13lec Mac Intro

Multi-user Communications
Rohit Budhiraja
MIMO Wireless Communications (EE677)
March 22, 2017
MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 1

Multi-user channels (1)1
Two popular multi-user channels -multiple access (MAC) and broadcast (BC)
1 References T&V Chapter 10, Sec 10.1 and Sec 10.2, Fundamentals of multi-user MIMO, book chapter by Sangunietti et. al.
MAC Multiple transmitters simultaneously transmitting to a receiver
Example uplink of a cellular system
multiple users simultaneously transmitting to a base station
multiple users simultaneously transmitting to a base station
Figure: Illustration of multiple access channel
Multi-user channels (2)
BC Single transmitter simultaneously transmitting to multiple receivers


Example downlink of cellular system


base station simultaneously transmitting different data to multiple users


base station simultaneously transmitting different data to multiple users
Figure: Illustration of broadcast channel

Multi-user uplink channel
We start with two-user uplink channel


Each user has nt = 1 tx antenna and base station has nr rx antennas




How should we serve two users?



One option is to serve them orthogonally divide bandwidth W between two users



Fraction for for user-1 and 1 for user-2



Fraction for for user-1 and 1 for user-2
With one user, the system reduces to SIMO system

Multi-user uplink channel orthogonal access
Rate achieved by ith user in orthogonal mode

!
Pi ||hi ||2
Ri log 1+ bps/Hz
N0

!
Pi ||hi ||2
Ri log 1+ bps/Hz
N0
!
Pi ||hi ||2
W log 1+ bps
N0 W

!
Pi ||hi ||2
Ri log 1+ bps/Hz
N0
!
Pi ||hi ||2
W log 1+ bps
N0 W
Bandwidth W = 1 Hz is divided into fraction and 1 for user-1 and user-2 respectively

!
Pi ||hi ||2
Ri log 1+ bps/Hz
N0
!
Pi ||hi ||2
W log 1+ bps
N0 W
!
P1 ||h1 ||2
R1 log 1+ bps/Hz
N0

!
Pi ||hi ||2
Ri log 1+ bps/Hz
N0
!
Pi ||hi ||2
W log 1+ bps
N0 W
!
P1 ||h1 ||2
R1 log 1+ bps/Hz
N0
!
P2 ||h2 ||2
R2 (1 ) log 1+ bps/Hz
(1 )N0

!
Pi ||hi ||2
Ri log 1+ bps/Hz
N0
!
Pi ||hi ||2
W log 1+ bps
N0 W
!
P1 ||h1 ||2
R1 log 1+ bps/Hz
N0
!
P2 ||h2 ||2
(1 )N0
With Gaussian inputs x1 and x2 , above inequalities are met with equality

!
Pi ||hi ||2
Ri log 1+ bps/Hz
N0
!
Pi ||hi ||2
W log 1+ bps
N0 W
!
P1 ||h1 ||2
R1 log 1+ bps/Hz
N0
!
P2 ||h2 ||2
(1 )N0
For multi-user channels, we are interested in studying trade off between R1 and R2

!
Pi ||hi ||2
Ri log 1+ bps/Hz
N0
!
Pi ||hi ||2
W log 1+ bps
N0 W
!
P1 ||h1 ||2
R1 log 1+ bps/Hz
N0
!
P2 ||h2 ||2
(1 )N0
we have a rate region instead of a single rate number

!
Pi ||hi ||2
Ri log 1+ bps/Hz
N0
!
Pi ||hi ||2
W log 1+ bps
N0 W
!
P1 ||h1 ||2
R1 log 1+ bps/Hz
N0
!
P2 ||h2 ||2
(1 )N0
we have a rate region instead of a single rate number
for two users, rate region is 2-dimensional
We study the two-user rate region for orthogonal access


Above figure is obtained by plotting R1 and R2 for different values of


Corner points denote the rate when entire bandwidth W is allocated to a single user


= 1 or = 0


= 1 or = 0
Can we achieve higher R1 and R2 that this?


= 1 or = 0
Can we achieve higher R1 and R2 that this?
What is the best rate region (capacity region) of a multi-user channel?
Multiple access channel
Multiple access both users access channel at the same time

Bandwidth W = 1 for both users

System model is
y = h1 x1 + h2 x2 + n

System model is
y = h1 x1 + h2 x2 + n = [h1 h2 ]x + n

System model is
y = h1 x1 + h2 x2 + n = [h1 h2 ]x + n = Hx + n

System model is
y = h1 x1 + h2 x2 + n = [h1 h2 ]x + n = Hx + n
System model is also callled Gaussian MAC

System model is
y = h1 x1 + h2 x2 + n = [h1 h2 ]x + n = Hx + n
Two users cannot cooperate with each other

System model is
y = h1 x1 + h2 x2 + n = [h1 h2 ]x + n = Hx + n
System can be considered as nr 2 MIMO system without transmit CSI and with rx CSI

System model is
y = h1 x1 + h2 x2 + n = [h1 h2 ]x + n = Hx + n
Two users can be considered as two transmit streams in nr 2 MIMO system

System model is
y = h1 x1 + h2 x2 + n = [h1 h2 ]x + n = Hx + n
We consider the system as deterministic wherein transmitter knows the rate no outage

System model is
y = h1 x1 + h2 x2 + n = [h1 h2 ]x + n = Hx + n
Capacity of nr 2 MIMO system sum rate achieved by two users

System model is
y = h1 x1 + h2 x2 + n = [h1 h2 ]x + n = Hx + n

1
CMIMO = log Inr + HKx HH bps/Hz where Kx = diag (P1 , P2 )
N0

System model is
y = h1 x1 + h2 x2 + n = [h1 h2 ]x + n = Hx + n

1
N0

1 H
R1 + R2 log Inr + HKx H
N0

System model is
y = h1 x1 + h2 x2 + n = [h1 h2 ]x + n = Hx + n

1
N0

1 H
N0
Sum-rate achieved either by ML decoding or MMSE-SIC receiver

System model is
y = h1 x1 + h2 x2 + n = [h1 h2 ]x + n = Hx + n

1
N0

1 H
N0

Rate achieved by ith user when other user is switched off

System model is
y = h1 x1 + h2 x2 + n = [h1 h2 ]x + n = Hx + n

1
N0

1 H
N 0

Rate achieved by ith user when other user is switched off
!
Pi ||hi ||2
Ri log 1+
N0
Multiple access channel 2-user capacity region
Capacity region is given by three inequalities

!
P1 ||h1 ||2
R1 log 1+
N0

!
P1 ||h1 ||2
R1 log 1+
N0
!
P2 ||h2 ||2
R2 log 1+
N0

!
P1 ||h1 ||2
R1 log 1+
N0
!
P2 ||h2 ||2
R2 log 1+
N0

1
R1 + R2 log Inr + HKx HH
N0

!
P1 ||h1 ||2
R1 log 1+
N0
!
P2 ||h2 ||2
R2 log 1+
N0

1 P1 h1 hH P2 h2 hH
HKx HH = log Inr + 1 2

R1 + R2 log Inr + +
N0 N0 N0

!
P1 ||h1 ||2
R1 log 1+
N0
!
P2 ||h2 ||2
R2 log 1+
N0

1 P1 h1 hH P2 h2 hH

R1 + R2 log Inr + +
N0 N0 N0
Interpretation of capacity region

!
P1 ||h1 ||2
R1 log 1+
N0
!
P2 ||h2 ||2
R2 log 1+
N0

1 P1 h1 hH P2 h2 hH

R1 + R2 log Inr + +
N0 N0 N0

Rate of each user cannot exceed that of a single-user system in which the other user is turned off.

!
P1 ||h1 ||2
R1 log 1+
N0
!
P2 ||h2 ||2
R2 log 1+
N0

1 P1 h1 hH P2 h2 hH

R1 + R2 log Inr + +
N0 N0 N0

Due to the first two terms of capacity region

!
P1 ||h1 ||2
R1 log 1+
N0
!
P2 ||h2 ||2
R2 log 1+
N0

1 P1 h1 hH P2 h2 hH

R1 + R2 log Inr + +
N0 N0 N0

Sum rate cannot be larger than that of a system in which the two active users act as a single user
equipped with two transmit antennas

!
P1 ||h1 ||2
R1 log 1+
N0
!
P2 ||h2 ||2
R2 log 1+
N0

1 P1 h1 hH P2 h2 hH

R1 + R2 log Inr + +
N0 N0 N0

equipped with two transmit antennas sending independent signals

!
P1 ||h1 ||2
R1 log 1+
N0
!
P2 ||h2 ||2
R2 log 1+
N0

1 P1 h1 hH P2 h2 hH

R1 + R2 log Inr + +
N0 N0 N0

equipped with two transmit antennas sending independent signals and subject to different power
constraints

!
P1 ||h1 ||2
R1 log 1+
N0
!
P2 ||h2 ||2
R2 log 1+
N0

1 P1 h1 hH P2 h2 hH

R1 + R2 log Inr + +
N0 N0 N0

constraints
With Gaussian inputs, above inequalities are met with equalities

!
P1 ||h1 ||2
R1 log 1+
N0
!
P2 ||h2 ||2
R2 log 1+
N0

1 P1 h1 hH P2 h2 hH

R1 + R2 log Inr + +
N0 N0 N0

constraints
With Gaussian inputs, above inequalities are met with equalities
Capacity region is intersection of three lines defined above

Orthogonal scheme is always inferior when compared with MAC capacity region

Orthogonal scheme does not use the available degrees of freedom optimally

In each fraction of bandwidth W , we have nr 1 system

Orthogonal scheme has only single degree of freedom

Current broadband systems employ orthogonal scheme

Both users accessing the channel simultaneously

Provides two degrees of freedom
Provides two degrees of freedom capacity optimal with MMSE-SIC receiver
Capacity region is given as
In the figure, superscript is Hermtitian operator


Point A is achieved using capacity-optimal MMSE-SIC receiver as follows


user-1 is detected first by


using MMSE receiver by treating user-2s signal as colored Gaussian interference


user-2 is then detected by


subtracting interference caused due to user-1 data and than using MMSE receiver


subtracting interference caused due to user-1 data and than using MMSE receiver

Multiple access channel derivation of point A (1)

Point B is achieved by reversing the order

Any other point on line segment AB guarantees maximum sum-rate

Can be achieved by time sharing across two different strategies at point A and B

System model to derive point A

y = h1 x1 + h2 x2 + n
| {z }
z1

y = h1 x1 + h2 x2 + n = h1 x1 + z1
| {z }
z1

y = h1 x1 + h2 x2 + n = h1 x1 + z1
| {z }
z1
Interference + noise term z1 us zero mean and covraince matrix Kz1 = P2 h2 hH

2 + N0 Inr

y = h1 x1 + h2 x2 + n = h1 x1 + z1
| {z }
z1

2 + N0 Inr
SINR experienced by user 1 when using MMSE receiver

y = h1 x1 + h2 x2 + n = h1 x1 + z1
| {z }
z1

2 + N0 Inr
H 1
SINR1 = P1 h1 Kz1 h1

y = h1 x1 + h2 x2 + n = h1 x1 + z1
| {z }
z1

2 + N0 Inr
1
H 1 H H
SINR1 = P1 h1 Kz1 h1 = P1 h1 P2 h2 h2 + N0 Inr h1

y = h1 x1 + h2 x2 + n = h1 x1 + z1
| {z }
z1

2 + N0 Inr
1
H 1 H H
1
H H
R1 = log 1 + P1 h1 P2 h2 h2 + N0 Inr h1

y = h1 x1 + h2 x2 + n = h1 x1 + z1
| {z }
z1

2 + N0 Inr
1
H 1 H H
1
H H
R1 = log 1 + P1 h1 P2 h2 h2 + N0 Inr h1
||h2 ||2
SINR2 = P2 (after cancelling the user-1 signal and by performing MRC)
N0

y = h1 x1 + h2 x2 + n = h1 x1 + z1
| {z }
z1

2 + N0 Inr
1
H 1 H H
1
H H
R1 = log 1 + P1 h1 P2 h2 h2 + N0 Inr h1
||h2 ||2
N0
!
2
||h2 ||
R2 = log 1 + P2
N0

y = h1 x1 + h2 x2 + n = h1 x1 + z1
| {z }
z1

2 + N0 Inr
1
H 1 H H
1
H H
R1 = log 1 + P1 h1 P2 h2 h2 + N0 Inr h1
||h2 ||2
N0
!
2
||h2 ||
R2 = log 1 + P2
N0

P1 h1 hH P2 h2 hH
We show that the sum of R1 and R2 derived above is equal to sum rate log Inr + N0
1 + N0
2


We start by noting that for two matrices A CMN and B CNM we have |IM + AB| = |IN + BA|

1
R1 = log 1 + P1 hH
1 P2 h2 hH
2 + N0 Inr h1

1
R1 = log 1 + P1 hH
1 P2 h2 hH
2 + N0 Inr h1
1
H H
= log Inr + P1 P2 h2 h2 + N0 Inr h1 h1

1
R1 = log 1 + P1 hH
1 P2 h2 hH
2 + N0 Inr h1
1
H H
1
H
= log P2 h2 hH
2 + N0 Inr P2 h2 hH
2 + N0 Inr + P1 h1 h1


1
R1 = log 1 + P1 hH
1 P2 h2 hH
2 + N0 Inr h1
1
H H
1
H
= log P2 h2 hH
2 + N0 Inr P2 h2 hH
2 + N0 Inr + P1 h1 h1

1
H H H
= log P2 h2 h2 + N0 Inr + P1 h1 h1 + log P2 h2 h2 + N0 Inr

1
R1 = log 1 + P1 hH
1 P2 h2 hH
2 + N0 Inr h1
1
H H
1
H
= log P2 h2 hH
2 + N0 Inr P2 h2 hH
2 + N0 Inr + P1 h1 h1

1
H H H

log P2 h2 hH H H

= 2 + N0 Inr + P1 h1 h1 log P2 h2 h2 + N0 Inr

1
R1 = log 1 + P1 hH
1 P2 h2 hH
2 + N0 Inr h1
1
H H
1
H
= log P2 h2 hH
2 + N0 Inr P2 h2 hH
2 + N0 Inr + P1 h1 h1

1
H H H

log P2 h2 hH H H


P2 P1 P2
= log Inr + h2 hH
2 + h1 hH
1 log Inr +
h2 hH
2
N0 N0 N0

1
R1 = log 1 + P1 hH
1 P2 h2 hH
2 + N0 Inr h1
1
H H
1
H
= log P2 h2 hH
2 + N0 Inr P2 h2 hH
2 + N0 Inr + P1 h1 h1

1
H H H

log P2 h2 hH H H


P2 P1 P2
= log Inr + h2 hH
2 + h1 hH
1 log Inr +
h2 hH
2
N0 N0 N0

P2 P1 P2 H
= log Inr + h2 hH
2 + h1 hH
1 log 1 +
h h2
N0 N0 N0 2

1
R1 = log 1 + P1 hH
1 P2 h2 hH
2 + N0 Inr h1
1
H H
1
H
= log P2 h2 hH
2 + N0 Inr P2 h2 hH
2 + N0 Inr + P1 h1 h1

1
H H H

log P2 h2 hH H H


P2 P1 P2
= log Inr + h2 hH
2 + h1 hH
1 log Inr +
h2 hH
2
N0 N0 N0

P2 P1 P2 H
= log Inr + h2 hH
2 + h1 hH
1 log 1 +
h h2
N0 N0 N0 2

P2 P1 P2
= log Inr + h2 hH
2 + h1 hH
1 log 1 +
||h2 ||2
N0 N0 N0
| {z }
R2

1
R1 = log 1 + P1 hH
1 P2 h2 hH
2 + N0 Inr h1
1
H H
1
H
= log P2 h2 hH
2 + N0 Inr P2 h2 hH
2 + N0 Inr + P1 h1 h1

1
H H H

log P2 h2 hH H H


P2 P1 P2
= log Inr + h2 hH
2 + h1 hH
1 log Inr +
h2 hH
2
N0 N0 N0

P2 P1 P2 H
= log Inr + h2 hH
2 + h1 hH
1 log 1 +
h h2
N0 N0 N0 2

P2 P1 P2
= log Inr + h2 hH
2 + h1 hH
1 log 1 +
||h2 ||2
N0 N0 N0
| {z }
R2

P2 P1
R1 + R2 = log Inr + h2 hH
2 + h1 hH
1

N0 N0

Multiple access channel multiple single-antenna users
Extension to K users is completely natural


System model now is
K
X
y= hk xk + n
k=1


System model now is
K
X
y= hk xk + n
k=1
Capacity region is now a K -dimensional polyhedron the set of rates R1 , , RK


System model now is
K
X
y= hk xk + n
k=1

X 1 X H
Rk log Inr + Pk hk hk , for each S {1, , K }
kS N 0 kS


System model now is
K
X
y= hk xk + n
k=1

X 1 X H
kS N 0 kS
There are K ! corner point on the boundary of capacity region


System model now is
K
X
y= hk xk + n
k=1

X 1 X H
kS N 0 kS

Each corner point is specified by an ordering of the K users


System model now is
K
X
y= hk xk + n
k=1

X 1 X H
kS N 0 kS

Each corner point is specified by an ordering of the K users
Corresponding rates are achieved by an MMSE-SIC receiver with that ordering of cancelling users

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Multi-user Communications

MIMO Wireless Communications (EE677)

March 22, 2017

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 1

Figure: Illustration of multiple access channel

BC Single transmitter simultaneously transmitting to multiple receivers

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 3

BC Single transmitter simultaneously transmitting to multiple receivers

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 3

BC Single transmitter simultaneously transmitting to multiple receivers

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 3

BC Single transmitter simultaneously transmitting to multiple receivers

Figure: Illustration of broadcast channel

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 3

We start with two-user uplink channel

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 4

We start with two-user uplink channel

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 4

We start with two-user uplink channel

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 4

We start with two-user uplink channel

How should we serve two users?

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 4

We start with two-user uplink channel

How should we serve two users?

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 4

We start with two-user uplink channel

How should we serve two users?

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 4

We start with two-user uplink channel

How should we serve two users?

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 4

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 5

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 5

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 5

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 5

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 5

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 5

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 5

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 5

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 5

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 6

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 6

Above figure is obtained by plotting R1 and R2 for different values of

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 6

Above figure is obtained by plotting R1 and R2 for different values of

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 6

Above figure is obtained by plotting R1 and R2 for different values of

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 6

Above figure is obtained by plotting R1 and R2 for different values of

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 6

Above figure is obtained by plotting R1 and R2 for different values of

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 7

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 7

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 7

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 7

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 7

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 7

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 7

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 7

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 7

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 7

MIMO Wireless Communications (Rohit Budhiraja, IITK) Multi-user Communications 7