Topics in Systems and Control II: Department of Electronics

Topics in Systems and Control II Balu Mahesh Vasireddy
100991271
Department of Electronics
Topics in Systems and Control II
Assignment-1
Name: - Balu Mahesh Chandra Vasireddy

Student no: 100991271
Mail Id: -balumaheshvasireddy@cmail.carleton.ca
Phone Number: - 613-252-7943
Course code: EACJ 5300
Winter Term 2016
Submitted to,
Xiaoyu Wang
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Q) The following figure shows a single-line diagram of a five-bus power system. Input data are given
in Tables 1, 2, and 3. As shown in Table 1, Bus 1, to which a generator is connected, is the swing bus.
Bus 3, to which a generator and a load are connected, is a voltage-controlled bus. Buses 2, 4, and 5
are load buses. Note that the loads at buses 2 and 3 are inductive since Q 2 L2 L3 = - Q= - 280 Mvar and -
Q= - 40 Mvar are negative.
A) Brief Description of the Power Flow Analysis:-
Power Flow Analysis:
In any power engineering, the Power-Flow Study, or Load Flow Study, is a numerical
analysis of the flow of electric power in an interconnected system. The power-flow study generally
uses simplified notation such as a one-line diagram and per-unit system, focuses on various aspects
of AC power parameters, such as voltages, voltage angles, real power and reactive power. It
analyzes the power systems in normal steady-state operation.
A load flow study is especially valuable for a system with multiple load centers. The power flow
study is an analysis of the systems capability to adequately supply the connected load. In which
the Power flow is represented by using the Pie equivalent circuit which comprises all the buses
such as Slack bus, Load bus, PV and PQ buses. Transformer tap positions are selected to ensure
the correct voltage at critical locations such as motor control centers. Performing a load flow study
on an existing system provides insight and recommendations as to the system operation and
optimization of control settings to obtain maximum capacity while minimizing the operating costs.
The results which are obtained from the analysis are in terms of active power, reactive power,
magnitude and phase angle.
The computation of voltage magnitudes and angles at each bus is important as they have to be
maintained with in safe limits for efficient and safe functioning of the system. The real and reactive
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power through each line can be calculated from the bus voltage magnitude and their angles
calculated using power flow analysis. There are 2 methods to describe the Power flow analysis
those are Gauss Seidel Method and Newton Raphson method can be used to solve the
equations, both methods yield same results but the number of iterations and program length differ
for each method. The use of Newton-Raphson method is preferred in this case as the number of
busses is five. If the number of busses is large then Gauss Seidel Model would have been
preferred.
Power flow equations:-
Classification of Busses:-
The busses in a power system are classified into three types namely Load bus, Voltage Controlled
bus and slack bus in order to minimize complexity while calculating voltage magnitudes and
angles of each bus in a power system. The parameters calculated from each bus is as follows.
Load Bus (P-Q):- The bus at which the real and reactive power are specified, and for which the
bus voltage will be calculated. All busses having no generators are load busses. In here, V and
are unknown.
P-V bus:-The bus at which the magnitude of the voltage is defined and is kept constant by
adjusting the field current of a synchronous generator. We also assign real power generation for
each generator according to the economic dispatch. In here, Q and are unknown.
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Slack Bus or Swing Bus: - The Slack Bus sets the difference in angle between two voltage
sources and is used to determine the real and reactive power flow between sources.
The special generator bus serving as the reference bus. Its voltage is assumed to be fixed in both
magnitude and phase (for instance, 1.0 p.u). In here, P and Q are unknown.
Steps or Algorithm for Newton-Raphson is as follows:-
Step 1:- First draw the equivalent Pie model for the given equation.
Step 2:- Create a bus admittance matrix Y bus for the power system.
Step 3:- Take an initial guess of all the unknown voltages and angles, like initial guess would be
equal to 1.
Step 4:- Substitute in the power flow equations and determine the deviations from the solution.
Step 5:- Calculate total injected and reactive power and reactive power mismatch using |Vi| & i and
form Jacobian Matrix J.
Step 6:- Solve for the change in voltage angle and magnitude.
Step 7:- Update the voltage magnitude and angles.
Step 8:- Check the stopping conditions, if met then terminate, else go to step 2.
The Equivalent Pie Circuit for the above model diagram is,
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Table:-

V PG QG PL QL
Per Per Per Per Per

Bus Type unit degree unit unit unit unit
1.1332
1 swing 1.0 0 3.9479 0 0
2 Load 0.8342 -22.392 0 0 8.0 2.8

Constant
3 voltage 1.05 -0.596 5.2 2.9622 0.8 0.4
4 Load 1.019 -2.83331 0 0 0 0
5 Load 0.9745 -4.5472 0 0 0 0
References:-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-flow_study
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/power-
system/chapter_4/4_11.html
Grainger, J.; Stevenson, W. (1994). Power System Analysis. New York: McGrawHill. ISBN 0-07-
061293-5.
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Appendix
Matlab Code:-
% assignment - 1
% balu mahesh vasireddy
% student id - 100991271
% Course-topics and system II
clc;
close all;
clear all;
%inputs
R24=0.0090;
X24=0.100;
G24=0;
B24=1.72;
R25=0.0045;
X25=0.050;
G25=0;
B25=0.88;
R45=0.00225;
X45=0.025;
G45=0;
B45=0.44;
R15=0.00150;
X15=0.02;
Gc15=0;
Bm15=0;
R34=0.00075;
X34=0.01;
Gc34=0;
Y11=(1/(R15+X15*i));
Y11_abs=abs(Y11); Y11_angle=angle(Y11);
Y15=-(1/(R15+X15*i));
Y12_abs=0;Y12_angle=0;
Y24=-(1/(R24+X24*i));
Y25=-(1/(R25+X25*i));
Y22=(((B24*i)/2)+((B25*i)/2)+(1/(R24+X24*i))+(1/(R25+X25*i)));
Y33=(1/(R34+X34*i));
Y34=-(1/(R34+X34*i));
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Y42=-(1/(R24+X24*i));
Y43=-(1/(R34+X34*i));
Y45=-(1/(R45+X45*i));
Y44=((B24*i)/2)+((B45*i)/2)+(1/(R24+X24*i))+(1/(R34+X34*i))+(1/(R45+X45*i));
Y51=-(1/(R15+X15*i));
Y51_abs=abs(Y51);Y51_angle=angle(Y51);
Y52=-(1/(R25+X25*i));
Y54=-(1/(R45+X45*i));
Y55=((B25*i)/2)+((B45*i)/2)+(1/(0.00150+0.02i))+(1/(0.0045+0.05i))+(1/(0.0022
5+0.025i));
PH2=0;PH3=0;PH4=0;PH5=0;V2=1;V4=1;V5=1 ;
V1=1;PH1=0;V3=1.05;
B=[1;1;1;1;1;1;1;];
iter=0;
while abs(B)>=0.000001 & iter < 40;

iter=iter+1;
P2sh=-8;Q2sh=-2.8;
P3sh=4.4;
P4sh=0;Q4sh=0;
P5sh=0;Q5sh=0;
P2=P2sh-(V2*((V1*Y21_abs*cos(PH2-PH1-Y21_angle))+(V2*Y22_abs*cos(-
Y22_angle))+(V3*Y23_abs*cos(PH2-PH3-Y23_angle))+(V4*Y24_abs*cos(PH2-PH4-
Y24_angle))+(V5*Y25_abs*cos(PH2-PH5-Y25_angle))));
Q2=Q2sh-(V2*((V1*Y21_abs*sin(PH2-PH1-Y21_angle))+(V2*Y22_abs*sin(-
Y22_angle))+(V3*Y23_abs*cos(PH2-PH3-Y23_angle))+(V4*Y24_abs*sin(PH2-PH4-
Y24_angle))+(V5*Y25_abs*sin(PH2-PH5-Y25_angle))));
P3=P3sh-(V3*((V1*Y31_abs*cos(PH3-PH1-Y31_angle))+(V2*Y32_abs*cos(PH3-PH2-
Y32_angle))+(V3*Y33_abs*cos(-Y33_angle))+(V4*Y34_abs*cos(PH3-PH4-
Y42_angle))+(V3*Y43_abs*cos(PH4-PH3-Y43_angle))+(V4*Y44_abs*cos(-
Q4=Q4sh-(V4*((V1*Y41_abs*sin(PH4-PH1-Y41_angle))+(V2*Y42_abs*sin(PH4-PH2-
Y42_angle))+(V3*Y43_abs*sin(PH4-PH3-Y43_angle))+(V4*Y44_abs*sin(-
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Y54_angle))+(V5*Y55_abs*cos(-Y55_angle))));
Q5=Q5sh-(V5*((V1*Y51_abs*sin(PH5-PH1-Y51_angle))+(V2*Y52_abs*sin(PH5-PH2-
Y52_angle))+(V3*Y53_abs*sin(PH5-PH3-Y53_angle))+(V4*Y54_abs*sin(PH5-PH4-
Y54_angle))+(V5*Y55_abs*sin(-Y55_angle))));
p2d2=-(V2*((V1*Y21_abs*sin(PH2-PH1-Y21_angle))+(V3*Y23_abs*sin(PH2-PH3-
Y25_angle))));
p2d3=V2*Y23_abs*sin(PH2-PH3-Y23_angle);
p2d4=V2*V4*Y24_abs*sin(PH2-PH4-Y24_angle);
p2v2=((2*V2*Y22_abs*cos(Y22_angle))+((V1*Y21_abs*cos(PH2-PH1-
p2v3=V2*Y23_abs*cos(PH2-PH3-Y23_angle);
Y35_angle))));
p4d3=V4*V3*Y43_abs*sin(PH4+PH3-Y43_angle);
Y45_angle))));
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Y54_angle))));
p5v3=0;
p5v5=(2*V5*Y55_abs*cos(Y55_angle))+((V1*Y51_abs*cos(PH5-PH1-
Y53_angle))+(V4*Y54_abs*cos(PH5-PH4-Y54_angle)));
q2d2=(V2*((V1*Y21_abs*cos(PH2-PH1-Y21_angle))+(V3*Y23_abs*cos(PH2-PH3-
Y25_angle))));
q2d3=-(V2*V3*Y23_abs*cos(PH2-PH3-Y23_angle));
q2v2=-((2*V2*Y22_abs*sin(Y22_angle))+((V1*Y21_abs*sin(PH2-PH1-
q2v3=0;
q2v4=V2*Y24_abs*sin(PH2-PH4-Y24_angle);
q4d4=V4*((V1*Y41_abs*cos(PH4-PH1-Y41_angle))+(V2*Y42_abs*cos(PH4-PH2-
Y45_angle)));
q5d5=(V5*((V1*Y51_abs*cos(PH5-PH1-Y51_angle))+(V2*Y52_abs*cos(PH5-PH2-
Y54_angle))));
q5v3=0;
v3d2=0;
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v3d3=0;
v3d4=0;
v3d5=0;
v3v2=0;
v3v3=1;
v3v4=0;
v3v5=0;
A=[P2;P3;P4;P5;Q2;Q4;Q5];
B=[p2d2 p2d3 p2d4 p2d5 p2v2 p2v4 p2v5;

p3d2 p3d3 p3d4 p3d5 p3v2 p3v4 p3v5;
q2d2 q2d3 q2d4 q2d5 q2v2 q2v4 q2v5;
q4d2 q4d3 q4d4 q4d5 q4v2 q4v4 q4v5;
q5d2 q5d3 q5d4 q5d5 q5v2 q5v4 q5v5];
B=B\A;
dph2=B(1,:); dph3=B(2,:);dph4=B(3,:);dph5=B(4,:);
dv2=B(5,:); dv4=B(6,:); dv5=B(7,:);
PH2=PH2+dph2;
PH3=PH3+dph3;
PH4=PH4+dph4;
PH5=PH5+dph5;
V2=V2+dv2;
V4=V4+dv4;
V5=V5+dv5;
end
PH2=PH2;PH3=PH3;PH4=PH4;PH5=PH5;
Voltage_1=V1
theta_1=0.0000
Voltage_2=V2
theta_2= (180/pi)*PH2
Voltage_3=V3
Voltage_4=V4
Voltage_5=V5
P1_real_power_bus1=(V1*((V1*Y11_abs*cos(-
Y11_angle))+(Voltage_2*Y12_abs*cos(PH1-PH2-Y12_angle))+(V3*Y13_abs*cos(PH1-
PH3-Y13_angle))+(Voltage_4*Y14_abs*cos(PH1-PH4-
Y14_angle))+(Voltage_5*Y15_abs*cos(PH1-PH5-Y15_angle))))
Q1_reactive_power_bus1=(V1*((V1*Y11_abs*sin(-
Y11_angle))+(Voltage_2*Y12_abs*sin(PH1-PH2-Y12_angle))+(V3*Y13_abs*sin(PH1-
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PH3-Y13_angle))+(Voltage_4*Y14_abs*sin(PH1-PH4-
Y14_angle))+(Voltage_5*Y15_abs*sin(PH1-PH5-Y15_angle))))
Q3_reactive_power_bus3=(V3*((V1*Y31_abs*sin(PH3-PH1-
Y31_angle))+(Voltage_2*Y32_abs*sin(PH3-PH2-Y32_angle))+(V3*Y33_abs*sin(-
Y33_angle))+(Voltage_4*Y34_abs*sin(PH3-PH4-
Y34_angle))+(Voltage_5*Y35_abs*sin(PH3-PH5-Y35_angle))))
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Outputs:-
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13

Topics in Systems and Control II: Department of Electronics

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Topics in Systems and Control II Balu Mahesh Vasireddy

Name: - Balu Mahesh Chandra Vasireddy

A) Brief Description of the Power Flow Analysis:-

Power Flow Analysis:

Power flow equations:-

Steps or Algorithm for Newton-Raphson is as follows:-

Step 7:- Update the voltage magnitude and angles.

Per Per Per Per Per

2 Load 0.8342 -22.392 0 0 8.0 2.8

4 Load 1.019 -2.83331 0 0 0 0

5 Load 0.9745 -4.5472 0 0 0 0

while abs(B)>=0.000001 & iter < 40;

B=[p2d2 p2d3 p2d4 p2d5 p2v2 p2v4 p2v5;

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