5/13/2013

Educational Package Ventilation

Lecture 7: Sizing natural ventilation

U
systems
IEE/09/631/SI2.558225

D
28.10.2011
-E
ES

Summary
Introduction and Typology of natural ventilation systems
ID

Prediction methods

Network models

Methodologies for sizing openings

Critical Barriers

Building design

1
 5/13/2013

Introduction and typology of NV systems

` Natural ventilation is
ventilation without the
assistance of fans or other
mechanical air moving
equipment.
` Airflow is supplied by
natural means using wind and
temperature difference to

U
naturally drive air through
buildings.
` In this lecture we will focus
on the sizing
ventilation systems.

D
natural Wind-Driven Natural Ventilation Systems

3
-E
ES

Introduction and typology of NV systems

Natural ventilation systems rely on pressure
differences to move fresh air through buildings.
ID

Pressure differences can be caused by wind

the buoyancy effect

created by temperature differences

or differences in humidity

In either case, the amount of ventilation will depend critically on

the size and placement of openings in the building.

2
 5/13/2013

Introduction and typology of NV systems

` Natural ventilation : no specific systems

Fig. 1 a,b

U
Ducts
Free Openings on faades

D
(Shafts)
-E
ES

Description of the airflow in the case of the natural

ventilation of buildings
ID

4 different approaches:

Empirical models;
Network models;
Zonal models
CFD models;

Source: Francis Allard, Natural ventilation in buildings, (a design handbook) 6

3
 5/13/2013

Empirical models

2 categories of empirical methods are presented:

Simplified empirical methods for the prediction of

U

the airflow rates

Simplified methodologies for the predictions of the

aire velocity inside a building

D
Source: Francis Allard, Natural ventilation in buildings, (a design handbook) 7
-E
ES

Simplified empirical methods for the prediction of

the airflow rates within naturally ventilated buidings
ID

The British Standards method

propose formulas for the calculation of the air infiltration &

ventilation in single-sided and cross-ventilation configurations.

The method assumes two-dirrectional flow through a

building and ignores all internal partitions.

Source: Francis Allard, Natural ventilation in buildings, (a design handbook) 8

4
 5/13/2013

Formulae for single-sided ventilation

U
9

D
Source: Francis Allard, Natural ventilation in buildings, (a design handbook)
-E
ES

Formulae for cross ventilation

ID

10
Source: Francis Allard, Natural ventilation in buildings, (a design handbook)

5
 5/13/2013

The ASHRAE method

This method requires knowledge of the total effective leakage area of the Building,
witch can either be determinated using pressurization/depressurization techniques .

According to the method, the bulk airflow rate Q, in a single-zone building is:

Where:
A is the total effective leakage area of the building,

U
a is a stack coefficient,
b is the wind coefficient,
T is the average indoor-outdoor temperature difference, (K)
U met is the meteorological wind speed,

D
The coefficient a has 3 different values according to the number of storeys of the buiding.

b takes different values according to the number of storeys of the building, but also according
to the local shielding class to witch the building belongs.
Source: Francis Allard, Natural ventilation in buildings, (a design handbook) 11
-E
ES

The Aynsley method

simple method for global airflow prediction in the case of cross ventilation.

two main openings on two opposite facades of a building, the

ID

method uses the definition of the pressure coefficients Cp1 and Cp2
on each facade to calculate the flow rate of aire through the
building.
the following expression is derived for the global airflow rate:

Where:

Cd1 & Cd2 - discharge coefficients given as functions of the openings configuration;
A1 & A2 - areas of openings
Vz - the reference wind velocity.
The main interest of the method is its simplicity and efficiency in giving a rough
estimate of the order of magnitude of the global airflow rate in a cross-
ventilated building!
Source: Francis Allard, Natural ventilation in buildings, (a design handbook) 12

6
 5/13/2013

The De Gidds and Phaff method

a general expression is given for the ventilation rate, Q, through an open window as
a fonction of temperature difference, wind velocity and fluctuating terms.

For the case of single-sided ventilation, an effective velocity, Ueff is defined as:

leading to the form:

U
Where :
Umet - the meteorological wind velocity;
H - the vertical size of the opening;

D
C1 - a dimensionless coefficient depending on the wind;
C2 a buanduary constant;
C3 - aturbulence constant.
Source: Francis Allard, Natural ventilation in buildings, (a design handbook) 13
-E
ES

Simplified methods for the estimation of the air

velocity inside naturally ventilated buildings
ID

THE PROPOSED TECHNIQUES ARE CLASSIFIED INTO 5 MAIN

GROUPS:

research based on full-scale invzstigations;

research based on computerized numerical simulations;

methods based on tabulated data obtained from parametric wind-tunnel

studies;

methods making use of wind discharge coefficients;

methods based on direct measurements of the indoor air velocities in a scale

model of the investigated building placed in a buandary-layer wind tunnel.
Source: Francis Allard, Natural ventilation in buildings, (a design handbook) 14

7
 5/13/2013

Givonnis method

a general correlation method, based on experimental data, to calculate the

average indoor air velocity in rooms with a square floor plan and with identical
upwind and downwind openings located in opposite walls.

According to the method the average velocity inside the room is given by the
following expression:

U
Where:

D
Vi - the average indoor velocity;
X - the ratio of the opening area to wall area where the opening is located;
Vr - the reference external wind speed.

Source: Francis Allard, Natural ventilation in buildings, (a design handbook) 15

-E
ES

Methods based on tabulated data

Different values of the mean indoor air speed for cross-ventilation configurations
without internal partitions, as a fonction of the inlets and the outlets. For aligned
inlets and the outlests and for perpendicular winds.
ID

Effect on inlet and outlet sizes in cross-ventilated Openings on opposite walls; wind oblique to inlety
spaces with openings on opposite walls

Effect of inlet and outlet sizes in cross-ventilated spaces; openiongs on adjacent

walls, wind perpendicular and wind oblique to inlets

Source: Francis Allard, Natural ventilation in buildings, (a design handbook) 16

8
 5/13/2013

The CSTB methodology

based on data obtained from architectural scale models in a wind
tunnel for the prediction of the wind-induced indoor air motion;

based on the evaluation of a Global Ventilation Coefficient CG.

U
The method therethore propose the evaluation of four corresponding
coefficients, Csite, Corientation, CArch.Exter., Caero.Inter. Then, global ventilation ceofficient
CG of a given space is equal to the minimum of the four previously defined

D
coefficients.

Source: Francis Allard, Natural ventilation in buildings, (a design handbook) 17

-E
ES

Zonal models
9 Zonal models have been developed in the 80th for
coupling heating systems with Indoor Environment.
ID

9 Zonal models provide an estimate of air flow

distribution or temperature gradients.

9 They are quick, flexible and can be used for long

time analysis.

9 Their weakness is due to the empirical knowledge

they need about the main driving flow in the room to
be modeled.

Source: Francis Allard - Champs Seminar Nanjing 20-22/03/2011 18

9
 5/13/2013

Multizone models

U
D
Francis Allard - Champs Seminar Nanjing 20-22/03/2011 19
-E
ES

Interpretation of the physical mechanisms involved in

natural ventilation
ID

The effect of the wind;

The stack effect;

Combined action of wind & temperature difference.

Source: Francis Allard, Natural ventilation in buildings, (a design handbook) 20

10
 5/13/2013

The effect of the

wind

U
Fig. 2 a
Where:

Pw the wind-induces pressure (Pa);

CP the pressure coefficient;
the air density (

D );
U the wind speed at a reference height(

Source: Francis Allard - Champs Seminar Nanjing 20-22/03/2011

)

21
-E
ES

Air movement by the stack effect occurs when temperature differences between a zone and
the environment adjacent to it, be it another zone or the exterior, cause light warm air to rise
and flow out of the warm zone. The stack effect
ID

Fig. 2.b

Stack pressure drivin natural ventilation Pressure stack variation as a function of

temperature difference and buiding height

Source: Francis Allard - Champs Seminar Nanjing 20-22/03/2011 22

11
 5/13/2013

Combined action of wind & temperature difference

Fig. 2 c

U
D
Source: Francis Allard - Champs Seminar Nanjing 20-22/03/2011 23
-E
ES

Methodologies for sizing openings

2 sizing methods to calculate the surface areas of the

openings, especially for cross-ventilation conficurations:
ID

simplified empirical methodologies

-based on simple analytical expressions for calculating the inlet and
outlet areas for cross-ventilation confiogurations in a room or a
monozone building;

computerized iterative methods

- based on network models who combine the effect of the wind and
temperature difference and do not have the limitations of the
simplified empirical methods.

Source: Francis Allard, Natural ventilation in buildings, (a design handbook) 24

12
 5/13/2013

Barriers during bulding design

U
D
Source: Francis Allard, Natural ventilation in buildings, (a design handbook) 25
-E
ES

Barriers during bulding operations

Safety concerns: preventing unuathorized entry of other people, of animals, including
ID

bugs and insects or, simply, preventing rain from damaging the
furnishings;

Noise from outdoors: witch may interfere with normal activities and sleep or simply be
unpleasant;

Air pollution: kept out of the building, from urban pollution to dust in the coutryside;

Shading: for solar controlor for privacy considerations, that may require partial or total
covering of the openings provided in the outer envelope for natural ventilation;

Draught prevention: stemming from confort or from work requirements;

Ignorance on the part of the occupants: about the correct strategies that should be
adopted to take the best advantage of natural
ventilation.
Source: Francis Allard, Natural ventilation in buildings, (a design handbook) 26

13
 5/13/2013

Barriers during bulding design

Regulations : fire regulations,witch may prevent the free flow of air to prevent smoke or odour
propagation; acoustic regulations may also pose some restrictions;

Type of building use: the designer may have about the ability of the occupants, to choose suitable
strategies for each operating mode;

U
The need to provide: shading, privacy & daylighting => witch may require devices or solutions that
seriosly hamper the free flow of air

The adoptations of the sothisticated automatic controls => that could to optimize the operation of
the building at each moment

D
Tha lack of suitable, reliable design tools, => witch also introduce and added degree of
difficulty to the implementtionsof a control strategy incorporating natural ventilation.
Source: Francis Allard, Natural ventilation in buildings, (a design handbook) 27
-E
ES

Other barriers
ID

Architectural impact Fee structure for design

Lack of suitable standards Increased risk for designers

Source: Francis Allard, Natural ventilation in buildings, (a design handbook) 28

14
 5/13/2013

Natural ventilation influence on the design & on the

architectural expression

THE ASPECTS OF BUILDING DESIGN RELATED CAN BE GROUPED:

The form of the building envelope;

The internal distribution of spaces and functions;

U
The dimensions and location of openings;
The characteristics and dimensions of the exposed thermal mass;
The interactions with HVAC system

D
Source: Francis Allard, Natural ventilation in buildings, (a design handbook) 29
-E
ES

Designing NaturalVentilation Systems

Fig. 3 a,b
ID

Ventilation system : a) house b) apartment building

Designed natural ventilation can provide ventilation even when infiltration does not occur (zero air
permeability of building envelope);

Ventilation openings are usually manually controlled ventilating rates are within acceptable limits
for most time of the year;

In the case of cross ventilation the air volume flows mainly result from wind effects (wind pressures),
the vertical lifting forces (buoyancy) within the building being of less importance.

In the case of stack systems, the air volume flow result from the vertical lifting forces (buoyancy) within
the building
Source: HealthVent WP5 - Draft Report 2011_09_04 30

15
 5/13/2013

Design Recommendations
The specific approach and design of natural ventilation systems will vary
based on building type and local climate. However, the amount of
ventilation depends critically on the careful design of internal spaces, and
the size and placement of openings in the building.
Maximize wind-induced ventilation by siting the ridge of a building
perpendicular to the summer winds.

U
Naturally ventilated buildings should be narrow..
Each room should have two separate supply and exhaust openings. Locate
exhaust high above inlet to maximize stack effect. Orient windows across
the room and offset from each other to maximize mixing within the room

D
while minimizing the obstructions to airflow within the room.
Window openings should be operable by the occupants.

Source: Francis Allard, Natural ventilation in buildings, (a design handbook) 31

-E
ES

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS IN SYSTEM DESIGN

` Roof slope is important to good ventilation.
ID

` Obstructions protruding from the underside of the roof, such as deep purlins, can
trap moist air and increase metal corrosion and wood deterioration.

` Sidewall height can also affect natural ventilation. For instance, if walls are not
high enough, mechanical bunks can disrupt proper air flow through the building in
summer. Also, winter sun cannot penetrate open-front buildings adequately if wall
height is insufficient.

` Wall height becomes more important as building width increases, if enough

sidewall vent area is to be available for summer air flow.

Source: Francis Allard, Natural ventilation in buildings, (a design handbook) 32

16
 5/13/2013

References

Natural ventilation in buildings, (a design handbook) Francis Allard

HealthVent WP5 - Draft Report 2011_09_04

Francis Allard - Champs Seminar Nanjing 20-22/03/2011

U
D 33
-E
ES

Levels for the Figures

Level 1, bring best quality to the material: Get permission to the use the original picture.
Level 2, medium quality: Redraw the illustration
Level 3, poor quality: replace the illustration with a link or a reference to where to find the illustration.

Figure Level (1- 3)

Number
Fig 1 3
ID

a,b
Fig 2 3
a,b,c
Fig 3 3
a,b

34
34

17