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Presente Simple
Uso: normalmente se utiliza para hablar de acciones habituales, pero en ocasiones

puede tener sentido de futuro.
Afirmativa
I work
You work
He / she / it works
We work
You work
They work
He/she/it:
1. Slo la tercera persona del singular (he/she/it) es diferente de las dems, ya que
se le aade -s.
2. Existen verbos a los que se aade -es en lugar de -s:
- do does; go goes
- verbos que terminan en:
-s pass passes
-ch watch watches
-sh wash washes
-x mix mixes
-z buzz buzzes
3. La terminacin es ies cuando un verbo acaba en consonante + y. La y se

convierte en i y se aade -es:
- study studies
- carry carries
Negacin
forma completa forma contrada
I do not work I dont work

You do not work You dont work
He / she / it does not work He / she /it doesnt work
We do not work We dont work
You do not work You dont work
They do not work They dont work
Interrogacin
respuesta breve + respuesta breve -
Do I work? Yes, I do No, I dont

Do you work? Yes, you do No, you dont
Does he / she / it work? Yes, he / she / it does. No, he / she / it doesnt
Do we work? Yes, we do No, we dont
Do you work? Yes, you do No, you dont
Do they work? Yes, they do No, they dont
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Presente simple 2 (presente histrico, futuro)
Adems de para expresar acciones cotidianas o verdades universales, el presente simple se

utiliza tambin en otros casos:
Presente simple con valor de futuro.
Utilizamos el presente simple para hablar de hechos futuros que dependen de algn horario o
programa, pero no para hablar de planes personales o predicciones. Tambin es posible utilizar el
futuro con will en estos casos.
Ejemplos:
- The train to Norfolk leaves from platform 7 in 10 minutes.

- The next conference takes place in the other building.
- They arrive before lunch tomorrow and catch the last bus.
Presente histrico.
El presente simple se puede utilizar para hablar de hechos pasados. En estos casos, el presente
confiere una sensacin de realidad y cercana a los hechos narrados.
Ejemplos:
- Christopher Columbus discovers America by mistake in 1492.

- She was very late and then she tells me she must leave early because she has to work the
next day.

Verbo to be Presente Simple
To be = ser o estar.
La forma completa y la contrada son igualmente correctas, aunque la contrada es

algo ms informal.
Afirmativa
I am Im
You are youre
He / she / it is hes / shes / its
We are were
You are youre
They are theyre
Negacin (sujeto + verbo + not)
I am not Im not
You are not you arent
He / she / it is not he / she / it isnt
We are not we arent

You are not you arent
They are not they arent
Interrogacin (verbo + sujeto)
respuesta breve + respuesta breve
Am I ...? Yes, I am No, Im not

Are you...? Yes, you are No, you arent
Is he / she / it ....? Yes, he/she/it is No, he/she/it isnt
Are we...? Yes, we are No, we arent

Are you....? Yes, you are No, you arent
Are they....? Yes, they are No, they arent
Ejemplos: Are you a student? Yes, I am.

Is she your friend? Yes, she is.
Are they your classmates? No, they arent.

To have (got)
Have (got) significa tener.
Have got es algo ms comn que have.
Afirmativa Ejemplos:
I have got Ive got Ive got lots of books.

You have got youve got Shes got a brown dog.
He / she / it has got he / she / its got They havent got friends
We have got weve got Have you got a pen?
You have got youve got Yes, I have.
They have got theyve got
Negacin
I have not got I havent got

You have not got you havent got
He / she / it has not got he / she /it hasnt got
We have not got we havent got
You have not got you havent got
They have not got they havent got
Interrogacin
Have I got...? Yes, I have No, I havent

Have you got...? Yes, you have No, you havent
Has he / she / it got...? Yes, he / she / it has No, he / she / it hasnt
have we got...? Yes, we have No, we havent
Have you got...? Yes, you have No, you havent
Have they got...? Yes, they have No, they havent
Have.
Afirmativa Negacin
I have I do not have I dont have

You have you do not have you dont have
He / she / it has he / she / it does not have he / she / it doesnt have
We have do not have we dont have
You have do not have you dont have
They have do not have they dont have
Interrogacin
Do I have...? Yes, I do No, I dont

Do you have...? Yes, you do No, you dont
Does he / she / it have...? Yes, he / she / it does. No, he / she / it doesnt
Do we have...? Yes, we do No, we dont
Do you have...? Yes, you do No, you dont
Do they have...? Yes, they do No, they dont

Presente Continuo
Uso: se utiliza normalmente para hablar de acciones que estn ocurriendo en el

momento en el que se habla. En espaol suele equivaler a estar + gerundio.
Afirmativa
I am working Im working
You are working youre working
He / she / it is working he / she / its working
We are working were working

You are working youre working
They are working theyre working
Negacin
I am not working Im not working

You are not working you arent working
He / she / it is not working he / she /it isnt working
We are not working we arent working

You are not working you arent working
They are not working they arent working
Interrogacin
Am I working? Yes, I am No, Im not

Are you working? Yes, you are No, you arent
Is he / she / it working? Yes, he / she / it is. No, he / she / it isnt
Are we working? Yes, we are No, we arent

Are you working? Yes, you are No, you arent
Are they working? Yes, they are No, they arent
Reglas ortogrficas de los verbos acabados en ing:

- Los verbos que acaban en una sola e pierden esta vocal y aaden ing:
write writing have having come coming
- Los verbos de una slaba acabados en vocal + consonante duplican la
consonante y aaden ing (excepto en el caso de w y y):
put putting stop stopping shop shopping

Presente Simple vs. Presente Continuo
El presente simple se utiliza para hablar de cosas que ocurren habitualmente o en

general:
- James studies German at university.

- My parents live in the south
- Jane works in Italy every summer.
- My friends have a car.
- Water boils at 100 Celsius degrees.
- Sharks are dangerous animals.
El presente continuo, en cambio, se utiliza para hablar de cosas que estn ocurriendo
en el momento en el que se habla:
- Mary is playing the guitar now.

- Take an umbrella. Its raining.
- Lets go to the park! The sun is shinning.
- They are working in the garage at the moment.
Im playing the guitar

pasado ahora futuro
Las oraciones en presente continuo a menudo van acompaadas de expresiones que

indican que la accin se est realizando en ese momento:
Now right now at the moment at present
Existen verbos que slo pueden utilizarse en presente simple:

like depend remember believe
dislike know forget prefer
love mean want
hate understand need
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Presente continuo con valor de futuro
Uso: El presente continuo tambin se utiliza para referirnos a acciones futuras. Pero slo
cuando hablamos de actividades ya planeadas y que se realizarn casi con total
seguridad.
Ejemplos:
- Im going to the cinema tonight. Are you coming?

- Theyre leaving at 5 oclock.
- The conference is taking place next Tuesday.
- Im travelling to Tokyo tomorrow.
Diferencia entre presente continuo y to be going to: Aunque ambos se utilizan para
referirnos a acciones futuras ya planeadas, existe una pequea diferencia.
El presente continuo se utiliza para expresar actividades que se realizarn casi con total
seguridad porque ya se han planeado, mientras que to be going to no implica tanta certeza,
sino ms bien una intencin.
Ejemplos:
- I think Im going to start looking for another job. (intencin, no un plan definido)
- The film is starting in one hour. (segn un horario fijo)
- Shes coming for dinner tonight. (ya se ha planeado antes y es algo seguro)
- Were going to start learning Italian. (intencin)

Pasado Simple
Uso: el pasado simple se utiliza normalmente para referirnos a hechos que sucedieron en
un momento concreto del pasado
Existen verbos regulares, a los que se aade ed en el pasado, como work (worked en
pasado) y otros irregulares, que es necesario aprender, como go (went en pasado).
Afirmativa
Verbos regulares (work)
I worked Ortografa de las formas de pasado regulares

You worked - verbos acabados en consonante + y ied:
He / she / it worked study studied
carry carried
We worked - verbos monosilbicos acabados en vocal +
You worked consonante duplican la consonante (excepto
They worked y o w)
stop stopped
shop shopped
Pronunciacin de la terminacin -ed de pasado
Se puede pronunciar como /t/, /d/ o /id/, dependiendo del sonido en el que acabe el infinitivo:
/t/ watched, stopped, shopped, washed, worked (cuando el verbo acaba en sonido sordo)
/d/ lived, arrived, opened, called, changed (cuando el verbo acaba en sonido sonoro)
/id/ started, painted, mended, needed (solamente cuando el verbo acaba en sonido /t/ o
/d/).
Verbos irregulares (go)
I went
You went
He / she / it went
We went
You went
They went
Para ver Lista de verbos irregulares haz clic aqu.

Negacin
I did not work I didnt work

You did not work You didnt work
He / she / it did not work He / she / it didnt work
We did not work We didnt work

You did not work You didnt work
They did not work They didnt work
I did not go I didnt go

You did not go You didnt go
He / she / it did not go He / she / it didnt go
We did not go We didnt go

You did not go You didnt go
They did not go They didnt go
Interrogacin

Did I work? Yes, I did No, I didnt

Did you work? Yes, you did No, you didnt
Did he/she/it work? Yes, he/she/it did No, he/she/it didnt
Did we work? Yes, we did No, we didnt

Did you work? Yes, you did No, you didnt
Did they work? Yes, they did No, they didnt

Did I go? Yes, I did No, I didnt

Did you go? Yes, you did No, you didnt
Did he/she/it go? Yes, he/she/it did No, he/she/it didnt
Did we go? Yes, we did No, we didnt

Did you go? Yes, you did No, you didnt
Did they go? Yes, they did No, they didnt

Verbo to be Pasado Simple
To be = ser o estar.
Afirmativa
I was
You were
He/she/it was
We were
You were
They were
Negacin (sujeto + verbo + not)
I was not I wasnt

You were not you werent
He/she/it was not he/she/it wasnt
We were not we werent

You were not you werent
They were not they werent
Interrogacin (verbo + sujeto)
respuesta breve + respuesta breve
Was I ...? Yes, I was No, I wasnt

Were you...? Yes, you were No, you werent
Was he/she/it ....? Yes, he/she/it was No, he/she/it wasnt
Were we...? Yes, we were No, we werent

Were you....? Yes, you were No, you werent
Were they....? Yes, they were No, they werent
Ejemplos: Were you a student? Yes, I was.

Was she your friend? Yes, she was.
Were they your classmates? No, they werent.

Irregular verbs
infinitive past simple past participle meaning

arise arose arisen levantarse; surgir
awake awoke awoken despertarse
be was/were been ser, estar
bear bore born soportar; llevar
beat beat beaten golpear; vencer
become became become llegar a ser;convertirse
begin began begun empezar
bend bent bent doblar, flexionar
bet bet bet apostar
bind bound bound vendar; encuadernar
bite bit bitten morder
bleed bled bled sangrar
blow blew blown soplar
break broke broken romper
bring brought brought traer; llevar
broadcast broadcast broadcast emitir
build built built construir
buy bought bought comprar
cast cast cast echar, arrojar
catch caught caught coger, atrapar
choose chose chosen elegir
cling clung clung aferrarse, agarrarse
come came come venir
cost cost cost costar
creep crept crept deslizarse; trepar
cut cut cut cortar
deal dealt dealt tratar
dig dug dug cavar, excavar
do did done hacer
draw drew drawn dibujar
dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt /dreamed soar
drink drank drunk beber
drive drove driven conducir
dwell dwelt/dwelled dwelt/dwelled morar
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eat ate eaten comer

fall fell fallen caer
feed fed fed alimentar
feel felt felt sentir
fight fought fought luchar
find found found encontrar
fit fit/fitted fit/fitted encajar, ajustar
flee fled fled huir
fling flung flung arrojar
fly flew flown volar
forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
forecast forecast forecast prever, predecir
forget forgot forgotten olvidar
freeze froze frozen congelar(se)
get got got obtener
give gave given dar
go went gone ir
grow grew grown crecer; cultivar
hang hung/hanged hung/hanged colgar
have had had tener
hear heard heard oir
hide hid hidden ocultar(se)
hit hit hit golpear
hold held held sostener, coger
hurt hurt hurt herir
keep kept kept guardar; quedarse
kneel knelt/kneeld knelt/kneeled arrodillarse
knit knit/knitted knit/knitted tejer, hacer punto
know knew known saber, conocer
lay laid laid colocar, poner
lead led led guiar, llevar
lean leant/leaned leant/leaned apoyar(se)
leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped saltar
learn learnt/learned learnt/learned aprender
leave left left dejar; salir
lend lent lent prestar
let let let dejar, permitir

lie lay lain estar tumbado

light lit lit encender
lose lost lost perder
make made made hacer, fabricar
mean meant meant significar
meet met met encontrarse; conocer
mow mowed mown/mowed cortar, segar
pay paid paid pagar
prove proved proven/proved probar, demostrar
put put put poner
quit quit quit dejar
read read /red/ read /red/ leer
ride rode ridden montar, cabalgar
ring rang rung sonar/tocar timbre/telfono
rise rose risen levantarse

run ran run correr
saw sawed sawn/sawed serrar
say said said decir
see saw seen ver
seek sought sought buscar
sell sold sold vender
send sent sent enviar
set set set poner
sew sewd sewn/sewed coser
shake shook shaken agitar
shear sheared shorn/sheared esquilar
shed shed shed verter, derramar
shine shone shone brillar
shoot shot shot disparar; filmar
show showed shown mostrar
shrink shrank shrunk encoger(se)
shut shut shut cerrar
sing sang sung cantar
sink sank sunk hundir(se)
sit sat sat sentarse
sleep slept slept dormir
slide slid slid resbalarse

sling slung slung tirar, arrojar

smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled oler
sow sowed sown/sowed sembrar
speak spoke spoken hablar
speed sped/speeded sped/speeded conducir a mucha velocidad
spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled deletrear

spend spent spent gastar; pasar tiempo
spin spun/span spun girar
spit spit/spat spit/spat escupir
spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled derramar
split split split dividir
spoil spoilt spoilt estropear
spread spread spread extender; untar
spring sprang sprung brotar, nacer
stand stood stood estar de pie
steal stole stolen robar
stick stuck stuck pegar; encajarse
stink stank stunk apestar
strike struck struck golpear
sting stung stung picar (insecto)
strive strove striven esforzarse, luchar
swear swore sworn jurar
sweep swept swept barrer
swell swelled swollen/swelled hinchar(se)
swim swam swum nadar
swing swung swung balancear
take took taken coger
teach taught taught ensear
tear tore torn rasgar
tell told told decir
think thought thought pensar
throw threw thrown lanzar
thrust thrust thrust empujar
tread trod trodden pisar
understand understood understood comprender
wake woke woken despertar(se)
wear wore worn llevar puesto

weave wove woven/weaved tejer

weep wept wept llorar
wet wet/wetted wet/wetted mojar
win won won ganar
wind wound wound enrollar; dar cuerda
wring wrung wrung torcer, retorcer
write wrote written escribir

Pasado Continuo
Uso: se utiliza para hablar de acciones que ocurrieron durante un tiempo en el

pasado. En espaol equivale normalmente a estaba + gerundio.
Afirmativa
I was working
You were working
He / she / it was working
We were working
You were working
They were working
Negacin
I was not working I wasnt working

You were not working you werent working
He / she / it was not working he / she /it wasnt working
We were not working we werent working

You were not working you werent working
They were not working they werent working
Interrogacin
Was I working? Yes, I was No, I wasnt

Were you working? Yes, you were No, you werent
Was he / she / it working? Yes, he / she / it was. No, he / she / it wasnt
Were we working? Yes, we were No, we werent

Were you working? Yes, you were No, you werent
Were they working? Yes, they were No, they werent
Reglas ortogrficas de los verbos acabados en ing:

- Los verbos que acaban en una sola e pierden esta vocal y aaden ing:
write writing have having come coming
- Los verbos de una slaba acabados en vocal + consonante duplican la
consonante y aaden ing (excepto en el caso de w y y):
put putting stop stopping shop shopping

Pasado simple vs. Pasado continuo
El pasado simple se suele utilizar para referirnos a situaciones o acciones completas del
pasado o a situaciones permanentes o de larga duracin, tambin en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
- I lived in Rome till I was 10.

- She bought chocolates because she thought you liked them.
El pasado continuo, sin embargo, se refiere a situaciones o eventos temporales de un

momento del pasado. Muchas veces se utiliza el pasado continuo para describir una situacin
durante la cual se produjo otro evento (en pasado simple) que la interrumpi o se produjo
paralelamente.
The phone rang

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We were watching television
Ejemplos:
-She arrived when we were having dinner.

-Tom was having a shower when someone knocked at the door.
-The neighbour felt ill while he was working in the garden.
Cuando hablamos de situaciones o eventos simultneos en el pasado, puede utilizarse el

pasado simple o el pasado continuo:
Ejemplos:
-They went on holiday while their son was at university.

-Jill was making dinner while he was laying the table.

Presente Perfecto
As se forma el presente perfecto en su forma afirmativa:
Sujeto + have/has + participio de un verbo
Al igual que en la forma de pasado, los verbos regulares aaden ed en el participio. En el

caso de los irregulares, es necesario saberlo. (Ver Lista de verbos irregulares).
Afirmativa
forma completa forma contraida
I have worked Ive worked

You have worked youve worked
He / she / it has worked he/she/its worked
We have worked weve worked

You have worked youve worked
They have worked theyve worked
Negacin
I have not work ed I havent worked

You have not work ed You havent worked
He / she / it has not worked He / she / it hasnt worked
We have not worked We havent worked

You have not worked You havent worked
They have not worked They havent worked
Interrogacin
Have I worked? Yes, I have No, I havent

Have you worked? Yes, you have No, you havent
Has he/she/it worked? Yes, he/she/it has No, he/she/it hasnt
Have we worked? Yes, we have No, we havent

Have you worked? Yes, you have No, you havent
Have they worked? Yes, they have No, they havent

Uso del Presente Perfecto:
1. Para expresar una accin o estado que comenz en el pasado y an contina.
- I have lived in Brussels for 3 years = Llevo viviendo en Bruselas 3 aos (An vivo all)
- She has studied English since last year = Lleva estudiando ingls desde el ao pasado
(An est estudindolo)
-------------I have worked since 2000 -------------

pasado presente futuro
2. Para expresar un hecho que ocurri en algn momento indeterminado del pasado.
- I have read that book. (no se especifica cuando)

- She has been to Paris.
She has been there

?????????????????????????????????????
3. Para expresar una accin ya concluida, pero que afecta de alguna manera al presente.
- Ive lost my keys and I cant go out now.

- Its rained a lot. Are you wet?
Ive lost my keys .............................................

NOTA: Al contrario que en espaol, el presente perfecto no se utiliza para hablar de algo
ocurrido en el pasado reciente. En esos casos se usa el pasado simple:
- He desayunado a las diez (hoy) I had breakfast at 10.

- Ha llegado esta tarde He arrived this afternoon.
- Qu has hecho por la maana? What did you do this morning?

Presente perfecto 2 (for, since, ago)
For siempre va seguido de un periodo de tiempo y puede traducirse como durante. Puede
acompaar al presente perfecto y al pasado simple.
Ejemplos:
- I have studied English for four years.

- Shes lived here for ages. (= for a very long time)
- Weve been on holiday for two weeks.
- We were friends for more than 10 years.
Since va seguido de una expresin de tiempo concreta, como un da, un ao, una estacin, o
un hecho concreto. Se traduce como desde. Acompaa al presente perfecto, aunque puede ir
seguido de una oracin en pasado simple.
Ejemplos:
- Shes lived with her father since she was 10.

- They have known each other since 1990.
- Peters worked there since last April.
- Hes had that car since last autumn.
Ago se traduce como hace... Acompaa slo al pasado simple y va precedido de un periodo
de tiempo.
Ejemplos:
- I went to France two years ago.

- She met him at school 10 years ago.
- Phil went shopping two weeks ago.
- My friends did a yoga course a couple of months ago.

Pasado simple vs. Presente perfecto
Uno de los aspectos gramticales del ingls ms conflictivos para los hablantes de espaol es
el uso del pasado simple y el presente perfecto. De hecho, en este punto el ingls se
diferencia bastante del espaol. Por ello, observa atentamente los siguientes pares de
ejemplos:
1. Acciones que comenzaron en el pasado:
- I have lived in Brussels for 3 years = Llevo viviendo en Bruselas 3 aos (An vivo all)
- I lived in Brussels for 3 years = Viv en Bruselas durante tres aos. (Ya no vivo all)
2. Acciones acabadas que tuvieron lugar en algn momento del pasado:
- I have read that book. (No se especifica cuando, quiz porque no es relevante o se
desconoce)
- I read that book two summers ago. (Se especifica cuando)
3. Acciones que han tenido lugar en un pasado reciente.
- Ive lost my keys and I cant go out now. (La accin pasada tiene una relacin directa con el
presente)
- I had cereals and orange juice for breakfast this morning. (La accin no tiene ninguna
repercusin en el presente, aunque haya ocurrido en el mismo da en el que se habla).

Presente Perfecto Continuo
Sujeto + have/has + been + verbo principal acabado en -ing
Afirmativa
I have been working Ive been working

You have been working youve been working
He / she / it has been working he/she/its been working
We have been working weve been working
You have been working youve been working
They have been working theyve been working
Negacin
I have not been working I havent been working

You have not been working You havent been working
He / she / it has not been working He / she / it hasnt been working
We have not been working We havent been working
You have not been working You havent been working
They have not been working They havent been working
Interrogacin
Have I been working? Yes, I have No, I havent

Have you been working? Yes, you have No, you havent
Has he/she/it been working? Yes, he/she/it has No, he/she/it hasnt
Have we been working? Yes, we have No, we havent
Have you been working? Yes, you have No, you havent
Have they been working? Yes, they have No, they havent
El presente perfecto contnuo se utiliza para expresar acciones o situaciones que se han
producido durante un tiempo y han finalizado hace muy poco o an continan. A menudo se
acompaa de una expresin de tiempo con since o for, por ejemplo.
- Ive been trying to talk to him for weeks.

- Shes been studying French since she was 15, but she still cant speak fluently.
- Hes been living in Rome for five months now.
Tambin se utiliza frecuentemente en preguntas que comienzan con How long...?
- How long have you been waiting for the bus?

- How long has she been trying to find a job?
- How long have they been living there?

Pasado Perfecto
As se forma el pasado perfecto en su forma afirmativa:
Sujeto + had + participio de un verbo
Al igual que en la forma de pasado, los verbos regulares aaden ed en el participio. En el caso
de los irregulares, es necesario saberlo. (Ver Lista de verbos irregulares).
Afirmativa
I had worked Id worked

You had worked youd worked
He / she / it had worked he/she/itd worked
We had worked wed worked

You had worked youd worked
They had worked theyd worked
Negacin
I had worked I hadnt worked

You had worked You hadnt worked
He / she / it had not worked He / she / it hadnt worked
We had not worked We hadnt worked

You had not worked You hadnt worked
They had not worked They hadnt worked
Interrogacin
Had I worked? Yes, I had No, I hadnt

Had you worked? Yes, you had No, you hadnt
Had he/she/it worked? Yes, he/she/it had No, he/she/it hadnt
Had we worked? Yes, we had No, we hadnt

Had you worked? Yes, you had No, you hadnt
Had they worked? Yes, they had No, they hadnt

Uso del Pasado Perfecto:
Este tiempo se utiliza para referirnos a un hecho pasado que tuvo lugar antes que otra accin
tambin pasada o antes de algn momento concreto del pasado:
- When he arrived, the film had finished. 1 accin: the film had finished.
2 accin: he arrived.
- She found out that the he hadnt gone to school.

- She said she had been at home that morning.
Pasado perfecto con already y just.
- I had already had dinner when he phoned. (Ya haba cenado cuando l llam)
- She told me to buy some bread when I had just come back from the supermarket.
(Me pidi que comprara pan cuando yo acababa de volver del supermercado)

Pasado Perfecto Continuo
As se forma el pasado perfecto continuo en su forma afirmativa:
Sujeto + had + been + verbo principal acabado en -ing
Afirmativa
I had been working Id been working

You had been working youd been working
He / she / it had been working he/she/itd been working
We had been working wed been working
You had been working youd been working
They had been working theyd been working
Negacin
I had not been working I hadnt been working

You had not been working You hadnt been working
He / she / it had not been working He / she / it hadnt been working
We had not been working We hadnt been working
You had not been working You hadnt been working
They had not been working They hadnt been working
Interrogacin
Had I been working? Yes, I had No, I hadnt

Had you been working? Yes, you had No, you hadnt
Had he/she/it been working? Yes, he/she/it had No, he/she/it hadnt
Had we been working? Yes, we had No, we hadnt
Had you been working? Yes, you had No, you hadnt
Had they been working? Yes, they had No, they hadnt
- El pasado perfecto contnuo se utiliza para expresar acciones o situaciones que se

produjeron durante cierto tiempo en el pasado y finalizaron en un momento concreto
tambin del pasado, o poco antes de ese momento:
- Jim had been watching TV all evening when she phoned.

- I had been doing some work before going to bed.
- They had been trying to save for the summer holidays.
- Her parents had been trying to persuade her for weeks but she didnt listen to them.
- El pasado perfecto continuo enfatiza la duracin de una accin o situacin, mientras que
el pasado perfecto se refiere ms a la finalizacin de una actividad o sus efectos:
- She had been phoning for hours but she hadnt got any answer.

Futuro Simple
Afirmativa
I will work Ill work

You will work youll work
He / she / it will work he / she / itll work
We will work well work

You will work youll work
They will work theyll work
Negacin
I will not work I wont work

You will not work you wont work
He / she / it will not work he / she /it wont work
We will not work we wont work

You will not work you wont work
They will not work they wont work
Interrogacin
Will I work? Yes, I will No, I wont

Will you work Yes, you will No, you wont
Will he / she / it work? Yes, he / she / it will No, he / she / it wont
Will we work? Yes, we will No, we wont

Will you work? Yes, you will No, you wont
Will they work? Yes, they will No, they wont
Shall: con I y we se puede utilizar shall en lugar de will, pero su uso es menos
comn:
- I will go to work in five minutes = I shall go to work in five minutes.

- We will buy vegetables this afternoon = We shall buy vegetables this afternoon.

To be going to vs. futuro simple (will)
Planes futuros
1. To be going to + infinitivo se utiliza para expresar acciones futuras ya planeadas

(excepto las que forman parte de un horario o programa):
- Im going to buy a new car next week.

- They re going to move house.
- Shes going to have a baby.
- Were going to get married next summer.
- Lindas going to learn Italian.
2. El futuro simple (will), sin embargo, se usa cuando tomamos la decisin de hacer algo
en el momento de hablar, sin haber hecho ningn plan previo:
- The phone is ringing. Ill get it.

- Ill take my umbrella because its very cloudy.
- Ill have a cup of tea.
- Well go for a walk if you want.
Tambin se utiliza cuando se habla de acciones que forman parte de un horario o programa:
- The train to Liverpool will leave from platform 11.

- The conference will start in half an hour.
Predicciones
1. To be going to + infinitivo se utiliza tambin para hacer predicciones cuando tenemos

algn indicio para hacerlas:
- Therere very dark clouds. I think its going to rain very soon.
- She didnt study for the exam. Shes going to fail.
- Weve missed the bus, so were going to be late.
2. El futuro simple (will) se utiliza para hacer predicciones, pero cuando no hay indicios
de ellas, sino que son fruto de la opinin del hablante:
- Buy her that book. Shell like it a lot.

- I think England will lose.
- Itll be cold tonight.

Futuro Continuo
As se forma el futuro continuo en su forma afirmativa:
Sujeto + will + be + verbo principal en su forma -ing
Afirmativa
I will be working Ill be working

You will be working youll be working
He / she / it will be working he / she / itll be working
We will be working well be working

You will be working youll be working
They will be working theyll be working
Negacin
I will not be working I wont be working

You will not be working you wont be working
He / she / it will not be working he / she /it wont be working
We will not be working we wont be working

You will not be working you wont be working
They will not be working they wont be working
Interrogacin
Will I be working? Yes, I will No, I wont

Will you be working Yes, you will No, you wont
Will he / she / it be working? Yes, he / she / it will No, he / she / it wont
Will we be working? Yes, we will No, we wont

Will you be working? Yes, you will No, you wont
Will they be working? Yes, they will No, they wont
- El futuro continuo se utiliza para referirnos a acciones que ocurrirn en un momento

concreto del futuro o durante cierto tiempo en el futuro. A veces se trata de acciones ya
planeadas. Se suele mencionar el complemento circunstancial de tiempo (tomorrow, next
time, etc.).
- Ill be wearing a suit at work every day.

- Shell be leaving tomorrow morning at 9.
- Martha will be renting her flat next year.
Futuro Perfecto
Uso: se utiliza para expresar que algo ya habr sucedido o se habr completado en cierto
momento futuro:
Ejemplos:
- Ill have finished my exams by 20th June. (Ya habr terminado los exmenes el 20 de junio)
- Shell have paid her mortgage when she is 55. (Habr terminado de pagar cuando tenga 55)
- Ill have done the shopping by the time you get home. (Habr hecho la compra antes de que
llegues)
Afirmativa
I will have worked Ill have worked

You will have worked youll have worked
He / she / it will have worked he / she / itll have worked
We will have worked well have worked

You will have worked youll have worked
They will have worked theyll have worked
Negacin
I will not have worked I wont have worked

You will not have worked you wont have worked
He / she / it will not have worked he / she /it wont have worked
We will not have worked we wont have worked

You will not have worked you wont have worked
They will not have worked they wont have worked
Interrogacin
Will I have worked? Yes, I will No, I wont

Will you have worked? Yes, you will No, you wont
Will he / she / it have worked? Yes, he / she / it will No, he / she / it wont
Will we have worked? Yes, we will No, we wont

Will you have worked? Yes, you will No, you wont
Will they have worked? Yes, they will No, they wont

Futuro Perfecto Continuo
Sujeto + will + have + been + verbo principal acabado en -ing
Afirmativa
I will have been working Ill have been working

You will have been working youll have been working
He / she / it will have been working he/she/itll have been working
We will have been working well have been working
You will have been working youll have been working
They will have been working theyll have been working
Negacin
I will not have been working I wont have been working

You will not have been working You wont have been working
He / she / it will not have been working He / she / it wont have been working
We will not have been working We wont have been working
You will not have been working You wont have been working
They will not have been working They wont have been working
Interrogacin
Will I have been working? Yes, I will No, I wont

Will you have been working? Yes, you will No, you wont
Will he/she/it have been working? Yes, he/she/it will No, he/she/it wont
Will we have been working? Yes, we will No, we wont
Will you have been working? Yes, you will No, you wont
Will they have been working? Yes, they will No, they wont
- El futuro perfecto continuo se utiliza para expresar cuanto tiempo habr durado una accin
o situacin cuando llegue cierto momento. Es necesario mencionar la duracin de dicha
accin (one year, two days...) y el momento futuro que se toma como referencia (next
summer, tomorrow...)
- Next year well have been living in this house for 2 years.
- Hell have been travelling around the world for one month on Monday.

Adjetivos posesivos
Los adjetivos posesivos siempre acompaan a un sustantivo.
pronombres personales adjetivos posesivos
I my
You your
He his
She her
It its
We our
You your
They their
Ejemplos:
- My book is in the cupboard.

- Her hair is very nice.
- That is my red bag.
- They cant find their money.
- Your house is beautiful.
- Do you know our sister?
- His teacher isnt very good.
- The dog has a little house. Its house is red and yellow.

Adverbios de frecuencia
Estos adverbios pueden utilizarse para responder a preguntas que comienzan con How
often? o How frequently?. Estos son los adverbios de frecuencia ordenados de mayor a
menor frecuencia.
100% always siempre

usually /normally normalmente
often a menudo
50% sometimes a veces
occasionally ocasionalmente
rarely rara vez, pocas veces
seldom rara vez
hardly ever casi nunca
0% never nunca
Los adverbios de frecuencia se situan delante del verbo, excepto en el caso del verbo to be.
- I always get up at 9 on weekdays.

- They hardly ever go out at night.
- My parents often go bowling.
pero
- Shes always worried about something.

- They were never very good at maths.
Cuando el tiempo verbal es compuesto el adverbio de frecuencia se situa entre el auxiliar y

el verbo principal.
- Ive never seen anything like that.

- She had always told him that story.
Occasionally, sometimes, often, frequently y usually tambin puede situarse al principio o

final de la oracin.
- Occasionally he goes for a walk in the forest.

- They eat Chinese food sometimes.
Rarely y seldom tambin pueden aparecer al final de una oracin (a menudo con very).
- Bill goes on holiday very seldom.

- They eat vegetables rarely.

Adjectivos comparativos y de igualdad
Igualdad
Para expresar que una cosa es igual que otra utilizamos esta construccin:
as + adjetivo + as
Ejemplos:
- My car is as good as yours.

- That dress is as expensive as the other.
- Her house is as big as mine.
Y para decir que algo no es igual que otra cosa:
not as / not so + adjetivo + as
Ejemplos:
- Her job isnt so good as his. / Her job isnt as good as his.
- Today the weather isnt so nice as yesterday. / Today the weather isnt as nice as
yesterday.
Adjetivos comparativos
1. Para expresar que una cosa es ms ..... que otra se utilizan estas formas del
adjetivo:
adjetivos de una slaba + er adjetivos de 2 slabas acabados en y + er
short shorter easy easier

tall taller happy happier
fast faster heavy heavier
slow slower
big bigger
hot hotter
Observa que los adjetivos de una slaba que acaban en vocal + consonante duplican
la consonante cuando se les aade -er.
Ejemplos:
- Paul is shorter than John.
- Planes are faster than cars.
- Exercise number 4 is easier than number 2.

more + adjetivos de ms de una slaba
beatiful more beautiful

expensive more expensive
interesting more interesting
modern more modern
Ejemplos:
- That house is more beautiful than that one.
- Gabriel is more intelligent than his brother.
- This book is more interesting than this one.
adjetivos irregulares
good better
bad worse
far farther / further
much / many more
Ejemplos:
- The blue skirt is better than the red one.
- The village is further than the mountain.
- Ive got more chocolates than you.
2. Para expresar que una cosa es menos ..... que otra:

less + adjetivo + than
Ejemplos:
- The blue shirt is less expensive than the red one.
- Paul is less happy than Jill.

Oraciones Condicionales
Primer condicional: este tipo de oraciones se utiliza para expresar algo que siempre es
verdad o muy probable en el presente o futuro.
Ejemplos:
- If you eat too much sugar, youll have to visit the dentist.
- If you are late again, your boss wont be happy.
- If it rains, we wont have to water the plants.
- Well still catch the train if we leave now.
La estructura del primer condicional es:
If + frase en presente simple + frase en futuro
Segundo condicional: se utiliza para expresar condiciones que son improbables o imposibles
en el presente o futuro.
Ejemplos:
- If I were you, I would change jobs.

- If she arrived soon, we could go to the cinema.
- If they knew that, they would be very upset.
- I would go home if I didnt have so much to do.
La estructura del segundo condicional es:
If + frase en pasado simple + frase en condicional simple (would/could/might + infinitivo)
Tercer condicional: estas oraciones expresan condiciones irreales en el pasado, es decir,

condiciones que podran haberse dado pero no se dieron.
Ejemplos:
- If I had known that, I would have told you immediately.

- If the weather had been nice, we would have gone for a walk.
- I wouldnt have gone to the theatre if I had known that the play was so boring.
- If you had been here earlier, you would have met Maria.
La estructura del tercer condicional es:
If + frase pasado perfecto (had + participio) + frase condicional compuesto (would/could/might have +
inf.)

Unless, as long as ...
- Unless significa if not (si no, a menos que). Por tanto puede utilizarse en lugar de if, pero
transformando la oracin:
Ejemplos:
- If youre here on time, well go to the cinema. Unless youre here on time, we wont go
to the cinema tomorrow.
- If you study enough, youll pass this exam. Unless you study enough, you wont pass
the exam.
- Otros conectores que pueden introducir un condicional son as long as (mientras que...), on
condition that (a condicin de ...) o suppose/supposing that (suponiendo que...), etc.
Notas:
- Los tres tipos de condicionales explicados son los ms frecuentes, pero pueden darse
combinaciones de estos tres tipos.
- Si la frase que comienza por If va primero, va seguida de una coma. Sin embargo, si la frase
con If es la segunda, no se pone coma.
- En contextos formales (como cartas comerciales) should puede reemplazar a if :
- Should you have any questions, do not hesitate to contact us.

And, but, or, so, because
And es la conjuncin copulativa y en espaol. Puede unir varias palabras o frases:
- I have a book, a pen and a pencil in my bag.

- Paul and Sarah are at home.
- I work in a school. And I also work in a hospital.
- She comes here every day and were friends.
But es la conjuncin adversativa pero en espaol y va precedida de coma:

- Im hungry, but the fridge is empty.
- Its raining a lot, but its warm.
- I want to go on holidays, but I dont have any money.
- She lives in Italy, but she doesnt speak a word of Italian.
Or es la conjuncin disyuntiva o, que puede unir palabras o frases:

- Do you like tea or coffee?
- I dont like bananas, oranges or apples.
- We can go to the cinema or we can stay at home.
- They dont work or do anything.
So es una conjuncin resultativa que une oraciones (en espaol, por tanto, por
eso....):
- It was raining, so we didnt go out.
- I dont have money, so I cant go shopping.
- Mary insulted him, so he was very angry.
- We use lots of paper every day. So, we must recycle.
So that tiene un uso diferente (para que):

- Im buying a present for him so that hes happy.
- She tells jokes so that we laugh.
Because es una conjuncin causal, porque en espaol:

- Hes cleaning the house because its very dirty.
- Im taking my umbrella because its raining.
- Theyre tired because they work many hours.

Estilo indirecto (Reported speech)
Compara la diferencia entre el estilo directo y el indirecto:
Estilo directo:
- He said: I dont want to go home yet.
Estilo indirecto o reported speech:

- He said (that) he didnt want to go home yet.
En estilo indirecto that es opcional. Si se incluye, el registro es algo ms formal que si se

omite.
Cuando los verbos como say, ask, tell, etc. (reporting verbs) estn en pasado, cambia el
tiempo verbal del resto de la oracin en el estilo indirecto. La excepcin se produce cuando
hablamos de algo que an tiene validez en el presente:
- They told me: Water boils at 100 degrees They told me (that) water boils at 100 degrees.
- She said: He has to work all weekend She said (that) he had to work all weekend.
Cambios de tiempo verbal en el estilo indirecto:
Estilo directo Estilo indirecto (Reported speech)

Presente simple Pasado simple
I enjoy reading comics. He said he enjoyed reading comics
Presente continuo Pasado continuo
Shes washing the dishes. He said she was washing the dishes.
Pasado simple Pasado perfecto
I worked for an art gallery. He said he had worked for an art gallery.
Pasado continuo Pasado perfecto continuo
He was making dinner. He said he had been making dinner.
Presente perfecto Pasado perfecto
We have watched all those films. He said they had watched all those films.
Futuro Condicional simple (would)
Ill post those letters. He said he would post those letters.
Can Could
I cant wait any longer. He said he couldnt wait any longer.
Must Had to
I must take that train. He said he had to take that train.
May Might
She may lend me some money. He said she might lend him some money.
Reporting verbs:
- Verbo + (that): say, claim, explain, insist, agree, complain, deny, reply.
- Verbo + pronombre objeto + (that): tell (She told me that...)
- Verbo + infinitivo con to: offer, refuse, agree, promise...
- Verbo + for + verbo(-ing): apologise, thank

Expresiones que cambian en estilo indirecto:
Estilo directo Estilo indirecto (Reported speech)

Pronombres personales y objeto
I dont know you She said she didnt know me.
We are late He said they were late.
Posesivos
Thats not my book He said that wasnt his book.
Adverbios y expresiones de tiempo
Tomorrow the next day / the following day
Today that day
Yesterday the day before / the previous day
Next week the following week
Last week the week before, the previous week
Now then / at that moment
Here there
This week that week
Peticiones e imperativos en estilo indirecto: (not) to + infinitivo
- Shut up! He asked me to shut up.

- Dont open that window He ordered them not to open that window.
Preguntas en estilo indirecto: al pasar de estilo directo a indirecto las preguntas tienen el
orden sujeto + verbo. Hay que diferenciar entre dos tipos de preguntas:
- Preguntas con palabra interrogativa (what, who, where, etc.):

He asked: Where are you? He asked me where I was.
- Preguntas cuya respuesta es s o no (sin palabra interrogativa).

She asked: are you ok? She asked me if / whether I was ok.
Sugerencias en estilo indirecto: suggest + ing / that should...

They suggested leaving early.
They suggested that we should leave early.

Formacin de adjetivos
? Muchos de los adjetivos ms utilizados en ingls contienen slo una o dos slabas, como:
good, bad, tall, short, cheap, long, etc.
? Muchos otros adjetivos derivan de sustantivos, verbos u otros adjetivos y se forman

aadiendo sufijos. Existe un gran nmero de dichos sufijos, pero estos son los ms
frecuentes:
- y ? happy (sustantivo: happiness)

- ly ? friendly (sustantivo: friend)
- ful ? useful (sustantivo: use), helpful (sustantivo: help)
- less ? useless, helpless.
- ial ? special (sustantivo: specialization), commercial (sustantivo: commerce)
- tific ? scientific (sustantivo: science)
- tic ? artistic (sustantivo: art), optimistic (sustantivo: optimism, optimist), pessimistic
(sustantivo: pessimism, pessimist)
- ive ? creative (sustantivo: creation), imaginative (sustantivo: imagination)
- ible ? posible, imposible (sustantivo: (im)posibility)
- able ? probable (sustantivo: probability)
- ous ? dangerous (sustantivo: danger)
? Tambin actan como adjetivos los participios de presente y pasado de algunos verbos:
- ed ? frightened, bored, excited, interested

- ing ? frightening, terrifying, boring, exciting, interesting
? Para formar antnimos de otros adjetivos es comn utilizar estos prefijos:
Un- ? uneventful, uneven, unimportant, unbelievable, unfair

Im- ? impossible, impartial, improbable
In- ? incredible, inaccurate, inevitable, inexperienced
Il- ? illegal, illiterate (siempre con adjetivos que comienzan con l-)
Ir- ? irregular, irresponsible (siempre con adjetivos que comienzan con r-)
Y tambin estos sufijos ya mencionados anteriormente:

-ful / -less ? useful /useless

Genitivo Sajn
El genitivo sajn sirve para expresar que una cosa pertenece a alguien. Observa:
My sisters book = el libro de mi hermana

Johns key = la llave de John
Marys brown dog = el perro marrn de Mary
The childrens toys = los juguetes de los nios
Nombre de persona + s + cosa que posee esa persona

(propio o comn)
Cuando el nombre del poseedor acaba en s, ya sea porque es plural o porque es

un nombre propio, slo se aade el apstrofe :
James sister
The boys excursion
A girls dress
Seamus house
El genitivo sajn se utiliza slo cuando el poseedor es una persona, no una cosa:
The legs of the table (pero no the tables legs*)
Observa que s tambin es la forma contraida de is. Pero siempre puede saberse
por el contexto de cual de los dos significados se trata:
Anns bag is there (genitivo sajn)

Anns in the toilet at the moment = Anne is .......

Imperativo
El imperativo afirmativo se construye simplemente con el verbo en infinitivo, omitiendo la

persona:
Open the door. Its cold.

Give me my book, please!
Close that window.
Bring me a cup of tea, please.
El imperativo negativo se forma con dont/do not + infinitivo:
Dont open the door!

Dont give me that book.
Dontclose that window.
Dont bring me a cup of tea.
Nota: Para enfatizar una orden podemos mencionar la persona (you), pero puede
interpretarse como una seal de mala educacin o rudeza, por lo que no es tan frecuente.
You get out of this room!

You stay here.
Dont you try to do that.
Dont you speak so loud.

Inversin del orden de palabras
Aunque el orden de palabras en ingls en las oraciones afirmativas es de sujeto +

verbo, este orden se ve alterado cuando la oracin comienza con alguna expresin de
significado negativo. Estas construcciones son ms comunes en la lengua escrita, pero
tambin se utilizan en la lengua hablada formal.
Ejemplos: - Not only does he know how to cook but he also cleans after him.
- Never have I seen such a beautiful landscape.
- Nowhere will you find such nice people.
Las expresiones ms comunes que provocan este cambio en el orden de palabras

cuando se sitan al comienzo de la oracin son estas:
Never
Nowhere
Not for one minute
Never again
Rarely
Hardly. when
No sooner than
Little
Not only
Only
At no time
In no way
On no account
Cuando se trata de oraciones con el verbo to be o verbos modales (todos ellos son
verbos que nunca llevan auxiliares), simplemente hay que situar el verbo delante del
sujeto:
- Only was he happy when he got his way.

- Not for one minute is she sad.
- Little could he do about it.
Cuando se trata de cualquier otro verbo, debemos usar el auxiliar correspondiente +

sujeto + verbo principal:
- No sooner had he got home than the phone rang.

- Little did he know about her real character.
- Never again does she want to go back to her old job.
- Not for one minute has she thought of selling her house.

A/an
A/an es el artculo indeterminado un o una.
Se utiliza a delante de palabras que empiezan por consonante, como por ejemplo:
a job
a bottle of wine
a bed
a glass of water
a house
Tambin, las palabras que comienzan por el sonido /ju:/ van precedidas de a, aunque
comiencen con la vocal u:
a university
a uniform
a European city
a universe
En cambio, utilizamos an cuando la siguiente palabra empieza por vocal o sonido

voclico:
an umbrella
an apple
an ice-cream
an orange
an hour (porque la h no se pronuncia)

Pronombres objeto
Los pronombres objeto son aquellos que sustituyen a un nombre cuando este acta
como complemento directo o indirecto.
pronombres personales pronombres objeto
I me
You you
He him
She her
It it
We us
You you
They them
Observa como se puede sustituir un nombre por uno de estos pronombres:
- Paul tells John everything Paul tells him everything.

- I give Mary a box of chocolates I give her a box of chocolates.
- Take the dog for a walk! Take it for a walk!
- Tell your parents goodbye! Tell them goodbye!
Ms ejemplos:
- Laura lends me lots of books.

- He invites you all the time.
- She reads us all the letters.

In, at, on y to Preposiciones de lugar
In se utiliza generalmente cuando estamos dentro de un lugar cerrado o en una zona

delimitada:
Were playing in the park.

They swim in the sea.
I fish in the lake.
Shes in the kitchen / living room / bedroom / garden.
Im still in Italy / in the south of England.
We had dinner in a restaurant.
The stars are in the sky.
In a car
In a taxi
In bed
On puede referirse a estar sobre una superficie, pero tambin se utiliza con estas
expresiones:
On a bus On the way (de camino)

On a plane Youre on my way (ests en medio)
On a train
On a bike / motorbike
On horse
On foot
At expresa, en general, una situacin ms concreta que in:
at home at the bus stop at the end of at the airport

at school at the traffic lights at the beginning of at the station
at university at the door at the top (of) at the theatre
at work at the bottom (of) at a party
at the doctors
at the hairdressers
at the grocers
at Melindas
at my parents
To indica movimiento hacia un lugar:
Were going to the cinema.

Lets walk to the park.
Theyll fly to Italy.
I drive to work every morning.
Pero: I go / walk / drive home.

Can, could y be able to
Can expresa la capacidad para hacer algo, una posibilidad, y tambin se usa para pedir
permiso. Pero no se utiliza para expresar probabilidad. (Ver May y might)
Afirmativa Negacin
I can cook I cannot cook I cant cook

You can cook you cannot cook you cant cook
He/she/it can cook he/she/it cannot cook he/she/it cant cook
We can cook we cannot cook we cant cook

You can cook you cannot cook you cant cook
They can cook they cannot cook they cant cook
Interrogacin
Can I cook? Yes, I can No, I cant

Can you cook? Yes, you can No, you cant
Can he / she / it cook? Yes, he / she / it can No, he / she / it cant
Can we cook? Yes, we can No, we cant

Can you cook? Yes, you can No, you cant
Can they cook? Yes, they can No, they cant
Could es la forma de pasado de can.
Afirmativa Negacin
I could cook I could not cook I couldnt cook

You could cook you could not cook you couldnt cook
He/she/it could cook he/she/it could not cook he/she/it couldnt cook
We could cook we could not cook we couldnt cook

You could cook you could not cook you couldnt cook
They could cook they could not cook they couldnt cook
Interrogacin
Could I cook? Yes, I could No, I couldnt

Could you cook? Yes, you could No, you couldnt
Could he / she / it cook? Yes, he / she / it could No, he / she / it couldnt
Could we cook? Yes, we could No, we couldnt

Could you cook? Yes, you could No, you couldnt
Could they cook? Yes, they could No, they couldnt

Ejemplos:
- When I was young I could run very fast, but now I cant
- I could walk when I was ten months old.
- Paul cant cook. His meals are terrible.
- I can drive, but Sarah cant.
Be able to tiene un significado similar a can/could, pero suele utilizarse para expresar la
habilidad de hacer algo de cierta dificultad (en espaol equivale a ser capaz de):
I can walk very fast They were able to escape from the fire.
She could draw very well at 10. When she was five, she was able to draw
wonderful pictures.
- Tambin se utiliza en lugar de can en el futuro, ya que can no tiene una forma para ese
tiempo:
I can/could find that street Ill be able to find that street.
- Otros casos en los que se utiliza be able to, y no can, es cuando tiene que ir seguido de un
infinitivo con to o una forma en ing, ya que can/could slo puede ir seguido de un infinitivo
sin to.
We were very happy to be able to be there (no We were very happy to can to be there*)
I have to be able to run the marathon (no I have to can.....*)
Sujeto + verbo to be (en cualquier tiempo) + to + infinitivo

Must, have to y dont have to
Must es un verbo modal que expresa la obligacin de hacer algo. Como todos los
modales, va seguido de otro infinitivo sin to.
Afirmativa
I must work
You must work
He/she/it must work
We must work
You must work
They must work
Interrogacin
Must I work? Yes, I must No, I mustnt

Must you work? Yes, you must No, you mustnt
Must he / she / it work? Yes, he / she / it must No, he / she / it mustnt
Must we work? Yes, we must No, we mustnt

Must you work? Yes, you must No, you mustnt
Must they work? Yes, they must No, they mustnt
Negacin: Mustnt est explicado en otro apartado de los Verbos Modales, por la diferencia de
significado con must.
Must tambin se utiliza para expresar una conclusin:
- The light is on. He must be at home.

- Its very windy and cloudy. It must be cold.
- Hes got a lot of white hair. He must be over 40.
- Therere pieces of glass on the road. There must have been an accident.
- Must slo tiene forma de presente. Por ello, para cualquier otro tiempo se utiliza have to:
- Ill have to work next Sunday.

- She had to clean all the house.
Have to indica obligacin, al igual que must.
Afirmativa
I have to work we have to work

You have to work you have to work
He/she/it has to work they have to work

Interrogacin
Do I have to work? Yes, I do No, I dont

Do you have to work? Yes, you do No, you dont
Does he / she / it have to work? Yes, he / she / it does No, he / she / it doesnt
Do we have to work? Yes, we do No, we dont

Do you have to work? Yes, you do No, you dont
Do they have to work? Yes, they do No, they dont
- Tambin puede utilizarse have got to, que es algo ms informal.
Existe una pequea diferencia de significado entre must y have to:
Must indica una obligacin que se impone uno mismo, ms que las circunstancias:
- I must study for the exam.

- He must work more to have enough money.
Have to, en cambio, expresa una necesidad impuesta por las circunstancias externas:
- She has to get up at 7 every morning.

- We have to work till 6 on Mondays.
Dont have to expresa que no es necesario u obligatorio hacer algo.
I do not have to work I dont have to work

You do not have to work you dont have to work
He/she/it does not have to work he/she/it doesnt have to work
We do not have to work we dont have to work

You do not have to work you dont have to work
They do not have to work they dont have to work
Ejemplos:
- You dont have to do the shopping. Ill do it tomorrow.

- I dont have to go to school at weekends.
- They dont have to wash by hand because theyve got a washing machine.

Mustnt
Mustnt se utiliza para expresar prohibicin. Al igual que must, va seguido de un

infinitivo sin to:
- I mustnt be late for dinner.

- You mustnt walk on the grass.
- He mustnt go out without telling his parents.
- We musnt talk during the exam.
- You mustnt tell anyone.
- They mustnt eat chocolate.
La forma no contraida es must not

Should y ought to
Should y ought to se utilizan para dar consejos, hablar de responsabilidades o probabilidad.

Recuerda que should jams va seguido ni precedido de to.
Afirmativa
I should / ought to work

You should / ought to work
He/she/it should / ought to work
We should / ought to work

You should / ought to work
They should / ought to work
Negativa
I should not / ought not to work I shouldnt / oughtnt to

You should not / ought not to work you shouldnt / oughtnt to
He/she/it should not / ought not to work he/she/it shouldnt / oughtnt to
We should not / ought not to work we shouldnt / oughtnt to

You should not / ought not to work you shouldnt / oughtnt to
They should not / ought not to work they shouldnt / oughtnt to
Interrogacin
Should / ought I to work? Yes, I should /ought to. No, I shouldnt / oughtnt to
Should / ought you to work? Yes, you should /ought to No, you shouldnt / oughtnt to
Should / ought he/she/it to work? Yes, he/she/it should /ought to No, he/she/it shouldnt / oughtnt to
Should / ought we to work? Yes, we should /ought to No, we shouldnt / oughtnt to

Should / ought you to work? Yes, you should /ought to No, you shouldnt / oughtnt to
Should / ought they to work? Yes, they should /ought to No, they shouldnt / oughtnt to
Should y ought to en pasado: estos verbos no tienen una forma propia de pasado. Su forma
no cambia, pero s se pone el infinito que les acompaa en tiempo perfecto : have + participio.
Ejemplos:
- You should have eaten more for breakfast.
- They ought to have arrived earlier.
- I should have told them the truth.

Consejos: should y ought to equivalen en espaol a debera + infinitivo.
Ejemplos:
- You should / ought to eat less fat.

- They should / ought to be more careful about what they say.
- You should / ought to come with me to the party. It will be fun.
- She shouldnt / oughtnt to be so rude.
Responsabilidades: should y ought to tambin expresan algo que se debera hacer o haber
hecho.
Ejemplos:
- I should / ought to be early tomorrow because Ive got lots to do at work.

- We should / ought to save some money.
- I should / ought to have known all the answers to the test. It was so easy!
Probabilidad: estos verbos pueden expresar algo que debera ser cierto.
Ejemplos:
A: I cant find the keys.

B: Well, they should / ought to be in the first drawer.
- They said on TV that it would be sunny for a couple of days, so it shouldnt / oughtnt to rain
yet.
- This film should / ought to be good. All the actors in it are very popular.

May y might
Probabilidad
Tanto may como might se utilizan para expresar una posibilidad. La diferencia es que might
indica una probabilidad algo menor que may.
Ejemplos:
- It may rain this afternoon.

- She may have to pay a fine for speeding up.
- They might arrive earlier than we expected.
- I might buy those jeans. They suit me.
Could (pero no can) se puede utilizar tambin como may y might para expresar una
posibilidad. Might tambin indica una probabilidad menor que could.
Pedir permiso
May y might tambin se utilizan para pedir permiso para hacer algo. Tambin aqu se puede
utilizar can o could, pero may y might son ms formales.
Ejemplos:
- May I ask you a question?

- Might I come a bit later tomorrow, please?

Need y neednt
Need puede traducirse como necesitar y puede ser un verbo modal o uno ordinario.
- Verbo modal seguido de un infinitivo sin to (bare infinive): You neednt clean the house.
- Verbo ordinario seguido de un infinitivo con to u otros elementos: She needs some free time.
She needs to go home.
Need como verbo modal se utiliza casi nicamente en frases negativas e interrogativas, por
lo que decimos She needs to go home, en lugar de She need go home.
Afirmativa Negacin
I need to cook I dont need to / neednt cook

You need to cook you dont need to / neednt cook
He/she/it needs to cook he/she/it doesnt need to / neednt cook
We need to cook we dont need to / neednt cook

You need to cook you dont need to / neednt cook
They need to cook they dont need to / neednt cook
Interrogacin
Need I cook?/do I need to cook? Yes, I need/do No, I neednt/dont

Need you cook?/do you need to cook? Yes, you need/do No, you neednt/dont
Need he/she/it cook?/ Does he/she/it need to cook?Yes, he/she/it need/doesNo, he/she/it neednt/doesnt
Need we cook?/do we need to cook? Yes, we need/do No, we neednt/dont

Need you cook?/do you need to cook? Yes, you need/do No, you neednt/dont
Need they cook?/do they need to cook? Yes, they need/do No, they neednt/dont
Neednt o dont need to expresan que no existe necesidad de hacer algo y su significado es
similar al de dont have to.
- You dont need to do the washing now. (You dont have to do the washing now)
- She neednt do it today (She doesnt have to do it today)
En cualquier tiempo verbal diferente al presente se utiliza need como un verbo normal:
- She needed to go out.

- They will need some help.

One / ones
One y ones se utilizan para sustituir un sustantivo contable en singular y plural,

respectivamente. Este sustantivo tiene que haber sido mencionado antes para que sepamos a
qu se refiere.
Ejemplos:
- Which dress do you prefer? The blue one. (the blue dress)
- There were many books but she took the thickest one. (the thickest book)
- Which jumpers do you like best? The colourful ones. (the colourful jumpers)
Para sustituir un sustantivo incontable se utiliza some en lugar de one/ones.
Ejemplos:
- Would you like some drink? Ill bring you some.

- There isnt any more paper. We need to buy some.
Se puede omitir one/ones despus de:
- which Which (one) would you like?

- superlativos She is the most intelligent (one).
- this, that, these, those I ve got some pencils. Take this one/these ones/that one/those ones.
- either, neither, another, each, the first/second/last... There are some cakes left. Would you
like another (one). (En estos casos resulta ms formal mantener one/ones)
No se puede omitir one/ones despus de:
- the, the only, the main y every She told every one what she thought of them; Thats the only
one left.
- Adjetivos Will you take the blue folder? No, I prefer the red one.

Oraciones de relativo (Relative clauses)
Las oraciones de relativo nos proporcionan informacin adicional sobre algo ya

mencionado:
- The man who lives next door is Italian. who se refiere a the man
- Shes got a cat which she found in the street. which se refiere a a cat
Los pronombres relativos principales en ingls son who y which (que a veces se
sustituyen por that) y equivalen en espaol a que. Who se utiliza para referirnos a
personas y which a cosas o animales.
Ms ejemplos:
- I like those houses which have a garden.

- The dress which she bought was very expensive.
- These are the cakes which Paul likes.
- They are looking for someone who speaks Japanese.

- Is that the woman who lives upstairs?
- Thats the boy who goes to school with Jill.
Dos tipos de oraciones de relativo: defining relative clauses y non-defining relative clauses:
Defining relative clauses
Ejemplos:
- The man who works in the bar is a friend of mine.

- That house which has been painted is my aunts.
En los ejemplos anteriores no se puede omitir la oracin de relativo, ya que sta proporciona
informacin esencial para poder identificar a the man y that house.
1. That: en las defining relative clauses, who y which pueden sustituirse por that:
- The man that works in the bar is a friend of mine.

- That house that has been painted is my aunts.
2. Omisin de who, which o that: cuando estas palabras actan como objeto de la
oracin, y no como sujeto, pueden omitirse.
- The book which/that you bought for me. The book you bought for me.
- The person who/that I met on holidays. The person I met on holidays.
Sin embargo, no se pueden omitir en estos casos porque actan como sujeto:
- The man who/that works in the bar is a friend of mine.

- That house which/that has been painted is my aunts.

Non-defining relative clauses
Ejemplos:
- My friend Sarah, who lives in Germany, has won the lottery.

- We went to see a film yesterday, which was quite good.
En estos ejemplos la oracin de relativo nos presenta informacin adicional, pero no

esencial. Podramos omitir la oracin de relativo y el sentido general del enunciado sera el
mismo.
1. Comas: estas oraciones llevan siempre coma delante del pronombre relativo.
2. Who y which: no es posible sustituirlos por that, ni omitirlos.
Las preposiciones van al final en las oraciones de relativo:
- Thats the boy (who) I was talking to.

- Tim is the friend (who)she went to the cinema with.
Excepcin: puede utilizarse una preposicin + whom en lugar de situar who al final, pero
resulta ms formal:
- The girl (who) he talked to The girl to whom he talked.

- The friend (who) Tom went out with The friend with whom Tom went out.
Otros pronombres de relativo:
- Where The resort where I spent my last holidays.

- When The day when I met you.
- Whose The boy whose mother is a dentist. (whose significa cuyo/a/os/as)

Palabras interrogativas (wh- words)
What suele equivaler a qu o cul en espaol.

- Whats your name?
- Whats that?
- What do you do?
Which suele ser cul. Se utiliza cuando existen varios elementos.

- Which dress do you like, the red or the blue one?
- Which dog is yours?
- Which house do you live in?
Who significa quin.

- Whos that woman over there?
- Who lives in the blue house?
- Whos that present for?
When es cundo.
- Whens your birthdday?
- When does the film start?
- When do your parents come?
Where es dnde.
- Where are you from?
- Where do you live?
- Where is your friend?
Whose se utiliza para preguntar de quin es algo.

- Whose pencil is this?
- Whose house is it?
Why significa por qu.

- Why are you here?
- Why dont you go home?
- Why is the dog blue?
How suele ser cmo.

- How are you?
- How old are you?
- How do you know that?
How often se utiliza para preguntar por la frecuencia con la que algo sucede.
- How often do you go to the cinema?
- How often does he brush his teeth?
- How often do you go on holiday?
How long sirve para preguntar por el tiempo de duracin o el tiempo necesario para algo.
- How long does it take to go to London?
- How long is the film?
- How long does it take to drive to Paris?

Voz Pasiva (1)
Observa la diferencia entre estos dos grupos de oraciones:
- She ate an apple. An apple was eaten (by her).

- Jill washed the dishes. The dishes were washed (by Jill).
- They buy the newspaper on Sundays.The newspaper is bought (by them) on Sundays.
- We feed the dog every day. The dog is fed (by us) every day.
Las oraciones del primer grupo estn en voz activa y las del segundo en pasiva. Al transformar
una oracin activa en otra pasiva el sujeto y la forma verbal cambian.
Puede ser el complemento directo de la oracin activa el que pasa a ser el sujeto de la
oracin pasiva:
She ate an apple. An apple was eaten (by her).

(an apple = complemento directo) (an apple = sujeto)
La estructura verbal de las oraciones pasivas es esta:
sujeto + verbo to be (en cualquier tiempo) + participio pasado del verbo principal

(ate = pasado simple de eat) (was eaten = pasado de to be + participio de eat)
ACTIVA PASIVA
I read a book every week. A book is read by me every week.
She is cooking dinner now. Dinner is being cooked by her now.
They bought too many vegetables. Too many vegetables were bought by them.
They were discussing the film. The film was being discussed.
I have done all the work. All the work has been done by me.
Weve been reading that book. That book has been being read. (poco frecuente)
She had cleaned everything. Everything had been cleaned by her.
They had been learning that. That had been being learnt by them. (muy poco
frecuente)
I will pay that. That will be paid by me.
Hell have finished the work. The work will have been finished.
El sujeto agente (la persona o cosa que realiza la accin) se puede indicar en la oracin pasiva
si se desea. Tiene que ir precedido de by:

(she = sujeto) (by her = sujeto agente)
Pero muchas veces no se menciona quien realiza la accin en la pasiva porque se entiende por el
contexto o no interesa.

El complemento indirecto de una oracin activa puede convertirse tambin en el sujeto de

una oracin pasiva, algo que no es posible en espaol:
His parents gave him a present. He was given a present by his parents.
(him = CI, a present = CD) A present was given to him by his parents.
Otros ejemplos:
- They told her the truth She was told the truth.
- He paid me I was paid by him.
- They sent him a letter He was sent a letter.
La voz pasiva se usa con mucha ms frecuencia en ingls que en espaol.
No todos los verbos se pueden utilizar en voz pasiva. sta es slo posible con los verbos
transitivos, es decir, con aquellos que necesitan ir acompaados de un complemento directo.
Ejemplos de oraciones que slo son posibles en voz activa:
- I went to the cinema.

- Shell become a doctor when she grows up.
- We arent happy in this company.

Voz Pasiva 2: get
Para expresar una accin o estado accidental o casual no se suele utilizar la voz pasiva con
el verbo to be como auxiliar, sino con get:
Sujeto + get (en el tiempo correspondiente) + participio del verbo principal
Ejemplos:
- The door closed behind us and we got locked out.

- The window got broken.
- My bag got stolen in the crowd.
- The man got killed in the streets.
- Fortunately, nobody got hurt.
- He got stung by a bee.
Tambin se utiliza la voz pasiva con get en el lenguaje coloquial, aunque no nos refiramos
necesariamente a una accin casual o accidental.
Ejemplos:
- I get/am paid at the beginning of every month.

- She gets/is asked that same question every day.
- That room doesnt get/isnt used very often.

Posicin de los adjetivos
Los adjetivos se sitan normalmente antes de los sustantivos, pero existen excepciones:
Con estos pronombres el adjetivo se sita detrs y no delante:
- Something green
- Anything cheap
- Nothing nice
- Somebody/someone friendly
- Anybody/anyone important
- Nobody/no-one interesting
Estos adjetivos nunca preceden a un sustantivo:
- The boy was afraid (pero: the frightened boy)

- The bug was alive (pero: the living bug)
- The two sisters are alike (pero: the similar sisters)
- The dog was alone (pero: the lonely horse)
- He was awake.
- He was asleep (pero: the sleeping person)
- People were aware of that.
- She was ashamed.
Algunos adjetivos acabados en ible o able pueden seguir a un sustantivo siempre y

cuando a ste le precedan palabras como first, last, next, only, adjetivos superlativos o
cuando al adjetivo le sigue un sintagma preposicional.
- Therere still two rooms available.

- This is the only position suitable for you / This is the only suitable position for you.
- That was the worst choice imaginable.
El orden ms usual de los adjetivos delante del sustantivo es:
opinin + tamao / cualidad fsica / forma / edad + color + origen + material + tipo + utilidad
+ sustantivo
- the black leather jacket

- a good big round table
- two huge wooden wardrobes
- a useful green alarm clock
- Cuando dos adjetivos graduables van delante del sustantivo, se unen con coma o and.
- a big, cheap desk / a big and cheap desk
(Cuando se trata de colores siempre se unen con and: a blue and white flag)
- Cuando se trata de adjetivos no graduables, se utiliza and solo si son de la misma clase:
- unfair and illegal circumstances / - shocking illegal circumstances

Used to / to be used to
Used to + infinitivo se utiliza para hablar de acciones habituales del pasado. Puede
traducirse por sola .... Esta construccion slo es posible en pasado.
Ejemplos:
- I used to play with dolls when I was a child.

- They used to go to Ibiza every summer but last year they decided to stay at home.
- John didnt use to be so hardworking. Hes definitely changed.
- Did you use to eat vegetables when you were a teenager?
To be used to + verboing / sustantivo se utiliza para hablar de nuestros hbitos

actuales, de aquello a lo que estamos acostumbrados. Slo se utiliza en presente.
Ejemplos:
- Im used to getting up early for work.

- Shes not used to dealing with kids any more.
- Theyre used to having all the house for themselves at the weekend.
- Are you used to the housework?

Verbos + (to) + infinitivo
Verbos seguidos de to + infinitivo.
afford intend
agree manage
aim need (4)
arrange offer
begin (1) prepare
choose promise
consent refuse
continue (1) regret (2)
dare (4) remember (3)
decide start (1)
demand train
expect volunteer
fail want
hope
plan
(1) Tambin pueden ir seguidos de un verbo acabado en -ing, sin cambio de significado.
(2) Regret puede ir acompaado de ing o to + infinitivo, dependiendo del uso:

- I regret to tell you that the trip has been cancelled. (lamentarse de algo que vamos a
hacer)
- She regretted accepting that job. (arrepentirse de algo ya hecho)
(3) Remember puede ir seguido de ing o to + infinitivo, dependiendo del uso:

- Remember to post that letter. (primero se recuerda y luego se hace algo)
- I remember telling her about it. (primero se realiza una accin y luego se recuerda)
(4) Need y dare pueden utilizarse como verbos modales, en cuyo caso van seguidos de
infinitivo sin to o como verbos normales, seguidos de to + infinitivo.
- I need to tell you / I need tell you. (La primera opcin es la ms usual en afirmativa)
- How dare you do that? / How do you dare to do that?
Verbos seguidos de objeto + to + infinitivo
advise persuade
allow remind
ask teach
cause tell
enable train
expect trust
help urge
invite use
lead warn
permit
Verbos seguidos de objeto + infinitivo
make, let, notice, feel, hear, overhear, see

Verbos + -ing
Los siguientes verbos van seguidos de otro verbo acabado en ing.
admit keep
avoid like
begin (1) love
consider mention
continue (1) miss
delay prefer
deny postpone
detest practise
dread propose
dislike recall
enjoy recommend
envisage regret (2)
finish remember (3)
feel like report
go risk
hate start (1)
imagine stop
involve suggest
(1) Tambin pueden ir seguidos de to + infinitivo, sin cambio de significado.
(2) Regret puede ir acompaado de ing o to + infinitivo, dependiendo del uso:

- I regret to tell you that the trip has been cancelled. (lamentarse de algo que vamos a
hacer)
- She regretted accepting that job. (arrepentirse de algo ya hecho)
(3) Remember puede ir seguido de ing o to + infinitivo, dependiendo del uso:

- Remember to post that letter. (primero se recuerda y luego se hace algo)
- I remember telling her about it. (primero se realiza una accin y luego se recuerda)
Expresiones seguidas de un verbo acabado en ing.
Theres no point (= no sirve de nada, no tiene sentido)

Its no use / Its no good (= no sirve de nada)
Its not worth (= no merece la pena)
Have difficulty (= tener dificultad para)
Be used to (= estar acostumbrado a)
Look forward to (= esperar con impaciencia, desear)
Object to (= objetar)

Pronombres posesivos
Los pronombres posesivos sustituyen a un nombre, como cualquier pronombre, y en

espaol son mo, tuyo, suyo,...
pronombres personales pronombres posesivos
I mine
You yours
He his
She hers
It its
We ours
You yours
They theirs
Observa como se puede sustituir un adjetivo posesivo + nombre por uno de estos
pronombres:
- Thats her book Thats hers.

- My bag is on the desk Mine is on the desk.
- This is his pen. Wheres your pen? This is his. Wheres yours?
- I think this is their money I think this is theirs.
Por supuesto, cuando se utilizan estos pronombres es porque ya antes se ha

mencionado la cosa poseda o sta es evidente por el contexto:
Thats mine el hablante seala algo o se refiere a alguna cosa ya mencionada

Pronombres reflexivos
Los pronombres reflexivos se utilizan cuando el sujeto y el objeto de una oracin son la
misma persona o cosa.
pronombres personales pronombres reflexivos
I myself
You yourself
He himself
She herself
It itself
We ourselves
You yourselves
They themselves
Ejemplos:
- She bought herself a new skirt.

- I enjoyed myself at the party.
- They washed themselves after working in the garden.
- We cooked ourselves a very nice stew.
Tambin se utiliza by myself, by yourself, by himself.... para expresar que una o ms

personas estn solas o hacen alguna accin solas. Estas expresiones equivalen a on my
own, on your own, on his own ...
- I went to the cinema by myself.

- She was by herself when I arrived.
- They did all the work by themselves.
Cuando expresamos que una o ms personas realizan la misma accin la una a la otra
utilizamos one another o each other.
- They looked at each other.

- They help each other with their homework.
- We disagree with each other on that topic.

So y such
So
So se puede utilizar para sustituir un adjetivo, adverbio o una oracin completa ya

mencionada.
- I couldnt believe she was getting married, but she told me so. (she was getting married)
- His parents were very worried although the teacher told them not to be so. (worried)
- She did everything very carefully but her colleague did it even more so. (more carefully)
So se utiliza para sustituir oraciones especialmente con verbos de pensamiento:

appear/seem, assume, believe, be afraid, expect, guess, hope, imagine, presume, suppose,
suspect y think. Y tambin con say y tell.
- It seems Pauls doing all right. Yes, it seems so.

- I dont know for sure if shes coming to the party, but I assume so.
- Do you think that dress suits me? Yes, I think so.
- Did you ask him if hes going to be at home? Yes, and he said so.
Sin embargo, no se utiliza con estos verbos: accept, admit, agree, be certain, claim, doubt,
hear, intend, promise, suggest o be sure.
- Im sure theyll arrive on time. Yes, Im sure they will.

- My neighbours said theyd stop making noise. But I doubt it / they would.
So tambin se puede utilizar en respuestas cortas en lugar de la tpica respuesta Yes,....

Indica que estamos de acuerdo con lo que oimos y que adems nos sorprende. La estructura
es siempre so + pronombre personal + auxiliar.
- She has bought a new car. So she has (ya lo veo y adems me sorprende)
- Look! Johns coming for dinner. So he is.
- He looks much better with that new hair cut. So he does.
So se utiliza de forma similar en respuestas cortas con verbos como hear, tell, say, seem,
gather, understand, appear (precedido de it) o believe. La estructura es so + pronombre
personal + verbo. Lo que expresamos es que ya conociamos la informacin.
- Carol won the lottery last week. So I hear. (eso haba oido)
- He isnt on good terms with his mother. So I understand.
- Theyre going to build a new shopping centre over there. So it appears.
Do so
Se utiliza para evitar repetir un verbo y un objeto o un complemento. Pero solamente puede
utilizarse cuando ya se ha mencionado dicha informacin y es evidente por el contexto.
- I asked him to do the washing up, the ironing and the dusting. I asked him to do so.
- They were nervous until he told them everything. But when he did so, they relaxed.
- He should be studying for the exam. I hope hes doing so.
Do so se suele utilizar en ingls formal, mientras que ms informalmente se utiliza do that o

do it.
Do so sustituye a verbos de accin, pero no a verbos de estado o de pensamiento.
- I didnt enjoy the party last Friday but he did. (no he did so)
- She loves eating out although he doesnt. (no he doesnt do so).
Such
Such + (a/an) + nombre se utiliza para referirnos a algo ya mencionado recientemente.

Significa de este tipo o dicho.... Es especialmente comn en el lenguaje formal escrito y
hablado.
- The company decided to employ more personnel. Such a measure was welcome by the staff.
- The price of housing went up by 10% last year. Such an increase is very unusual.
Some y any
Some puede traducirse como algunos/as o algo de. Aparece en oraciones afirmativas.
Tambin en preguntas, pero slo cuando ofrecemos o pedimos algo, normalmente comida o
bebida.
Ejemplos:
- Ive got some chocolate in the kitchen.

- There are some socks in that drawer.
- Theres some water in that glass.
- Can I have some ice cream, please?

- Would you like some wine?
Some puede ir seguido de un sustantivo contable en plural (some apples) o de un sustantivo

incontable en singular (some wine). (Ver las diferencias entre sustantivos contables e incontables
en la seccin de Gramtica)
Any, al contrario que some, aparece en oraciones negativas y en las preguntas (a excepcin
de los casos mencionados arriba). Su traduccin en espaol depende de la oracin en la que se
utilice.
Ejemplos:
- I havent got any money. (No tengo dinero)

- She doesnt want any sugar in her tea. (Ella no quiere azcar/nada de azcar en el t)
- Have you got any problem? (Tienes algn problema?)

- Is there any apple? (Hay alguna manzana?)
Observa:
- She has got some books She hasnt got any books
- Theres some water Is there any water?

Adjetivos superlativos
1. Los adjetivos superlativos expresan que algo es lo ms ...... :
the + adjetivos de una slaba + est the + adjetivos de 2 slabas acabados en y + est
short the shortest easy the easiest
tall the tallest happy the happiest
fast the fastest heavy the heaviest
slow the slowest
big the biggest
hot the hottest
Observa que los adjetivos monoslabos acabados en vocal + consonante tambin

duplican la consonante cuando se les aade -est.
Ejemplos:
- Paul is the shortest in the classroom.
- Planes are the fastest mean of transport.
- Exercise number 4 is the easiest.
the most + adjetivos de ms de una slaba

beatiful the most beautiful
expensive the most expensive
interesting the most interesting
modern the most modern
Ejemplos:
- That house is the most beautiful in the city.
- Gabriel is the most intelligent.
- This book is the most interesting in the library.
adjetivos irregulares
good the best
bad the worst
far the farthest / furthest
much / many most
2. Para expresar que algo es lo menos .....:
the least + adjetivo
Ejemplos:
- That is the least interesting book I have ever read.
- These houses are the least ugly.

Sustantivos contables e incontables
Los sustantivos contables son aquellos que se pueden contar por unidades (a car, two
apples, three cups...). Estos sustantivos tienen forma singular y plural.
Sin embargo, existen cosas que no pueden dividirse en unidades, por lo que son incontables
(some bread, some cheese...). Los nombres incontables solo tienen forma singular.
Los sustantivos contables pueden ir precedidos de a/an, de un numeral o some

(algunos/as), por ejemplo.
A flower
An elephant
Four bottles
Some bananas
Pero los nombres incontables nunca pueden ir acompaados de a/an o de un numeral. En

su lugar se utiliza some (algo de...).
Some butter/milk/bread....
Lee la explicacin sobre el uso de Some y any en el apartado Adjetivos de la seccin de

Gramtica.
Algunos sustantivos incontables:
bread, cheese, milk, wine, water, juice, coffee, tea, beer, sauce, cream, honey, butter, jam,
marmalade, meat, salt, rice, sugar, flour, fruit, lettuce, money, sand, air, soap, toothpaste, wood,
etc.
Nota: todos los lquidos son incontables, aunque en el lenguaje coloquial se pueden utilizar
expresiones como:
a tea, a coffee (en lugar de a cup of tea/coffee)

a beer... (a glass/pint/bottle of beer.)
Aparte de some, se pueden utilizar otras expresiones con los sustantivos incontables:
A bar of chocolate (tableta de chocolate)

A loaf of bread (barra de pan)
A bar of soap (pastilla de jabn)
A bottle/glass/pint of milk (or any other drink)
A piece of cheese (un trozo de queso)
A jar of marmalade (un frasco de mermelada)
A bowl of cream (un bol de nata)

Sustantivos en plural
Normalmente, el plural de los sustantivos se forma aadiendo s

name names
house houses
animal animals
Las palabras con las siguientes terminaciones forman el plural con es
-s bus buses
-sh dish dishes
-ch match matches
-x box boxes
-z buzz buzzes
-to potato potatoes
tomato tomatoes
Las palabras acabadas en consonante + y forman el plural con ies (convirtiendo

la y en i y aadiendo es)
party parties baby babies story stories memory memories
Las palabras acabadas en f/-fe forman el plural con ves (eliminando la f o fe

finales).
wife wives shelf shelves

life lives elf elves
knife knives
Existen palabras que siempre son en plural:
glasses (a pair of glasses / some glasses)

pyjamas (a pair of pyjamas / some pyjamas)
scissors (a pair of scissors / some scissors)
trousers (a pair of trousers / some trousers)
clothes (some clothes)
Palabras con plural irregular:

Man men woman women child children
Mouse mice sheep sheep fish fish
Foot feet tooth teeth
Casos especiales:
A person two people (People are polite)
A police officer the police (The police are on their way)

The
The es el nico artculo determinado en ingls (el/la/lo/los/las). Como regla general, se utiliza
the cuando hablamos de algo en concreto o nico en el mundo. Pero existen otros casos.
Expresiones con the
the sea I go to sea every summer. He lives at sea. Pero: That house is near the sea
the sky The sky is bright blue today.
the ground Suddenly he fell to the ground
the country(side) Id like to live in the countryside.
the cinema We go to the cinema every now and then.

the theatre They hardly ever go to the theatre.
the radio Shes always listening to the radio. Pero:

television Theres nothing on television tonight.
the + nombres de peridicos the Times, the Independent, the Herald...
Expresiones sin the
Normalmente no se utiliza the con las comidas diarias (meals).

breakfast
lunch
tea time
dinner
supper
bed Im tired, Im going to bed.

work Its late, Im going to work now.
home Why dont you go home?
prison The killer will go to prison.

school Children go to school every day.
university After the exam, Ill go to university.
college Anne goes to college on Mondays.
church We usually go to church on Sundays.
hospital He must go to hospital for the operation.
Utilizamos estos lugares sin the cuando pensamos en ellos como lugares con una utilidad
concreta y no como edificios especficos. Sin embargo, llevan the cuando nos referimos al edificio
en s:
The prison looks very old. They should rebuild it.

She works in the school over there.
The university lectures were ok but I was tired.
She goes to the church to clean it.
We work in the hospital across the road.

The con nombres de lugares. No se utiliza the antes de los topnimos, excepto en estos
casos:
- Cuando contienen otras palabras, como republic, union, kingdom, states, ... the United
Kingdom, the United States, the Republic of Ireland, ...
- Nombres de pases en plural the Nederlands, the Philippines...
- Grupos de islas the Canaries (the Canary Islands), the Bahamas, ...
- Regiones the Far West, the Middle East...
- Cadenas montaosas en plural: the Alps, the Andes, the Pyrenees...
- Ocanos, mares, rios o canales: the Mediterranean (sea), the Thames, the English Channel...
Para hablar de cosas o personas en general:
- the + nombre contable sing. The carnation is a beautiful flower.

- nombre contable plural Carnations are beautiful flowers.
En ambos ejemplos se habla de la flor en general, no de una especfica.
- the + adjetivo the homeless, the rich, the beautiful, the talented, the old, the young...
En estos casos se habla de colectivos de personas, en plural por tanto.
- the + nacionalidad the Irish, the English, the Scottish, the Welsh, the Spanish, the Dutch...
- (the) + nacionalidad + s the Italians, the Greeks, the Bulgarians, the Russians...
As nos referimos a la poblacin de un pas. Aadimos s a la nacionalidad cuando sta no acaba
en sh, -ch, -s, se.

There is/are, there was/were, ...
There is/are equivalen en espaol a hay.
There is se utiliza para el singular y there are para el plural:
There is a bottle of wine on the table.

There are three potatoes on that plate.
Afirmacin
There is a pen here. Theres a pen here.

There are many books. Therere many books.
Negacin
There is not a pen here. There isnt a pen here.

There are not many books. There arent many books.
Interrogacin
respuesta + respuesta -
Is there a pen here? Yes, there is. No, there is not/isnt.
Are there many books? Yes, there are. No, there are/arent.
There was/were son las formas de pasado, para el singular y el plural respectivamente:
There was a big cat at the door.

There were many children in the park.
There have/has been son las formas de Presente perfecto (present perfect), tambin para el
singular y plural respectivamente:
There has been a mistake here.

There have been many storms since April.
There will be es la forma nica de futuro:
There will be a big prize for the winner.

There will be many ecological problems in the near future.

At, in, on Preposiciones de tiempo
At se utiliza con las horas, algunos periodos festivos y otras expresiones:
at half past six. at the weekend / at weekends at night

at three oclock at Easter at the end of (June...)
at midday at Christmas at the beginning of ....
at midnight at the moment
at present
In acompaa a las partes del da (excepto night), meses, estaciones, aos y siglos:
in the morning in summer/spring.... in 5 minutes/one hour

in the afternoon in July/May.....
in the evening in 1965
in the 21st century
On precede a los das de la semana y fechas concretas:
on Monday/Tuesday.... on Saturday night

th
on 20 May on Wednesday afternoon
on Christmas Day on Monday morning
on New Years Eve on Thursday evening
on St. Patricks Day
Cuando la expresin de tiempo va precedida de last, next o every, no se usa

ninguna preposicin:
Last week I went to the cinema

Ill see you next Monday.
I visit him every Sunday.

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Uso: normalmente se utiliza para hablar de acciones habituales, pero en ocasiones

3. La terminacin es ies cuando un verbo acaba en consonante + y. La y se

forma completa forma contrada

I do not work I dont work

Do I work? Yes, I do No, I dont

Los mejores recursos gratuitos para aprender y ensear ingls

Presente simple 2 (presente histrico, futuro)

Adems de para expresar acciones cotidianas o verdades universales, el presente simple se

Presente simple con valor de futuro.

- The train to Norfolk leaves from platform 7 in 10 minutes.

- Christopher Columbus discovers America by mistake in 1492.

Los mejores recursos gratuitos para aprender y ensear ingls

Verbo to be Presente Simple

La forma completa y la contrada son igualmente correctas, aunque la contrada es

forma completa forma contrada

Negacin (sujeto + verbo + not)

forma completa forma contrada

We are not we arent

Interrogacin (verbo + sujeto)

respuesta breve + respuesta breve

Am I ...? Yes, I am No, Im not

Are we...? Yes, we are No, we arent

Ejemplos: Are you a student? Yes, I am.

Los mejores recursos gratuitos para aprender y ensear ingls

Have (got) significa tener.

Have got es algo ms comn que have.

I have got Ive got Ive got lots of books.

I have not got I havent got

Have I got...? Yes, I have No, I havent

I have I do not have I dont have

Do I have...? Yes, I do No, I dont

Los mejores recursos gratuitos para aprender y ensear ingls

Uso: se utiliza normalmente para hablar de acciones que estn ocurriendo en el

forma completa forma contrada

We are working were working

forma completa forma contrada

I am not working Im not working

We are not working we arent working

Am I working? Yes, I am No, Im not

Are we working? Yes, we are No, we arent

Reglas ortogrficas de los verbos acabados en ing:

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Presente Simple vs. Presente Continuo

El presente simple se utiliza para hablar de cosas que ocurren habitualmente o en

- James studies German at university.

- Mary is playing the guitar now.

Im playing the guitar

Las oraciones en presente continuo a menudo van acompaadas de expresiones que

Now right now at the moment at present

Existen verbos que slo pueden utilizarse en presente simple:

Presente continuo con valor de futuro

- Im going to the cinema tonight. Are you coming?

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Verbos regulares (work)

I worked Ortografa de las formas de pasado regulares

Pronunciacin de la terminacin -ed de pasado

Verbos irregulares (go)

Para ver Lista de verbos irregulares haz clic aqu.

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Verbos regulares (work)

forma completa forma contrada

I did not work I didnt work

We did not work We didnt work