24.04.2017.

OilrefineryWikipedia

Oilrefinery
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Anoilrefineryorpetroleumrefineryisanindustrialprocessplantwherecrudeoilisprocessedandrefinedintomoreusefulproductssuchaspetroleumnaphtha,
gasoline,dieselfuel,asphaltbase,heatingoil,kerosene,andliquefiedpetroleumgas.[1][2]Oilrefineriesaretypicallylarge,sprawlingindustrialcomplexeswithextensive
pipingrunningthroughout,carryingstreamsoffluidsbetweenlargechemicalprocessingunits.Inmanyways,oilrefineriesusemuchofthetechnologyof,andcanbe
thoughtof,astypesofchemicalplants.Thecrudeoilfeedstockhastypicallybeenprocessedbyanoilproductionplant.Thereisusuallyanoildepot(tankfarm)atornear
anoilrefineryforthestorageofincomingcrudeoilfeedstockaswellasbulkliquidproducts.

Anoilrefineryisconsideredanessentialpartofthedownstreamsideofthepetroleumindustry.

Contents
1 Operation
2 Majorproducts AnacortesRefinery(Tesoro),onthenorthendof
3 Commonprocessunitsfoundinarefinery MarchPointsoutheastofAnacortes,Washington,
3.1 Flowdiagramoftypicalrefinery UnitedStates.
3.2 Thecrudeoildistillationunit
4 Specialtyendproducts
5 Siting/locatingofpetroleumrefineries
6 Safetyandenvironmentalconcerns
7 Corrosionproblemsandprevention
8 History
8.1 OilrefiningintheUnitedStates
8.2 Worldwideoilrefiningcapacity
9 Seealso
10 References
11 Externallinks

Operation
Raworunprocessedcrudeoilisnotgenerallyusefulinindustrialapplications,although"light,sweet"(lowviscosity,lowsulfur)crudeoilhasbeenuseddirectlyasaburnerfuelto
producesteamforthepropulsionofseagoingvessels.Thelighterelements,however,formexplosivevaporsinthefueltanksandarethereforehazardous,especiallyinwarships.
Instead,thehundredsofdifferenthydrocarbonmoleculesincrudeoilareseparatedinarefineryintocomponentswhichcanbeusedasfuels,lubricants,andasfeedstocksin
petrochemicalprocessesthatmanufacturesuchproductsasplastics,detergents,solvents,elastomersandfiberssuchasnylonandpolyesters.

Petroleumfossilfuelsareburnedininternalcombustionenginestoprovidepowerforships,automobiles,aircraftengines,lawnmowers,dirtbikes,andothermachines.Different
boilingpointsallowthehydrocarbonstobeseparatedbydistillation.Sincethelighterliquidproductsareingreatdemandforuseininternalcombustionengines,amodernrefinery
willconvertheavyhydrocarbonsandlightergaseouselementsintothesehighervalueproducts.

Oilcanbeusedinavarietyofwaysbecauseitcontainshydrocarbonsofvaryingmolecularmasses,formsandlengthssuchasparaffins,
aromatics,naphthenes(orcycloalkanes),alkenes,dienes,andalkynes.Whilethemoleculesincrudeoilincludedifferentatomssuchassulfur
andnitrogen,thehydrocarbonsarethemostcommonformofmolecules,whicharemoleculesofvaryinglengthsandcomplexitymadeof
hydrogenandcarbonatoms,andasmallnumberofoxygenatoms.Thedifferencesinthestructureofthesemoleculesaccountfortheirvarying
physicalandchemicalproperties,anditisthisvarietythatmakescrudeoilusefulinabroadrangeofseveralapplications.

Onceseparatedandpurifiedofanycontaminantsandimpurities,thefuelorlubricantcanbesoldwithoutfurtherprocessing.Smallermolecules
suchasisobutaneandpropyleneorbutylenescanberecombinedtomeetspecificoctanerequirementsbyprocessessuchasalkylation,ormore
commonly,dimerization.Theoctanegradeofgasolinecanalsobeimprovedbycatalyticreforming,whichinvolvesremovinghydrogenfrom Crudeoilisseparatedintofractionsby
hydrocarbonsproducingcompoundswithhigheroctaneratingssuchasaromatics.Intermediateproductssuchasgasoilscanevenbe fractionaldistillation.Thefractionsat
TheoilrefineryinHaifa,Israelis reprocessedtobreakaheavy,longchainedoilintoalightershortchainedone,byvariousformsofcrackingsuchasfluidcatalyticcracking, thetopofthefractionatingcolumn
capableofprocessingabout9million thermalcracking,andhydrocracking.Thefinalstepingasolineproductionistheblendingoffuelswithdifferentoctaneratings,vapor havelowerboilingpointsthanthe
tons(66millionbarrels)ofcrudeoil pressures,andotherpropertiestomeetproductspecifications.Anothermethodforreprocessingandupgradingtheseintermediateproducts fractionsatthebottom.Theheavy
ayear.Itstwocoolingtowersare (residualoils)usesadevolatilizationprocesstoseparateusableoilfromthewasteasphaltenematerial. bottomfractionsareoftencrackedinto
landmarksofthecity'sskyline. lighter,moreusefulproducts.Allof
Oilrefineriesarelargescaleplants,processingaboutahundredthousandtoseveralhundredthousandbarrelsofcrudeoiladay.Becauseofthe thefractionsareprocessedfurtherin
highcapacity,manyoftheunitsoperatecontinuously,asopposedtoprocessinginbatches,atsteadystateornearlysteadystateformonthstoyears.Thehighcapacityalsomakes otherrefiningunits.
processoptimizationandadvancedprocesscontrolverydesirable.

Majorproducts
Petroleumproductsareusuallygroupedintofourcategories:lightdistillates(LPG,gasoline,naphtha),middledistillates(kerosene,jetfuel,diesel),heavydistillatesandresiduum(heavyfueloil,lubricatingoils,wax,
asphalt).Thisclassificationisbasedonthewaycrudeoilisdistilledandseparatedintofractions(calleddistillatesandresiduum)asintheabovedrawing.[2]

Liquifiedpetroleumgas(LPG)
Gasoline(alsoknownaspetrol)
Naphtha
Keroseneandrelatedjetaircraftfuels
Dieselfuel
Fueloils
Lubricatingoils
Paraffinwax
Asphaltandtar
Petroleumcoke

Furtherproducts(seealsobelow)include

Sulfur
Olefines
Heatandelectricalenergy

Oilrefineriesalsoproducevariousintermediateproductssuchashydrogen,lighthydrocarbons,reformateandpyrolysisgasoline.Thesearenotusuallytransportedbutinsteadareblendedorprocessedfurtheronsite.
Chemicalplantsarethusoftenadjacenttooilrefineriesoranumberoffurtherchemicalprocessesareintegratedintoit.Forexample,lighthydrocarbonsaresteamcrackedinanethyleneplant,andtheproducedethyleneis
polymerizedtoproducepolyethene.

Becausetechnicalreasonsandenvironmentprotectiondemandaverylowsulfurcontentinallbuttheheaviestproducts,itistransformedtohydrogensulfideviacatalytichydrodesulfurizationandremovedfromtheproduct
streamviaaminegastreating.UsingtheClausprocess,hydrogensulfideisafterwardstransformedtoelementarysulfurtobesoldtothechemicalindustry.Theratherlargeheatenergyfreedbythisprocessisdirectlyusedin
theotherpartsoftherefinery.Oftenanelectricalpowerplantiscombinedintothewholerefineryprocesstotakeuptheexcessheat.

Commonprocessunitsfoundinarefinery
Desalterunitwashesoutsaltfromthecrudeoilbeforeitenterstheatmosphericdistillationunit.
Atmosphericdistillationunitdistillscrudeoilintofractions.Seecontinuousdistillation.
Vacuumdistillationunitfurtherdistillsresidualbottomsafteratmosphericdistillation.
Naphthahydrotreaterunituseshydrogentodesulfurizenaphthafromatmosphericdistillation.Musthydrotreatthenaphthabeforesendingtoacatalyticreformerunit.
Catalyticreformerunitisusedtoconvertthenaphthaboilingrangemoleculesintohigheroctanereformate(reformerproduct).Thereformatehashighercontentofaromaticsand
cyclichydrocarbons.Animportantbyproductofareformerishydrogenreleasedduringthecatalystreaction.Thehydrogenisusedeitherinthehydrotreatersorthehydrocracker.
Distillatehydrotreaterdesulfurizesdistillates(suchasdiesel)afteratmosphericdistillation.
FluidCatalyticCracker(FCC)unitupgradesheavierfractionsintolighter,morevaluableproducts.
Hydrocrackerunituseshydrogentoupgradeheavierfractionsintolighter,morevaluableproducts.
Visbreakingunitupgradesheavyresidualoilsbythermallycrackingthemintolighter,morevaluablereducedviscosityproducts.
MeroxunittreatsLPG,keroseneorjetfuelbyoxidizingmercaptanstoorganicdisulfides. StoragetanksandtowersatShell
Alternativeprocessesforremovingmercaptansareknown,e.g.doctorsweeteningprocessandcausticwashing. PugetSoundRefinery(ShellOil
Cokingunits(delayedcoking,fluidcoker,andflexicoker)processveryheavyresidualoilsintogasolineanddieselfuel,leavingpetroleumcokeasaresidualproduct. Company),Anacortes,Washington
Alkylationunitusessulfuricacidorhydrofluoricacidtoproducehighoctanecomponentsforgasolineblending.
Dimerizationunitconvertsolefinsintohigheroctanegasolineblendingcomponents.Forexample,butenescanbedimerizedintoisooctenewhichmaysubsequentlybe
hydrogenatedtoformisooctane.Therearealsootherusesfordimerization.Gasolineproducedthroughdimerizationishighlyunsaturatedandveryreactive.Ittendsspontaneouslytoformgums.Forthisreasonthe
effluentfromthedimerizationneedtobeblendedintothefinishedgasolinepoolimmediatelyorhydrogenated.

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Isomerizationunitconvertslinearmoleculestohigheroctanebranchedmoleculesforblendingintogasolineorfeedtoalkylationunits.
Steamreformingunitproduceshydrogenforthehydrotreatersorhydrocracker.
Liquifiedgasstoragevesselsstorepropaneandsimilargaseousfuelsatpressuresufficienttomaintaintheminliquidform.Theseareusuallysphericalvesselsor"bullets"(i.e.,horizontalvesselswithroundedends).
Storagetanksstorecrudeoilandfinishedproducts,usuallycylindrical,withsomesortofvaporemissioncontrolandsurroundedbyanearthenbermtocontainspills.
Aminegastreater,Clausunit,andtailgastreatmentconverthydrogensulfidefromhydrodesulfurizationintoelementalsulfur.
Utilityunitssuchascoolingtowerscirculatecoolingwater,boilerplantsgeneratessteam,andinstrumentairsystemsincludepneumaticallyoperatedcontrolvalvesandanelectricalsubstation.
WastewatercollectionandtreatingsystemsconsistofAPIseparators,dissolvedairflotation(DAF)unitsandfurthertreatmentunitssuchasanactivatedsludgebiotreatertomakewatersuitableforreuseorfor
disposal.[3]
Solventrefiningunitsusesolventsuchascresolorfurfuraltoremoveunwanted,mainlyaromaticsfromlubricatingoilstockordieselstock.
Solventdewaxingunitsremovetheheavywaxyconstituentspetrolatumfromvacuumdistillationproducts.

Flowdiagramoftypicalrefinery

Theimagebelowisaschematicflowdiagramofatypicaloilrefinery[4]thatdepictsthevariousunitprocessesandtheflowofintermediateproductstreamsthatoccursbetweentheinletcrudeoilfeedstockandthefinalend
products.Thediagramdepictsonlyoneoftheliterallyhundredsofdifferentoilrefineryconfigurations.Thediagramalsodoesnotincludeanyoftheusualrefineryfacilitiesprovidingutilitiessuchassteam,coolingwater,
andelectricpoweraswellasstoragetanksforcrudeoilfeedstockandforintermediateproductsandendproducts.[1][5][6][7]

Schematicflowdiagramofatypicaloilrefinery

Therearemanyprocessconfigurationsotherthanthatdepictedabove.Forexample,thevacuumdistillationunitmayalsoproducefractionsthatcanberefinedintoendproductssuchas:spindleoilusedinthetextileindustry,
lightmachineryoil,motoroil,andvariouswaxes.

Thecrudeoildistillationunit

Thecrudeoildistillationunit(CDU)isthefirstprocessingunitinvirtuallyallpetroleumrefineries.TheCDUdistillstheincomingcrudeoilintovariousfractionsofdifferentboilingranges,eachofwhicharethenprocessed
furtherintheotherrefineryprocessingunits.TheCDUisoftenreferredtoastheatmosphericdistillationunitbecauseitoperatesatslightlyaboveatmosphericpressure.[1][2][8]

Belowisaschematicflowdiagramofatypicalcrudeoildistillationunit.Theincomingcrudeoilispreheatedbyexchangingheatwithsomeofthehot,distilledfractionsandotherstreams.Itisthendesaltedtoremove
inorganicsalts(primarilysodiumchloride).

Followingthedesalter,thecrudeoilisfurtherheatedbyexchangingheatwithsomeofthehot,distilledfractionsandotherstreams.Itisthenheatedinafuelfiredfurnace(firedheater)toatemperatureofabout398Cand
routedintothebottomofthedistillationunit.

Thecoolingandcondensingofthedistillationtoweroverheadisprovidedpartiallybyexchangingheatwiththeincomingcrudeoilandpartiallybyeitheranaircooledorwatercooledcondenser.Additionalheatisremoved
fromthedistillationcolumnbyapumparoundsystemasshowninthediagrambelow.

Asshownintheflowdiagram,theoverheaddistillatefractionfromthedistillationcolumnisnaphtha.Thefractionsremovedfromthesideofthedistillationcolumnatvariouspointsbetweenthecolumntopandbottomare
calledsidecuts.Eachofthesidecuts(i.e.,thekerosene,lightgasoilandheavygasoil)iscooledbyexchangingheatwiththeincomingcrudeoil.Allofthefractions(i.e.,theoverheadnaphtha,thesidecutsandthebottom
residue)aresenttointermediatestoragetanksbeforebeingprocessedfurther.

Schematicflowdiagramofatypicalcrudeoildistillationunitasusedinpetroleum
crudeoilrefineries.

Specialtyendproducts
Theserequireblendingvariousfeedstocks,mixingappropriateadditives,providingshorttermstorage,andpreparationforbulkloadingtotrucks,barges,productships,andrailcars:

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Gaseousfuelssuchaspropane,storedandshippedinliquidformunderpressureinspecializedrailcarstodistributors.
Lubricants(produceslightmachineoils,motoroils,andgreases,addingviscositystabilizersasrequired),usuallyshippedinbulktoanoffsitepackagingplant.
Wax(paraffin),usedinthepackagingoffrozenfoods,amongothers.Maybeshippedinbulktoasitetoprepareaspackagedblocks.
Sulfur(orsulfuricacid),byproductsofsulfurremovalfrompetroleumwhichmayhaveuptoacouplepercentsulfurasorganicsulfurcontainingcompounds.Sulfurandsulfuricacidareusefulindustrialmaterials.
Sulfuricacidisusuallypreparedandshippedastheacidprecursoroleum.
Bulktarshippingforoffsiteunitpackagingforuseintarandgravelroofing.
Asphaltunit.Preparesbulkasphaltforshipment.
Petroleumcoke,usedinspecialtycarbonproductsorassolidfuel.
Petrochemicalsorpetrochemicalfeedstocks,whichareoftensenttopetrochemicalplantsforfurtherprocessinginavarietyofways.Thepetrochemicalsmaybeolefinsortheirprecursors,orvarioustypesofaromatic
petrochemicals.

Siting/locatingofpetroleumrefineries
Apartysearchingforasitetoconstructarefineryorachemicalplantneedstoconsiderthefollowingissues:

Thesitehastobereasonablyfarfromresidentialareas.
Infrastructureshouldbeavailableforsupplyofrawmaterialsandshipmentofproductstomarkets.
Energytooperatetheplantshouldbeavailable.
Facilitiesshouldbeavailableforwastedisposal.

Refinerieswhichusealargeamountofsteamandcoolingwaterneedtohaveanabundantsourceofwater.Oilrefineriesthereforeareoftenlocatednearbynavigableriversoronaseashore,nearbyaport.Suchlocationalso
givesaccesstotransportationbyriverorbysea.Theadvantagesoftransportingcrudeoilbypipelineareevident,andoilcompaniesoftentransportalargevolumeoffueltodistributionterminalsbypipeline.Pipelinemay
notbepracticalforproductswithsmalloutput,andrailcars,roadtankers,andbargesareused.

Petrochemicalplantsandsolventmanufacturing(finefractionating)plantsneedspacesforfurtherprocessingofalargevolumeofrefineryproductsforfurtherprocessing,ortomixchemicaladditiveswithaproductat
sourceratherthanatblendingterminals.

Safetyandenvironmentalconcerns
Therefiningprocessreleasesanumberofdifferentchemicalsintotheatmosphere(seeAP42CompilationofAirPollutantEmissionFactors)andanotableodornormallyaccompanies
thepresenceofarefinery.Asidefromairpollutionimpactstherearealsowastewaterconcerns,[3]risksofindustrialaccidentssuchasfireandexplosion,andnoisehealtheffectsdueto
industrialnoise.

Manygovernmentsworldwidehavemandatedrestrictionsoncontaminantsthatrefineriesrelease,andmostrefinerieshaveinstalledtheequipmentneededtocomplywiththe
requirementsofthepertinentenvironmentalprotectionregulatoryagencies.IntheUnitedStates,thereisstrongpressuretopreventthedevelopmentofnewrefineries,andnomajor
refineryhasbeenbuiltinthecountrysinceMarathon'sGaryville,Louisianafacilityin1976.However,manyexistingrefinerieshavebeenexpandedduringthattime.Environmental
restrictionsandpressuretopreventconstructionofnewrefineriesmayhavealsocontributedtorisingfuelpricesintheUnitedStates.[9]Additionally,manyrefineries(morethan100
sincethe1980s)haveclosedduetoobsolescenceand/ormergeractivitywithintheindustryitself. Fireextinguishingoperationsafter
theTexasCityrefineryexplosion.
Environmentalandsafetyconcernsmeanthatoilrefineriesaresometimeslocatedsomedistanceawayfrommajorurbanareas.Nevertheless,therearemanyinstanceswhererefinery
operationsareclosetopopulatedareasandposehealthrisks.InCalifornia'sContraCostaCountyandSolanoCounty,ashorelinenecklaceofrefineries,builtintheearly20thcentury
beforethisareawaspopulated,andassociatedchemicalplantsareadjacenttourbanareasinRichmond,Martinez,Pacheco,Concord,Pittsburg,VallejoandBenicia,withoccasionalaccidentaleventsthatrequire"shelterin
place"orderstotheadjacentpopulations.

NIOSHcriteriaforoccupationalexposuretorefinedpetroleumsolventshavebeenavailablesince1977.[10]

Corrosionproblemsandprevention
Petroleumrefineriesrunasefficientlyaspossibletoreducecosts.Onemajorfactorthatdecreasesefficiencyiscorrosionofthemetalliccomponentsfoundthroughout
refiningprocess.Corrosioncausesthefailureofequipmentitemsaswellasdictatingthemaintenancescheduleoftherefinery,duringwhichpartoralloftherefinerymust
beshutdown.ThecorrosionrelateddirectcostsintheU.S.petroleumindustryasof1996wasestimatedasUS$3.7billionperyear.[11][12]

Corrosionoccursinvariousformsintherefiningprocess,suchaspittingcorrosionfromwaterdroplets,embrittlementfromhydrogen,andstresscorrosioncrackingfrom
sulfideattack.[13]Fromamaterialsstandpoint,carbonsteelisusedforupwardsof80percentofrefinerycomponents,whichisbeneficialduetoitslowcost.Carbonsteel
isresistanttothemostcommonformsofcorrosion,particularlyfromhydrocarbonimpuritiesattemperaturesbelow205C,butothercorrosivechemicalsand
environmentspreventitsuseeverywhere.Commonreplacementmaterialsarelowalloysteelscontainingchromiumandmolybdenum,withstainlesssteelscontainingmore
chromiumdealingwithmorecorrosiveenvironments.Moreexpensivematerialscommonlyusedarenickel,titanium,andcopperalloys.Theseareprimarilysavedforthe
mostproblematicareaswhereextremelyhightemperaturesand/orverycorrosivechemicalsarepresent.[14]

Corrosionisfoughtbyacomplexsystemofmonitoring,preventativerepairsandcarefuluseofmaterials.Monitoringmethodsincludebothofflinecheckstakenduring RefineryofSlovnaftinBratislava.
maintenanceandonlinemonitoring.Offlinechecksmeasurecorrosionafterithasoccurred,tellingtheengineerwhenequipmentmustbereplacedbasedonthehistorical
informationhehascollected.Thisisreferredtoaspreventativemanagement.

Onlinesystemsareamoremoderndevelopment,andarerevolutionizingthewaycorrosionisapproached.Thereareseveraltypesofonlinecorrosionmonitoring
technologiessuchaslinearpolarizationresistance,electrochemicalnoiseandelectricalresistance.OnLinemonitoringhasgenerallyhadslowreportingratesinthepast
(minutesorhours)andbeenlimitedbyprocessconditionsandsourcesoferrorbutnewertechnologiescanreportratesuptotwiceperminutewithmuchhigheraccuracy
(referredtoasrealtimemonitoring).Thisallowsprocessengineerstotreatcorrosionasanotherprocessvariablethatcanbeoptimizedinthesystem.Immediateresponses
toprocesschangesallowthecontrolofcorrosionmechanisms,sotheycanbeminimizedwhilealsomaximizingproductionoutput.[15]Inanidealsituationhavingonline
corrosioninformationthatisaccurateandrealtimewillallowconditionsthatcausehighcorrosionratestobeidentifiedandreduced.Thisisknownaspredictive
management.

Materialsmethodsincludeselectingthepropermaterialfortheapplication.Inareasofminimalcorrosion,cheapmaterialsarepreferable,butwhenbadcorrosioncan
occur,moreexpensivebutlongerlastingmaterialsshouldbeused.Othermaterialsmethodscomeintheformofprotectivebarriersbetweencorrosivesubstancesandthe
equipmentmetals.ThesecanbeeitheraliningofrefractorymaterialsuchasstandardPortlandcementorotherspecialacidresistantcementsthatareshotontotheinner
surfaceofthevessel.Alsoavailablearethinoverlaysofmoreexpensivemetalsthatprotectcheapermetalagainstcorrosionwithoutrequiringlotsofmaterial.[16]
OilrefineryinIran.
History
SamuelKierestablishedAmerica'sfirstoilrefineryinPittsburghonSeventhavenuenearGrantStreet,in1853.[17]PolishpharmacistandinventorIgnacyukasiewiczestablishedoilrefineryinJaso,thenpartoftheAustro
HungarianEmpire(nowinPoland)in1854.ThefirstlargerefineryopenedatPloieti,Romania,in18561857.[18]AfterbeingtakenoverbyNaziGermany,thePloietirefinerieswerebombedinOperationTidalWaveby
theAlliesduringtheOilCampaignofWorldWarII.

Anotherclosecontenderforthetitleofhostingtheworld'soldestoilrefineryisSalzbergeninLowerSaxony,Germany.Salzbergen'srefinerywasopenedin1860.

Atonepoint,therefineryinRasTanura,SaudiArabiaownedbySaudiAramcowasclaimedtobethelargestoilrefineryintheworld.Formostofthe20thcentury,thelargestrefinerywastheAbadanRefineryinIran.This
refinerysufferedextensivedamageduringtheIranIraqWar.Onthe31December2014,theworld'slargestrefinerycomplexistheJamnagarRefineryComplex,consistingoftworefineriessidebysideoperatedbyReliance
IndustriesLimitedinJamnagar,Indiawithacombinedproductioncapacityof1,240,000barrelsperday(197,000m3/d).PDVSA'sParaguanRefineryComplexinParaguanPeninsula,Venezuelawithacapacityof
940,000bbl/d(149,000m3/d)andSKEnergy'sUlsaninSouthKoreawith840,000bbl/d(134,000m3/d)arethesecondandthirdlargest,respectively.

OilrefiningintheUnitedStates

Inthe19thcentury,refineriesintheU.S.processedcrudeoilprimarilytorecoverthekerosene.Therewasnomarketforthemorevolatilefraction,includinggasoline,whichwasconsideredwasteandwasoftendumped
directlyintothenearestriver.Theinventionoftheautomobileshiftedthedemandtogasolineanddiesel,whichremaintheprimaryrefinedproductstoday.Today,nationalandstatelegislationrequiresrefineriestomeet
stringentairandwatercleanlinessstandards.Infact,oilcompaniesintheU.S.perceiveobtainingapermittobuildamodernrefinerytobesodifficultandcostlythatnonewrefinerieswerebuilt(thoughmanyhavebeen
expanded)intheU.S.from1976until2014,whenthesmallDakotaPrairieRefineryinNorthDakotaissettobeginoperation.[19]Morethanhalftherefineriesthatexistedin1981arenowclosedduetolowutilizationrates
andacceleratingmergers.[20]AsaresultoftheseclosurestotalUSrefinerycapacityfellbetween1981and1995,thoughtheoperatingcapacitystayedfairlyconstantinthattimeperiodataround15,000,000barrelsperday
(2,400,000m3/d).[21]Increasesinfacilitysizeandimprovementsinefficiencieshaveoffsetmuchofthelostphysicalcapacityoftheindustry.In1982(theearliestdataprovided),theUnitedStatesoperated301refineries
withacombinedcapacityof17.9millionbarrels(2,850,000m3)ofcrudeoileachcalendarday.In2010,therewere149operableU.S.refinerieswithacombinedcapacityof17.6millionbarrels(2,800,000m3)percalendar
day.[22]By2014thenumberofrefineryhadreducedto140butthetotalcapacityincreasedto18.02millionbarrels(2,865,000m3)percalendarday.Indeed,inordertoreduceoperatingcostsanddepreciation,refiningis
operatedinlesssitesbutofbiggercapacity.

In2009through2010,asrevenuestreamsintheoilbusinessdriedupandprofitabilityofoilrefineriesfellduetolowerdemandforproductandhighreservesofsupplyprecedingtheeconomicrecession,oilcompaniesbegan
tocloseorsellthelessprofitablerefineries.

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ExxonMobiloilrefineryinBatonRouge,Louisiana(thefourthlargestintheUnitedStates)[23]

Worldwideoilrefiningcapacity

AccordingtotheOilandGasJournalintheworldatotalof636refinerieswereoperatedonthe31December2014foratotalcapacityof87.75millionbarrels(13,951,000m3).

World'slargestoilrefineryissituatedinGujrat,India.ThisrefinaryisownedbyRelianceIndustries.

Seealso
Acidgas
HBio
AP42CompilationofAirPollutantEmissionFactors
APIoilwaterseparator
Ethanolfuel
Butanolfuel
Gasflare
Industrialwastewatertreatment
Kfactorcrudeoilrefining
Listofoilrefineries
Naturalgasprocessing
Nelsoncomplexityindex
Sourgas
atmosphericdistillationofcrudeoil

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Externallinks
InteractivemapofUKrefineries(http://www.energyinst.org.uk/education/refineries/map.htm)
WikimediaCommonshas
SearchableUnitedStatesRefineryMap(http://www.energysupplylogistics.com/refineries)
mediarelatedtoOil
Complete,detailedrefinerydescription(https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iv/otm_iv_2.html) refinery.
EcomuseumBergslagen(http://www.ekomuseum.se/english/besoksmal/oljeon.html)historyofOljen,Sweden
FuelingProfits:ReportonIndustryConsolidation(http://www.consumerfed.org/pdfs/oilprofits.pdf)(publicationoftheConsumerFederationofAmerica)
PriceSpikes,ExcessProfitsandExcuses(http://www.consumerfed.org/pdfs/gasoline1003.pdf)(publicationoftheConsumerFederationofAmerica)
BasicsofOilRefining(http://www.petrostrategies.org/Learning_Center/refining.htm)Overviewofcrudeoilrefiningprocess
RefiningNZLearningCentre(http://www.refiningnz.com/visitorslearning.aspx)OilRefineryProcessAnimations,Videos&360DegreeViews
LISTDryProcessing(http://www.dryprocessing.com/residualoil.html)ResidualOilUpgradingStrategies:ANewRecoveryOption

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