Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
John Ruether
National Energy Technology Laboratory
Descriptor - include initials, /org#/date
Drivers Changing Power Industry
1999 2015
Low-Cost Gas Separation/Purification
High-Temperature Heat Exchange
Fuel-Flexible Gasification
Enabling High-Performance Combustion
Technologies Fuel Cells
Fuel-Flexible Turbines
Synthesis Gas Conversion to Fuels & Chemicals
Materials
Supporting Environmental Control Technology
Technologies Controls and Sensors
Computational Modeling/Virtual Simulation
Emissions
Capital & Operating Costs/RAM
< 0.01 lb/106 Btu SO2 and NOx
Vision 21 must be
< 0.005 lb/106 Btu PM
competitive with other energy
<1/2 organic compounds in
systems with comparable Utility HAPS Report
environmental performance <1 lb/109 Btu Hg
Coal
POWER
F
F u e ll C
C e ll
ll H
H ig h
h E
E ffffic
ic iie
enc
cyy T
Tuu rrb
b in e
e
Other
Fuels
FUELS
L
L iq
iq u
u id s
s Co
onnv
vee rrs
s io
io n
n
Hydrogen
Process
Separation Heat/
Gas
Oxygen Stream Steam
Membrane Cleanup
Gasification
Fuels/Chemicals
Systems Integration
Modules
Modules
Modules
INPUT OUTPUT
Electricity
Fossil Fuels
Coal
Combustion/ Gas High-Temp. Chemicals
Gas
Gasification Cleanup Heat Exch.
Oil
Modules Transportation
Modules
Modules
Fuels
Opportunity
Feedstocks Syngas
Biomass
Municipal Waste Hydrogen
Petcoke Gas Fuels/
Power
Separation Chemicals Steam
500 Oil
Quads
Coal
400
300
200
100
0
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
Historical data from the World Energy Council and projections from EIA. Descriptor - include initials, /org#/date
*Traditional biomass is mainly wood, charcoal, dung, etc. used in developing countries.
CO2 Concentrations Beyond Range of
Natural Occurrence 350
CO2 Concentration
(ppmv)
300
CO2 (Vostok)
250
Temperature Change
200
from Present (oC)
2
0 Tatm (Vostok)
-2
-4
1,000
8 World
Population 800
6
World Energy 600
4 Consumption
400
Population of
2 Developed Countries 200
0 0
1900 1950 2000 2050 2100
Year Population Projections: United Nations Long-Range World
Population Projections: Based on the 1998 Revision
Energy Projections: Global Energy Perspectives IIASA / WEC
20
IS92a
750 Ceiling
650 Ceiling Stabilizing CO2
15 550 Ceiling
450 Ceiling concentrations
350 Ceiling
10 at 550 ppmv
implies 60%
5
reduction
0
below 1990
emission rates
-5
1990 2040 2090 2140 2190 2240 2290
Year
Source: Wigley, T.M.L., Richels, R., and
Edmonds, J.A. Nature 379, 240-243 (1996)
Fuel
Switching
Gas
Coal
Coal 22%
Gas 25%
25%
Coal 24%
Coal
22%
22% Nuclear 6%
Nuclear 8%
4% 7%
7%
Oil 0.6% Oil
38% 3% 39%
0.9%
Hydro
Solar, Wind, Geo
Biomass
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
Efficiency, %
Nuclear
10
0
1990 2005 2020 2035 2050 2065 2080 2095
Year
Source: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Source: "Evaluation of Fossil Fuel Power Plants with CO2 Removal," EPRI, 2000.
http://www.netl.doe.gov/product/power1/gasification/30_publications.htm
New Projects Contribute to
Ultra-Clean Energy Plant
Systems Integration Gasification & Combustion
National Fuel Cell Foster Wheeler
Research Center GE Energy and
Computational Modeling Environmental Research
& Virtual Simulation Corporation
Reaction Engineering Clean Energy Systems
International Turbines & Fuel Cells
Fluent, Inc. Fuel Cell Energy
Princeton University Advanced Separation
CFD Research Corp. Technology
High-Temperature Siemens Westinghouse
Materials Eltron Research
Huntington Alloys ITN Energy Systems