AUTOMATIC BREAKING SYSTEM

(ABSTRACT)

With the growth of vehicles in large number and with the same Narrow size road it

is very difficult for the driver to drive a vehicle safely without a crash on the road. If for a

small fraction of time if a vehicle driven has missed his attention then it will result in

crash of vehicle with front vehicle even if the vehicle is in small speed or no speed. In

congested traffic sometimes a vehicle owner get frosted and he cant keep watch on

vehicle in slow moving traffic. In such a situation this pre crash vehicle detection system

proved to be an excellent system from preventing a crash.

Today many sensors are available for detection of pre crash between vehicles. We

are using IR sensor system for detecting pre crash between vehicles. In our proposed

system we are using a Infrared transmitter and infrared receiver combination system

which is attached to a relay board. The IR sensor system continuously sends signals and

monitors any car or other obstacles are in front of car. The distance up to which IR sensor

can work may be up to 3 centi meter. When any obstacle or vehicle detected by IR sensor

system it will send signal to the relay board embedded. Motors are connoted through
relay board when relay is on state all motors are stop so that vehicle will stop. If relay is

in off state all motor rotating forward.

APPLICATIONS: Real time to track the assets.

ADVANTAGES: Low cost, automated operation, Low Power consumption,

security.

REFERENCE: The 8051 micro controller and embedded systems by Mazidi.

 INDEX

1. Introduction to Embedded Systems

2. IR Transmitter and IR receiver

3. Working flow of the project Block diagram and Schematic diagram

4. Semantic diagram

5. Conclusion

6. Bibiliography
CHAPTER 1
 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM INTRODUCTION
TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a

few dedicated functions, sometimes with real-time computing constraints. It is usually
embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts. In
contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, can do many different
tasks depending on programming. Embedded systems have become very important today
as they control many of the common devices we use.

Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can
optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and
performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of
scale.

Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches
and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or
the systems controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single
microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted
inside a large chassis or enclosure.

In general, "embedded system" is not an exactly defined term, as many systems

have some element of programmability. For example, Handheld computers share some
elements with embedded systems such as the operating systems and microprocessors
which power them but are not truly embedded systems, because they allow different
applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected.

An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and software,

either fixed in capability or programmable, that is specifically designed for a particular
kind of application device. Industrial machines, automobiles, medical equipment,
cameras, household appliances, airplanes, vending machines, and toys (as well as the
more obvious cellular phone and PDA) are among the myriad possible hosts of an
embedded system. Embedded systems that are programmable are provided with a
programming interface, and embedded systems programming is a specialized occupation.

Certain operating systems or language platforms are tailored for the embedded
market, such as Embedded Java and Windows XP Embedded. However, some low-end
consumer products use very inexpensive microprocessors and limited storage, with the
application and operating system both part of a single program. The program is written
permanently into the system's memory in this case, rather than being loaded into RAM
(random access memory), as programs on a personal computer are.
MICROCONTROLLERS FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

In the Literature discussing microprocessors, we often see the term Embedded

System. Microprocessors and Microcontrollers are widely used in embedded system
products. An embedded system product uses a microprocessor (or Microcontroller) to do
one task only. A printer is an example of embedded system since the processor inside it
performs one task only; namely getting the data and printing it. Contrast this with a
Pentium based PC. A PC can be used for any number of applications such as word
processor, print-server, bank teller terminal, Video game, network server, or Internet
terminal. Software for a variety of applications can be loaded and run. Of course the
reason a pc can perform myriad tasks is that it has RAM memory and an operating
system that loads the application software into RAM memory and lets the CPU run it.

In an Embedded system, there is only one application software that is typically

burned into ROM. An x86 PC contains or is connected to various embedded products
such as keyboard, printer, modem, disk controller, sound card, CD-ROM drives, mouse,
and so on. Each one of these peripherals has a Microcontroller inside it that performs
only one task. For example, inside every mouse there is a Microcontroller to perform the
task of finding the mouse position and sending it to the PC. Table 1-1 lists some
embedded products.
POWER SUPPLY UNIT

In most of our electronic products or projects we need a power supply for

converting mains AC voltage to a regulated DC voltage. For making a power
supply designing of each and every component is essential. Here Im going to
discuss the designing of regulated 5V Power Supply.

Lets start with very basic things the choosing of components

Component List :

1. Step down transformer

2. Voltage regulator

3. Capacitors
 4. Diodes

Voltage regulator :

As we require a 5V we need LM7805 Voltage Regulator IC.

7805 IC Rating :

Input voltage range 7V- 35V

Current rating Ic = 1A

Output voltage range VMax=5.2V ,VMin=4.8V

LM7805 Pin Diagram

Operation of Regulated Power Supply

Step Down Transformer

A step down transformer will step down the voltage from the ac mains to the
required voltage level. The turns ratio of the transformer is so adjusted such as to
obtain the required voltage value. The output of the transformer is given as an
input to the rectifier circuit.
Rectification
Rectifier is an electronic circuit consisting of diodes which carries out the
rectification process. Rectification is the process of converting an alternating
voltage or current into corresponding direct (dc) quantity. The input to a rectifier is
ac whereas its output is unidirectional pulsating dc. Usually a full wave rectifier or
a bridge rectifier is used to rectify both the half cycles of the ac supply (full wave
rectification). Figure below shows a full wave bridge rectifier.

A bridge rectifier consists of four p-n junction diodes connected in the above
shown manner. In the positive half cycle of the supply the voltage induced across
the secondary of the electrical transformer i.e. VMN is positive. Therefore point E
is positive with respect to F. Hence, diodes D 3 and D2 are reversed biased and
diodes D1 and D4 are forward biased. The diode D3 and D2 will act as open
switches (practically there is some voltage drop) and diodes D1 andD4 will act as
closed switches and will start conducting. Hence a rectified waveform appears at
the output of the rectifier as shown in the first figure. When voltage induced in
secondary i.e. VMN is negative than D 3 and D2 are forward biased with the other
two reversed biased and a positive voltage appears at the input of the filter.
DC Filteration
The rectified voltage from the rectifier is a pulsating dc voltage having very high
ripple content. But this is not we want, we want a pure ripple free dc waveform.
Hence a filter is used. Different types of filters are used such as capacitor filter, LC
filter, Choke input filter, type filter. Figure below shows a capacitor filter
connected along the output of the rectifier and the resultant output waveform.

As the
instantaneous voltage starts increasing the capacitor charges, it charges till the
waveform reaches its peak value. When the instantaneous value starts reducing the
capacitor starts discharging exponentially and slowly through the load (input of the
regulator in this case). Hence, an almost constant dc value having very less ripple
content is obtained.
Regulation
This is the last block in a regulated DC power supply. The output voltage or
current will change or fluctuate when there is change in the input from ac mains or
due to change in load current at the output of the regulated power supply or due to
other factors like temperature changes. This problem can be eliminated by using a
regulator. A regulator will maintain the output constant even when changes at the
input or any other changes occur.

Transistor series regulator, Fixed and variable IC regulators or a zener diode

operated in the zener region can be used depending on their applications. ICs like
78XX and 79XX are used to obtained fixed values of voltages at the output. With
ICs like LM 317 and 723 etc we can adjust the output voltage to a required
constant value. Figure below shows the LM317 voltage regulator.

The output voltage can be adjusted with adjusting the values of resistances
R1 and R2. Usually coupling capacitors of values about 0.01F to 10F needs to be
connected at the output and input to address input noise and output transients.
Ideally the output voltage is given by

Figure below shows the complete circuit of a regulated +5V DC power

supply using transformer, bridge rectifier, filter (smoothing) and a fixed +5 V
voltage regulator. Here we can use IC 7803(for 3V),7809(for 9 V),7812(for 12V)
etc.
Application of Regulated Power Supply

Regulated power supply is the main component of

electrical,electronics and as well as automation equipment.
Mobile phone charger, oscilator, amplifier are needed the
regulated power supply

Understanding 7805 IC Voltage Regulator

A regulated power supply is very much essential for several electronic

devices due to the semiconductor material employed in them have a fixed rate of
current as well as voltage. The device may get damaged if there is any deviation
from the fixed rate. The AC power supply gets converted into constant DC by this
circuit. By the help of a voltage regulator DC, unregulated output will be fixed to a
constant voltage.
 The circuit is made up of linear voltage regulator 7805 along with capacitors
and resistors with bridge rectifier made up from diodes. From giving an
unchanging voltage supply to building confident that output reaches uninterrupted
to the appliance, the diodes along with capacitors handle elevated efficient signal
conveyal.

As we have previously talked about that regulated power supply is a device

that mechanized on DC voltages and also it can uphold its output accurately at a
fixed voltage all the time although if there is a significant alteration in the DC
input voltage. ICs regulator is mainly used in the circuit to maintain the exact
voltage which is followed by the power supply.

A regulator is mainly employed with the capacitor connected in parallel to

the input terminal and the output terminal of the IC regulator. For the checking of
gigantic alterations in the input as well as in the output filter, capacitors are used.
While the bypass capacitors are used to check the small period spikes on the input
and output level. Bypass capacitors are mainly of small values that are used to
bypass the small period pulses straightly into the Earth. A circuit diagram having
regulator IC and all the above discussed components arrangement revealed in the
figure below.
 As we have made the whole circuit till now to be operated on the 5V DC
supply, so we have to use an IC regulator for 5V DC. And the most generally used
IC regulators get into the market for 5V DC regulation use is 7805. So we are
connecting the similar IC in the circuit as U1. IC 7805 is a DC regulated IC of 5V.
This IC is very flexible and is widely employed in all types of circuit like a voltage
regulator. It is a three terminal device and mainly called input , output and ground.
Pin diagram of the IC 7805 is shown in the diagram below.

The output generated from the unregulated DC output is susceptible to the

fluctuations of the input signal. IC voltage regulator is connected with bridge
rectifier in series in these project so to steady the DC output against the variations
in the input DC voltage.
 To obtain a stable output of 5V, IC 7805 is attached with 6-0-6V along with
500mA step down transformer as well as with rectifier. To suppress the oscillation
which might generate in the regulator IC, C2 capacitor of 0.1 uF value is used.
When the power supply filter is far away from the regulated IC capacitor C2 is
used. Ripple rejection in the regulator is been improved by C4 capacitor(35uf) by
avoiding the ripple voltage to be amplified at the regulator output.

The output voltage is strengthen and deduction of the output voltage is done
capacitor C3(0.1uF). To avoid the chance of the input get shorted D5 diode is used
to save the regulator. If D5 is not presented in the circuit, the output capacitor can
leave its charge immediately during low impedance course inside the regulators.
 IR DISTANCE SENSOR

IR Distance Sensor:-
IR distance sensors are one of the most used distance sensors. They fall in 3
categories:
Reflection
(Short range. Not more than 2 - 3cm)

IR reflection sensor
This type uses an IR-LED and IR-diode (or phototransistor). When an object is
close to the sensor it reflects the light emitted by the LED to the IR-diode. Using
modulated IR-light (A) and filtering (B) the input signal of the IR-diode leads to
better results as this blocks (much of) other IR-light. There are ICs that contain
both a modulator, IR-diode and filter-circuit.
Triangulation
(Larger range. Around 10 - 30cm) e.g. Sharp has a family of sensors that use this
principle for measuring distance. They consist of an IR-LED and an IR-sensitive
LDR strip. Combined with built-in optical lenses, the reflected beam's position on
the LDR depends on how far the object is.

Line detecting sensor

Similar setup as the reflection IR-sensor, but aimed downwards to detect lines on
the ground. This sensor makes use of the difference in reflection between a white
background and a black line.
More advanced robots use multiple line detection sensors to follow a line more
cleanly.
Infra-Red Light

Infra-Red actually is normal light with a particular colour. We humans can't see this
colour because its wave length of 950nm is below the visible spectrum. That's one of the
reasons why IR is chosen for remote control purposes, we want to use it but we're not
interested in seeing it. Another reason is because IR LEDs are quite easy to make, and
therefore can be very cheap.

Although we humans can't see the Infra-Red light emitted from a remote control doesn't
mean we can't make it visible.
A video camera or digital photo camera can "see" the Infra-Red light as you can see in
this picture. If you own a web cam you're in luck, point your remote to it, press any
button and you'll see the LED flicker.

Unfortunately for us there are many more

sources of Infra-Red light. The sun is the
brightest source of all, but there are many
others, like: light bulbs, candles, central
heating system, and even our body radiates
Infra-Red light. In fact everything that radiates heat, also radiates Infra-Red light.
Therefore we have to take some precautions to guarantee that our IR message gets across
to the receiver without errors.

Modulation

Modulation is the answer to make our signal stand out above the noise. With modulation
we make the IR light source blink in a particular frequency. The IR receiver will be tuned
to that frequency, so it can ignore everything else.
You can think of this blinking as attracting the receiver's attention. We humans also notice
the blinking of yellow lights at construction sites instantly, even in bright daylight.
In the picture above you can see a modulated signal driving the IR LED of the transmitter
on the left side. The detected signal is coming out of the receiver at the other side.

In serial communication we usually speak of 'marks' and 'spaces'. The 'space' is the
default signal, which is the off state in the transmitter case. No light is emitted during the
'space' state. During the 'mark' state of the signal the IR light is pulsed on and off at a
particular frequency. Frequencies between 30kHz and 60kHz are commonly used in
consumer electronics.
At the receiver side a 'space' is represented by a high level of the receiver's output. A
'mark' is then automatically represented by a low level.

Please note that the 'marks' and 'spaces' are not the 1-s and 0-s we want to transmit. The
real relationship between the 'marks' and 'spaces' and the 1-s and 0-s depends on the
protocol that's being used. More information about that can be found on the pages that
describe the protocols.

The Transmitter

The transmitter usually is a battery powered handset. It should consume as little power as
possible, and the IR signal should also be as strong as possible to achieve an acceptable
control distance. Preferably it should be shock proof as well.

Many chips are designed to be used as IR transmitters. The older chips were dedicated to
only one of the many protocols that were invented. Nowadays very low power
microcontrollers are used in IR transmitters for the simple reason that they are more
flexible in their use. When no button is pressed they are in a very low power sleep mode,
in which hardly any current is consumed. The processor wakes up to transmit the
appropriate IR command only when a key is pressed.

Quartz crystals are seldom used in such handsets. They are very fragile and tend to break
easily when the handset is dropped. Ceramic resonators are much more suitable here,
because they can withstand larger physical shocks. The fact that they are a little less
accurate is not important.

The current through the LED (or LEDs) can vary from 100mA to well over 1A! In order
to get an acceptable control distance the LED currents have to be as high as possible. A
trade-off should be made between LED parameters, battery lifetime and maximum
control distance. LED currents can be that high because the pulses driving the LEDs are
very short. Average power dissipation of the LED should not exceed the maximum value
though. You should also see to it that the maximum peek current for the LED is not
exceeded. All these parameters can be found in the LED's data sheet.

A simple transistor circuit can be used to drive the LED. A transistor with a suitable HFE
and switching speed should be selected for this purpose.
The resistor values can simply be calculated using Ohm's law. Remember that the
nominal voltage drop over an IR LED is approximately 1.1V.

The normal driver, described above, has one disadvantage. As the

battery voltage drops, the current through the LED will decrease as
well. This will result in a shorter control distance that can be covered.
An emitter follower circuit can avoid this. The 2 diodes in series will limit the pulses on
the base of the transistor to 1.2V. The base-emitter voltage of the transistor subtracts 0.6V
from that, resulting in a constant amplitude of 0.6V at the emitter. This constant
amplitude across a constant resistor results in current pulses of a constant magnitude.
Calculating the current through the LED is simply applying Ohm's law again.
The Receiver

Many different receiver circuits exist on the market. The most

important selection criteria are the modulation frequency used and the
availability in you region.

In the picture above you can see a typical block diagram of such an IR receiver. Don't be
alarmed if you don't understand this part of the description, for everything is built into
one single electronic component.
The received IR signal is picked up by the IR detection diode on the left side of the
diagram. This signal is amplified and limited by the first 2 stages. The limiter acts as an
AGC circuit to get a constant pulse level, regardless of the distance to the handset.
As you can see only the AC signal is sent to the Band Pass Filter. The Band Pass Filter is
tuned to the modulation frequency of the handset unit. Common frequencies range from
30kHz to 60kHz in consumer electronics.
The next stages are a detector, integrator and comparator. The purpose of these three
blocks is to detect the presence of the modulation frequency. If this modulation frequency
is present the output of the comparator will be pulled low.

As I said before, all these blocks are integrated into a single electronic component. There
are many different manufacturers of these components on the market. And most devices
are available in several versions each of which are tuned to a particular modulation
frequency.

Please note that the amplifier is set to a very high gain. Therefore the system tends to start
oscillating very easily. Placing a large capacitor of at least 22F close to the receiver's
power connections is mandatory to decouple the power lines.
Some data sheets recommend a resistor of 330 Ohms in series
with the power supply to further decouple the power supply from
the rest of the circuit.

There are several manufacturers of IR receivers on the market. Siemens, Vishay and
Telefunken are the main suppliers here in Europe. Siemens has its SFH506-xx series,
where xx denotes the modulation frequency of 30, 33, 36, 38, 40 or 56kHz. Telefunken
had its TFMS5xx0 and TK18xx series, where xx again indicates the modulation
frequency the device is tuned to. It appears that these parts have now become obsolete.
They are replaced by the Vishay TSOP12xx, TSOP48xx and TSOP62xx product series.
Sharp, Xiamen Hualian and Japanese Electric are 3 Asian IR receiver producing
companies. Sharp has devices with very cryptic ID names, like: GP1UD26xK,
GP1UD27xK and GP1UD28xK, where x is related to the modulation frequency. Hualian
has it's HRMxx00 series, like the HRM3700 and HRM3800. Japanese Electric has a
series of devices that don't include the modulation frequency in the part's ID. The PIC-
12042LM is tuned to 36.7kHz, and the PIC12043LM is tuned to 37.9kHz.

The End?

This concludes the theory of operation for IR remote control systems intended for use in
consumer electronics. I realize that other ways exist to implement IR control, but I will
limit myself to the description above. One of the issues not covered here is security.
Security is of no importance if I want to control my VCR or TV set. But when it comes to
opening doors or cars it literally becomes a 'key' feature! Maybe I will cover this issue
later, but not for now.

I also realize that my small list of manufacturers is far from being complete. It is hardly
possible to list every manufacturer here. You can send me an e-mail if you have details
about other protocols that you feel should be added to my pages.
This page only described the basic theory of operation of IR remote control. It did not
describe the protocols that are involved in communication between transmitter and
receiver. Many protocols are designed by different manufacturers. You can find the
protocols of some manufacturers in the link section at the top of this page.

DRIVER CIRCUIT

Relay:

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet

to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are
also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power
signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits),
or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were
used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one
circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone
exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.

A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an
electric motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power
circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform
switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple
operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in
modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital
instruments still called "protective relays".
Basic Design and Operation:

A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a

soft iron core, an iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic
flux, a movable iron armature, and one or more sets of contacts (there are two in
the relay pictured). The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to
one or more sets of moving contacts.

It is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized there is

an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts
in the relay pictured is closed, and the other set is open. Other relays may have
more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their function. The relay in the picture
also has a wire connecting the armature to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the
circuit between the moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit track on the
printed circuit board (PCB) via the yoke, which is soldered to the PCB.
 When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic
field that activates the armature and the consequent movement of the movable
contact either makes or breaks (depending upon construction) a connection with a
fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was de-energized,
then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if
the contacts were open. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is
returned by a force, approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its
relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used
commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate
quickly. In a low-voltage application this reduces noise; in a high voltage or
current application it reduces arcing.

When the coil is energized with direct current, a diode is often placed across
the coil to dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation,
which would otherwise generate a voltage spike dangerous to semiconductor
circuit components. Some automotive relays include a diode inside the relay case.

Alternatively, a contact protection network consisting of a capacitor and

resistor in series (snubber circuit) may absorb the surge. If the coil is designed to
be energized with alternating current (AC), a small copper "shading ring" can be
crimped to the end of the solenoid, creating a small out-of-phase current which
increases the minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle.[1]

A solid-state relay uses a thyristor or other solid-state switching device,

activated by the control signal, to switch the controlled load, instead of a solenoid.
An optocoupler (a light-emitting diode (LED) coupled with a photo transistor) can
be used to isolate control and controlled circuits.

Types of Relay:

Latching relay

Read relay

Mercury-wetted relay

Mercury relay

Polarized relay

Machine tool relay

Ratchet relay

Coaxial relay

Contactor

Solid state relay

Solid state contactor relay

 Overload protection relay

Vacuum relay

Pole and Throw:

Since relays are switches, the terminology applied to switches is also applied to
relays; a relay switches one or more poles, each of whose contacts can be thrown
by energizing the coil in one of three ways:

Normally-open (NO) contacts connect the circuit when the relay is

activated; the circuit is disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also
called a Form A contact or "make" contact. NO contacts may also be
distinguished as "early-make" or NOEM, which means that the contacts
close before the button or switch is fully engaged.

Normally-closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is

activated; the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called
a Form B contact or "break" contact. NC contacts may also be distinguished
as "late-break" or NCLB, which means that the contacts stay closed until the
button or switch is fully disengaged.

Change-over (CO), or double-throw (DT), contacts control two circuits: one

normally-open contact and one normally-closed contact with a common
terminal. It is also called a Form C contact or "transfer" contact ("break
before make"). If this type of contact utilizes a "make before break"
functionality, then it is called a Form D contact.
The following designations are commonly encountered:

SPST Single Pole Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be
connected or disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four
terminals in total. It is ambiguous whether the pole is normally open or
normally closed. The terminology "SPNO" and "SPNC" is sometimes used
to resolve the ambiguity.

SPDT Single Pole Double Throw. A common terminal connects to either

of two others. Including two for the coil, such a relay has five terminals in
total.

DPST Double Pole Single Throw. These have two pairs of terminals.
Equivalent to two SPST switches or relays actuated by a single coil.
Including two for the coil, such a relay has six terminals in total. The poles
may be Form A or Form B (or one of each).

DPDT Double Pole Double Throw. These have two rows of change-over
terminals. Equivalent to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single
coil. Such a relay has eight terminals, including the coil.
Applications:

Relays are used for:

Amplifying a digital signal, switching a large amount of power with a small

operating power. Some special cases are:

o A telegraph relay, repeating a weak signal received at the end of a

long wire

o Controlling a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in

some types of modems or audio amplifiers,

o Controlling a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the

starter solenoid of an automobile.
 Detecting and isolating faults on transmission and distribution lines by
opening and closing circuit breakers (protection relays),Switching to a
standby power supply.
WORKING FLOW
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

CAR

IR TX IR RX

Relay Board

POWER SUPPLY
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION

The project AUTOMATIC BREAKING SYSTEM has been

successfully designed and tested. It has been developed by integrating features of all the
hardware components used. Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed
carefully thus contributing to the best working of the unit. Secondly, using highly
advanced ICs and with the help of growing technology the project has been successfully
implemented.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
The 8051 Micro controller and Embedded Systems
-Muhammad Ali Mazidi
-Janice Gillispie Mazidi

The 8051 Micro controller Architecture, Programming & Applications

-Kenneth J.Ayala

Fundamentals Of Micro processors and Micro computers

-B.Ram

Micro processor Architecture, Programming & Applications

-Ramesh S.Gaonkar

Electronic Components
-D.V.Prasad

Wireless Communications
- Theodore S. Rappaport

Mobile Tele Communications

- William C.Y. Lee
8051 System Developers Guide

-Andrew N.SLOSS

-Domenic SYMES

-Chris WRIGHT
References on the Web:

www.national.com
www.nxp.com
www.8052.com
www.microsoftsearch.com
www.geocities.com
www.keil.com