the turbine with
the generator connected to a large power system, adjustment of the speed changer
(speed/load level) shall result in ramping of the gate position set point signal at an
adjustable rate between 5 seconds and 500 seconds. The response should be a true
ramp

The ramp rate should be independent of the rate of change of the speed changer.
The speed changer shall also have an adjustable ramp rate of 10 to 500 seconds for
each 10 percent of range.

A second independently adjustable ramp rate, selectable by a contact closure

should be provided for AGC ramping.
GENERAL PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS OF GOVERNORS

Generator load rejection performance:

Following rejection to zero of any load, speed shall be returned to speed-no-load, as
modified by the speed changer (speed/load level) signal and permanent speed
droop signal, in a stable manner. This is defined as no more than one underspeed
deviation not to exceed 5 percent and one overspeed deviation not to exceed 5
percent subsequent to the initial overspeed deviation.

Speed droop:
The speed droop shall be adjustable between 0 and 10 percent. Speed droop shall
be a linear function with respect to gate position.

Dead band:
The dead band at rated speed shall not exceed 0.02 percent of the rated speed at
any gate setting.
GENERAL PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS OF GOVERNORS

Dead time:
The dead time for a sudden load change of more than 1.0 percent of the capacity
of the turbine shall not exceed 0.1 second.
The dead time for any frequency change larger than 0.05 Hz shall not exceed 0.1
second

Speed signal:
The speed-sensing signal which shall be derived from both a toothed wheel on the
generator shaft and a generator potential transformer (PT) shall not be affected by
variations in the voltage or current of the main generator or exciters or of the power
system to which the generator is connected.
Variation of the toothed-wheel speed signal, as a function of vibration or normal
lateral movement of the main shaft, shall not exceed 0.1 percent.
Variation of the generator- potential derived speed signal shall not exceed 0.05
percent under steady-state conditions.
The speed-sensing system shall respond with phase lag less than 30 degrees at all
frequencies up to 1 Hertz.
Digital filtering may be used to achieve these required levels.
GENERAL PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS OF GOVERNORS

Speed changer adjustment:

The range of adjustment of the speed of the turbine shall be from 85 percent rated
speed at no load and zero speed droop to 110 percent rated speed at rated load
and maximum 10 percent speed droop.

Speed response:
The speed-response elements shall be capable of effecting movement of the
turbine gates in consequence of speed variations of the turbine of 0.02 percent or
less.
GENERAL PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS OF GOVERNORS

Governor time adjustment:

The governor shall be designed to operate the turbine gates through a full gate-
opening stroke or a full gate-closing stroke in not less than 8 seconds and shall be
capable of being adjustable for operation through either full gate stroke up to a
maximum of 20 seconds.

The governor shall be designed to operate the turbine blades through a full gate-
opening stroke or a full gate-closing stroke in not less than 50 seconds and shall be
capable of being adjustable for operation through either stroke up to a maximum
of 80 seconds.

The gate and blade adjustments shall positively restrict the oil flow and shall be
arranged to prevent movement of the turbine gates at a faster rate than the
maximum rate to which the adjustment is set.
Thank you
 NO LOAD

PMG CONTROL
SMU
AMPLI FIER
S/S
BOOSTER
AMPLI FIER
NO 52X

FB
EHT
-
+

GS
bp HYDRAULIC
AMPLI FIER

MAIN SIDE
FB VALVE

SERVOMOTOR
FOR
GUIDE VANE &
RUNNER BLADE
 EXCITATION PANEL
CONTAINS FIELD BREAKER CONTROL
LOGIC, THYRISTOR PANELS AND AVR

CB BUS-1

BUS-2
GCB

GENERATOR TRANSFORMER

UAT
EXC.TR.
A.C REF. VOL.
PT
G
AVR
GATE CT
F.F CONTROL
FB G
D.C GENERATOR

DR NGT

R
Thank you