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C-8\N-IND\CH-1-1
2 INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION
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TEMPERATURE 3
Absolute Absolute
pressure pressure
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4 INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION
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TEMPERATURE 5
||
thermometers
|| Copper ( 50 to 150C)
Nickel ( 60 to 180C)
|| Platinum ( 220 to 550 ; 750C)
Electrical contact
||
thermometers
200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 C
Temperature t
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6 INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION
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TEMPERATURE 7
Taylor
F Taylor
240
230
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
Fig. 1.4 Volumetric types of thermometers come in many styles to facilitate reading
Stem Correction
If the temperature distribution in the thermometer liquid differs from the conditions
prevailed when the thermometer was calibrated, a stem correction becomes necessary. If the
entire stem was immersed during calibration, as is customary for precision thermometers, the
correction (in C) becomes.
t = n(ta tm) where
= Effective expansion coefficient per C
[For Mercury filled one = 1/6300 = 0.00016,
For Organic liquids like pentane, alcohol and toluene =1/800 = 0.00125.]
n = length of emergent liquid column in C
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8 INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION
ta = Temperature reading in C
tm = Mean Temperature of emergent column in C
(Measured by another thermometer)
Example : [Refer Fig. 1.5]
1
t = 185 (395 70)
= 9.5C
6300
Measurement Using Bellows : (Capsule, Diaphram or Bourdan tube)
With the bellows method of temperature measurement, the pressure established in a
close system when a liquid attempts to expand or contract as it is heated or cooled is measured.
The instrument dial is calibrated in terms of the temperature which created the pressure.
When the liquid expands in a closed system, it has to do so by changing the volume of the
system which holds it. The materials used for the bellows are selected especially for their
ability to change their dimensions at a rate which is almost exactly proportional to the pres-
sure applied to them. One of the advantages of the closed pressure system is that the indicat-
ing portion can be located at a distance from the sensing bulb. Depending on the ranges and
applications capsules, diaphrams or Bourdan tubes are used as pressure sensing elements in
place of bellows.
tm = ta =
70C 395C
n = 185
210C
Seal
carefully
Small amount
of liquid
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TEMPERATURE 9
proportion to the change and tends to move the pointer (or pen) upward ; simultaneously,
however, the bimetallic strip moves the spiral in the opposite direction and the resulting net
movement transferred from the spring to the pointer (or pen) is zero.
Full Compensation : (Refer Fig. 1.6B and Fig. 1.7)
Two tubings and two spirals are usedtwo thermal systems in fact, filled with the same
temperature-sensitive fluid and having the same dimensions. Only one tubing, however, is
interconnected with the bulb. The other one (c) is a compensating tubing and is deadended
at the bulb entrance. The consequent effect is that both tubings react to the ambient tempera-
ture, but only one responds to the additional bulb effect. The two spirals are so mounted that
they are coupled together, but they move in opposite directions. The resulting net effect, then,
is due only to the bulb temperature, and complete compensation of ambient temperature influ-
ences on measuring spiral and capillary tube is obtained.
Measuring spiral Compensating
Measuring spiral Bimetallic spiral
metal strip
A B
Measuring Dead
tubing end
Compensating
tubing (C)
Measuring element
Capillary tubing
Temperature
sensitive bulb
Pen arm
Fig. 1.7 When capillary lengths exceed 3 metres, complete compensation may be required for
liquid-filled systems. Two systems are required. With the exception of the bulb, the
two systems are identical and work in opposition to each other
If the volume of the bulb is made large with respect to the volume of the tubing and
spring, ambient temperature errors are further minimised.
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10 INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION
1,000
Pressure, pounds/square inch, absolute
100
e
lor id
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e
tan
yl a ide
Meth
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r
ho
len Ethe
Bu
10
Eth hlor
lco
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ec
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-X
M
thy
Me
1
100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature, F
develop is equal to the atmospheric pressure, we say that the liquid is boiling. If we reduce the
pressure above the liquid, the boiling will take place at a lower temperature because it is
easier for the molecules to escape ; if the surrounding pressure is increased above atmos-
pheric, boiling will take place at a higher temperature. In a confined space these escaping
molecules will increase the surface pressure and automatically raise the boiling point. So long
as liquid is present in the bulb there will always be a perfect definite relationship between the
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