Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Muneeb Yusufi
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 1 / 30
Overview
1 Manifolds
2 Morse Theory
3 Handles
5 Morse inequalities
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 2 / 30
Definitions:
Manifold
A topological space M is an n-dimensional manifold if it is paracompact
and there exists an open cover {U } , I on M such that for every
I , a homeomorphism to some V Rn exists.
Loosely manifolds are topological spaces that look locally like Euclidean
space Rn . Some Examples are as follows:
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 3 / 30
A little more precisely it is a space together with a way of identifying it
locally with a Euclidean space which is compatible on overlaps. To
formalize this we need the following notions.
Two charts (U1 , 1 ) and (U2 , 2 ) are called compatible if the overlap
maps are smooth.
f 1 : Rm Rn
Lemma
Every smooth map between Manifolds is continuous.
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 5 / 30
Critical Points and Critical Values
For a particular coordinate system (x 1 , x 2 , , x n ) centered around any
p M, p is called a critical point of f if:
f
x i
(p) = 0; 1 i n
Boundary of a manifold
Let H n Rn denote the upper half plane i.e.
H n = {(x 1 , x 2 , x n )|x n 0}
and we denote
H n = {(x 1 , x 2 , x n )|x n = 0}
Corollary
The degeneracy of a critical point p0 is independent of the choice of
coordinates
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 8 / 30
Morse Function
A smooth map f on a manifold M is called a Morse function if its every
critical point is non-degenerate
Lemma (Morse)
Let p0 be a non-degenerate critical point of a real valued, smooth function
f defined on the n-dim. manifold M. Then for a particular choice of
coordinate system (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) we have
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 9 / 30
Results Contd.
Corollary (Important)
A Morse function defined on a compact manifold has only finitely many
critical points.
Corollary
Non degenerate critical points are isolated.
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 10 / 30
Handles
Definition of a Handle
A handle of index k and dimension n is a manifold with boundary which is
diffeomorphic (bi-continuous bijective map) to B k XB nk in Rn , where B k
and B nk denote balls centered about the origin in Euclidean spaces Rk
and Rnk respectively.
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 11 / 30
Attaching Handles to Spaces
: Sk1 XB nk M (1)
M B k XB nk (2)
`
Finally, the quotient space obtained from (2) and the relation is the
original space with an attached handle of index k
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 12 / 30
A Pictorial Representation
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 13 / 30
Topology of the Manifold
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 14 / 30
Let f : M R be a smooth function. Then c R we define
Mc = {x M|f (x) c}
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 15 / 30
For a, b R ; a < b, we define the set M[a,b] as follows:
Theorem
If M[a,b] is compact and contains no critical point of f then Ma is
diffeomorphic to Mb .
Theorem
Suppose that M[a,b] is compact and contains exactly one non-degenerate
critical point of f . If the index of the critical point is k then Mb is obtained
from Ma by successively attaching a handle of index k and a collar.
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 16 / 30
Consider an example f = x 2 y 2 on R2 . The critical point is (0,0) and
the space extends on both sides of the origin. Consider the spaces above
and below the curves
Figure: The space Mb has the same homotopy type as Ma with the attached
handle H
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 17 / 30
Classical Example: Torus embedded in R 3
h(x, y , z) = z (x, y , z) T2
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 19 / 30
Step 3:Level sets of h
If c < 0 < f (p), then Mc is empty.
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 20 / 30
Figure: Shaded regions show the level sets corresponding to each critical value
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 21 / 30
Step 4: Building the Torus
We will build the torus by successively attaching handles to the disc
corresponding to each critical point
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 22 / 30
Step 4: Building the Torus contd.
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 23 / 30
Step 4: Building the Torus contd.
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 24 / 30
Morse Inequalities
So far we have seen that the critical points of a compact manifold are
finite. Can we say any thing about the bounds on the critical points of a
given Index.
The Morse Inequalities, which are actually how Morse first formulated his
version of critical point theory, provide bounds on the number of critical
points of a particular index
Betti Numbers
The Betti Number (M) is the rank of the th homology group of M.
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 25 / 30
Informally, the kth Betti number refers to the number of k-dimensional
holes on a topological surface. The first few Betti numbers have the
following definitions for 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, and 2-dimensional
simplicial complexes:
0 is the number of connected components
1 is the number of one-dimensional or circular holes
2 is the number of two-dimensional voids or cavities
Examples
S 2 has 0 = 2 = 1 and 1 = 0.
The Torus has 0 = 2 = 1 and 1 = 2.
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 26 / 30
Morse inequalities
Let C denote the number of critical points of f of index then:
C C1 + C0 1 + 0
Examples:
For S 2 our Morse Inequalities are:
C0 1 C1 C0 1 C2 C1 + C0 2
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 27 / 30
Examples Contd.
Now consider the case that we would like a particular Morse function on a
space. For simplicity lets consider S 2 once again.
Originally S 2 has 2 critical points the north and south pole of index 2
and zero respectively. Now say that we want a Morse function with a
critical point of index 1. Then by using the afore mentioned concepts we
can have two scenarios:
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 28 / 30
Figure: Using Morse Inequalities to construct Morse functions
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 29 / 30
The End
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Morse Theory April 18, 2017 30 / 30