Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz

University
College of Engineering
Department of Electrical
Engineering

EE 3261
communications laboratory

Report #4
AM Demodulation
Name ID
Fawzy A. Radwan 434051015
Mahmod M. Kodimy 43405100
Waseem M. Ramdan 434050996

Instructor name: Eng. Mohammed Ali Alqodah.

Objective:
To study the demodulation processes of AM signals .
Equipment:
Com3Lab -
 Introduction
Demodulation is the act of extracting the original information-bearing signal from a
modulated carrier wave. A demodulator is an electronic circuit (or computer program
in a software-defined radio) that is used to recover the information content from the
modulated carrier wave[1] The demodulator takes the digital data and, using the
staircase maker and the delay unit, creates the analog signal. The created analog
signal, however, needs to pass through a low-pass filter for smoothing

These terms are traditionally used in connection with radio receivers, but many other
systems use many kinds of demodulators. Another common one is in a modem,
which is a contraction of the terms modulator/demodulator.

Techniques:
There are several ways of demodulation depending on how parameters of the base-band signal
are transmitted in the carrier signal, such as amplitude, frequency or phase. For example, for a
signal modulated with a linear modulation, like AM (amplitude modulation), we can use a
synchronous detector. On the other hand, for a signal modulated with an angular modulation, we
must use an FM (frequency modulation) demodulator or a PM (phase modulation) demodulator.
Different kinds of circuits perform these functions.

Many techniquessuch as carrier recovery, clock recovery, bit slip, frame synchronization, rake
receiver, pulse compression, Received Signal Strength Indication, error detection and correction,
etc., are only performed by demodulators, although any specific demodulator may perform only
some or none of these techniques.

Many things can act as a demodulator, if they pass the radio waves on nonlinearly: for example,
near a powerful radio station, it has been known for the metal sides of a van to demodulate the
radio signal as sound.

Amplitude modulation:
An AM signal encodes the information onto the carrier wave by varying its amplitude in direct
sympathy with the analogue signal to be sent. There are two methods used to demodulate AM
signals.
The envelope detector is a very simple method of demodulation. It consists of a rectifier
(anything that will pass current in one direction only) or other non-linear that enhances on half of
the received signal over the other, and a low-pass filter. The rectifier may be in the form of a
single diode, or may be more complex. Many natural substances exhibit this rectification
behaviour, which is why it was the earliest modulation and demodulation technique used in radio.
The filter is usually a RC low-pass type, but the filter function can sometimes be achieved by
relying on the limited frequency response of the circuitry following the rectifier. The crystal set
exploits the simplicity of AM modulation to produce a receiver with very few parts, using the
crystal as the rectifier, and the limited frequency response of the headphones as the filter.

The product detector multiplies the incoming signal by the signal of a local oscillator with the
same frequency and phase as the carrier of the incoming signal. After filtering, the original audio
signal will result. This method will decode both AM and SSB, although if the phase cannot be
determined a more complex setup is required.

An AM signal can be rectified without requiring a coherent demodulator. For example, the signal
can be passed through an envelope detector (a diode rectifier and a low-pass filter). The output
will follow the same curve as the input baseband signal. There are forms of AM in which the
carrier is reduced or suppressed entirely, which require coherent demodulation. For further
reading, see sideband.

The Synchronous demodulator : If you multiply the DSB-modulated signal uAM with
the carrier again in the receiver, you obtain the original baseband as well as the
sidebands either side of the frequency 2fC, twice that of the carrier. By using low-pass
filtering you then recover the wanted signal uM from this. Essential for correct
demodulation is having the correct phase, i.e. synchronous carrier feed
.

PROCEDURE:

Using free lab:

1. Using envelope detector :

Connection
 Result:

S(t)

After the diode

 Receved signal

1. Using synchronous detector :

Connection

S(t)
 AFTER C(T)

Receiving signal

Conclusion
We have recovered the original message m(t) by two way :
1. Envelop detector and thats done by recovering the message
by envelop detector then by pass it through low pass filter
and thats yield to extract the envelop of carrier signal which
represent the message signal.
2. By using synchronous detector and multiply the signal s(t) by
the same frequency of carrier the low pass filter