Chapter 1

Practice Exercises

1.1 (a) SF6 contains 1 S and 6 F atoms per molecule

(b) (C2H5)2N2H2 contains 4 C, 12 H, and 2 N per molecule
(c) Ca3(PO4)2 contains 3 Ca, 2 P, and 8 O atoms per formula unit
(d) Co(NO3)26H2O contains 1 Co, 2 N, 12 O, and 12 H per formula unit

1.2 (a) NH4NO3 contains 2 N nitrogen, 4 H hydrogen, 3 O oxygen atoms per formula unit
(b) FeNH4(SO4)2 contains 1 Fe iron, 1 N nitrogen, 4 H hydrogen, 2 S sulfur, 8 O oxygen atoms per formula
unit
(c) Mo(NO3)25H2O contains 1 Mo molybdenum, 2 N nitrogen, 11 O oxygen, and 10 H hydrogen atoms per
formula unit
(d) C6H4ClNO2 contains 6 C carbon, 4 H hydrogen, 1 Cl chlorine, 1 N nitrogen, and 2 O oxygen atoms per
molecule

1.3 C2H7N, CH3NHCH3.

1.4 Reactants: 4 N, 12 H, and 6 O; Products: 4 N, 12 H, and 6 O.

1.5 Reactants: 6 N, 42 H, 2 P, 20 O, 3 Ba, 12 C; Products: 3 Ba, 2 P, 20 O, 6 N, 42 H, 12 C; The reaction is

balanced .

2 + 7 4
+ 6

1.6

Review Questions

1.1 This answer will be student dependent.

1.2 Observation, testing and explanation.

1.3 (a) A law is a description of behavior based on the results of many experiments which are true while a
theory is a tested explanation of the results of many experiments.
(b) An observation is a statement that accurately describes something we see, hear, taste, feel or smell
while a conclusion is a statement that is based on a series of observations.
(c) Data are the observations made while performing experiments.

1.4 A theory is valid as long as there is no experimental evidence to disprove it. Any experimental evidence that
contradicts the theory therefore, disproves the theory.

1.5 Matter has mass and occupies space. All items in the question are examples of matter.

1.6 A physical change does not change the chemical composition of matter. Melting, boiling, change of shape, or
mass, and the formation of a mixture are examples of physical changes to matter.

A chemical change changes the chemical composition of matter. Formation of new compounds from the
reaction of other substances is an example.

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A chemical changes involves the change in composition while a physical change does not change in the
composition of matter.

1.7 The reaction of calcium metal with water is a chemical change resulting in the formation of new compounds,
hydrogen gas and calcium hydroxide. It is not stated in the problem, but the water also increases in
temperature, which is a physical change.

1.8 These are physical changes.

1.9 (a) An element is a pure substance that cannot be decomposed into something simpler.
(b) A compound is a pure substance that is composed of two or more elements in some fixed or
characteristic proportion.
(c) Mixtures result from combinations of pure substances in varying proportions.
(d) A homogeneous mixture has one phase. It has the same properties throughout the sample.
(e) A heterogeneous mixture has more than one phase. The different phases have different properties.
(f) A phase is a region of a mixture that has properties that are different from other regions of the
mixture.
(g) A solution is a homogeneous mixture.

1.10 Changing a compound into its element is a chemical change.

1.11 (a) Cl (b) S (c) Fe (d) Ag

(e) Na (f) P (g) I (h) Cu
(i) Hg (j) Ca

1.12 (a) potassium (b) zinc (c) silicon (d) tin

(e) manganese (f) magnesium (g) nickel (h) aluminum
(i) carbon (j) nitrogen

1.13 (a) This is a heterogeneous mixture.

(b) This is a pure substance and is an element, such as H2, O2, N2 or a halogen.
(c) This is a homogeneous mixture.
(d) This is a pure substance and is a molecule such as H2O.

1.14 (a) Diagrams (a) and (d) contain pure elements

(b) Diagram (c) contains a compound
(c) Diagram (a) and (b) contain diatomic molecules

1.15 The first law of chemical combination is the law of conservation of mass: no detectable gain or loss of mass
occurs in chemical reactions. The other law is the law of definite proportions: in a given chemical compound,
the elements are always combined in the same proportions by mass.

1.16 Conservation of mass derives from the postulate that atoms are not destroyed in normal chemical reactions.
The Law of Definite Proportions derives from the notion that compound substances are always composed of
the same types and numbers of atoms of the various elements in the compound.

1.17 This is the Law of Definite Proportions, which guarantees that a single pure substance is always composed of
the same ratio of masses of the elements that compose it.

1.18 The law of multiple proportions states that when elements combine to make a molecule the ratio of atoms is
always a small, whole number. When elements combine to form more than one compound the ratio of one
element in the compound compared to a fixed amount of a second element is always a small, whole number.

The first compound in the diagram has two blue and three red atoms. The second compound has two blue and
one red atom. Since each compound has two blue atoms we can compare the ratio of red atoms between the

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two compounds. Thus, the ratio of red atoms in the two compounds to two blue atoms in the two compounds,
is three to one.

1.19 The ratio of red between the two compounds compared to fixed number of blue atoms is not one-to-one so
they are different compounds. You could also compare the ratio of blue to red in each compound to
demonstrate that these are two different compounds.

1.20 These two molecules do not have a different ratio of red in the two compounds compared to a fixed number
of blue atoms. The ratio of red to one blue atom is two red to one blue. Therefore, they do not demonstrate the
law of multiple proportions.

1.21 This may stand for the name of an element or for the name of one atom of an element.

1.22 The smallest particle that is representative of a particular element is the atom of that element. A molecule is a
representative unit that is made up of two or more atoms linked together.

1.23 H2, hydrogen N2, nitrogen, O2, oxygen F2, fluorine

Cl2, chlorine Br2. bromine I2, iodine

1.24 (a) nitrogen, N

(b) bromine, Br
(c) chlorine, Cl
(d) oxygen, O

1.25 (a) carbon, C

(b) hydrogen, H
(c) sulfur, S
(d) iodine, I

1.26 DNA contains hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus atoms.

1.27 A chemical reaction is balanced when there is the same number of each kind of atom on both the reactant and
product side of the equation; and the total charges on both the reactant and product sides of the equation are
the same. These conditions must be met due to the law of conservation of matter.

1.28 Reactants are the substances to the left of the arrow in a reaction that are present before the reaction begins.
Products are the substances to the right of the arrow in a reaction and they are formed during the reaction and
are present when the reaction is over.

1.29 (a) Magnesium reacts with oxygen to give (yield) magnesium oxide.
(b) The reactants are Mg and O2.
(c) The product is MgO.

Review Problems

1.30 3 Fe, 2 Al, 3 Si, 12 O

1.31 3 Ca, 5 Mg, 8 Si, 24 O, 2 H

1.32 KNaC4H4O6

1.33 MgSO47H2O

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1.34 CH3COOH or C2H4O2

1.35 CH3SCH3, or C2H6S; using parentheses we can write the formula as (CH3)2S

1.36 NH3

1.37 HOCH2CH2OH, or C2H6O2

H
N
1.38 b H H.

1.39 (a) is the proper representation for C2H6O2

1.40 (a) 1 Ca calcium, 2 N nitrogen, 6 O oxygen

(b) 3 H hydrogen, 1 P phosphorus, 4 O oxygen
(c) 6 C carbon, 14 H hydrogen
(d) 1 H hydrogen, 1 C carbon, 1 N nitrogen
(e) 1 Cu copper, 1 S sulfur, 4 O oxygen

1.41 (a) 3 H, 1 P, 4 O, hydrogen, phosphorus, oxygen

(b) 1 Ca, 4 H, 2 P, 8 O, calcium, hydrogen, phosphorus, oxygen
(c) 4 C, 9 H, 1 Br, carbon, hydrogen, bromine
(d) 3 Fe, 2 As, 8 O, iron, arsenic, oxygen
(e) 3 C, 8 H, 3 O, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

1.42 (a) 1 Sr strontium, 1 Cr chromium, 4 O oxygen

(b) 1 K potassium, 1 Mn manganese, 4 O oxygen
(c) 2 N nitrogen, 8 H hydrogen, 2 S sulfur, 3 O oxygen
(d) 1 Mg magnesium, 1 S sulfur, 11 O oxygen, 14 H hydrogen
(e) 2 Fe iron, 3 S sulfur, 12 O oxygen

1.43 (a) 6 C, 12 H, 2 O, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

(b) 1 Mg, 1 S, 14 H, 11 O, magnesium, sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen
(c) 1 K, 1 Al, 2 S, 20 O, 24 H, potassium, aluminum, sulfur, oxygen, hydrogen
(d) 1 Cu, 2 N, 6 O, copper, nitrogen, oxygen
(e) 4 C, 10 H, 1 O, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

1.44 (a) 6 C, 18 H
(b) 4 N, 16 H, 2 S, 8 O
(c) 4 Cu, 8 Cl, 16 H, 8 O

1.45 (a) 14 C, 28 H, 14 O
(b) 4 N, 8 H, 2 C, 2 O
(c) 15 C, 40 H, 15 O

1.46 C2H6O2, C3H6O These two compounds illustrate that different masses of carbon combine with the same
mass of hydrogen and those masses are in small, whole number ratios. It is also true for the ratio of oxygen to
a fixed mass of hydrogen.

1.47 NH3, N2H4

The ratio of H to a fixed mass of N in the two compounds is 3 to 2. Also, the ratio of N to a fixed mass of H
in the two compounds is 2 to 3.

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1.48 (a) 2 N (b) 10 O (c) 2 Na (d) 1 S

1.49 (a) 12 C (b) 28 H (c) 38 O

1.50 2 S(CH3)2, 9 O2, 2 SO2, 4 CO2, 6 H2O

2 S(CH3)2 + 9 O2(g) 2 SO2(g) + 4 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

1.51 1 CH3OH, 3 N2O, 1 CO2, 2 H2O, 3 N2

CH3OH(l) + 3 N2O(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l) + 3 N2(g)

1.52 Reaction is not balanced as written.

The proper balanced reaction is:

C3H8(l) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

1.53 The reaction is not balanced as written.

The proper balanced reaction is:

3 NO2(g) + H2O(l) 2 HNO3(aq) + NO(g)

Additional Exercises

1.54 The ratio of N in N2O to N in NO2 compared to a fixed mass of O is 4 to 1.

Examine the ratio of nitrogen to a fixes mass of oxygen: 2 N2O:NO2

1.55 Ethanol, C2H6O CH3CH2OH

Diethyl ether, C2H2O (CH3)2O

1.56 A repeat experiment, using exactly the same conditions, though possibly different masses of reactants, would
result in a sample having the same composition, namely 3 CO2 to 2 N2 molecules. Also, the molecules
produced would always have the same ratio of atoms in the molecules, namely CO2 and N2. The law of
definite composition states that elements combine in the same mass ratio, or proportion, for a given
compound.

1.57 (a) A physical change will not separate the molecules into their respective constituent chemical elements.

(b) A physical change could be used to separate the molecules. By cooling the gas mixture, one gas would
liquefy before the other and thus would allow one to separate the mixture.

(c) A chemical change would be required to separate the molecules into their component chemical elements.

(d) You would need to do a chemical reaction on CO2 to reduce it to carbon and oxygen. N2 is already an
element.

(e) reducing CO2 would result in one element in molecular form, namely oxygen (O2).