phagocytic

Fighting the leukocyte

Enemy Within!

Immune / Lymphatic
System

lymphocytes
attacking lymph
AP Biology cancer cell system 2007-2008
 Avenues of attack
Points of entry
digestive system
respiratory system
urogenital tract
break in skin

AP Biology
 Why an immune system?
Attack from outside
animals must defend themselves against invaders (pathogens)
viruses
HIV, flu, cold, measles, chicken pox
bacteria
pneumonia, meningitis, tuberculosis
Lyme disease
fungi
yeast (Athletes foot)
protists
amoeba, malaria
Attack from inside
cancers = abnormal body cells
Mmmmm,
Whats in your
AP Biology lunchbox?
 Production & transport of leukocytes
Lymph system (B and T cells)
Traps foreign invaders

lymph vessels
(intertwined amongst blood vessels)

AP Biology
lymph node
 Development of Red & White blood cells

Blood Cells develop

from pluripotent stem
cells in bone marrow
Red blood cells inflammatory
response

fight
parasites

Leukocytes=
phagocytes
Lymphocytes=
develop into short-lived phagocytes
AP Biology B and T cells macrophages 60-70% WBC
 Lines of defense
1st line: Non-specific barriers
broad, external defense
walls & moats
skin & mucous membranes
2nd line: Non-specific patrols
broad, internal defense
patrolling soldiers
leukocytes = phagocytic WBC
3rd line: True immune system
specific, acquired immunity
elite trained units
Bacteria & insects
lymphocytes & antibodies inherit resistance.
B cells & T cells Vertebrates
acquire immunity.
AP Biology
 1st line: Non-specific External defense
Barrier Lining of trachea:
ciliated cells & mucus
skin secreting cells

Traps
mucous membranes, cilia,
hair, earwax
Lysozyme enzyme
digests bacterial cell walls
tears, sweat
Defensins
insert in cell membranes to make
them more permeable to fluid- cells
swell and burst

AP Biology
 2nd line: Non-specific patrolling cells
bacteria
Patrolling cells & proteins
attack pathogens, but dont
remember for next time
leukocytes
phagocytic white blood cells
complement system
proteins that destroy cells macrophage
inflammatory response

AP Biology yeast
 Leukocytes: Phagocytic WBCs
Attracted by chemical signals (histamine)
released by damaged cells
ingest pathogens
digest in lysosomes

Neutrophils
most abundant WBC (~70%)
~ 3 day lifespan

Macrophages
big eater, long-lived
Natural Killer Cells
destroy virus-infected cells
& cancer cells
AP Biology
 Destroying cells that have gone bad!
Natural Killer Cells kill virus infected
cells or cancer cells
release perforin protein
insert into membrane of target cell

forms pore allowing fluid to vesicle

flow in & out of cell natural killer cell
cell ruptures (lysis)
perforin
apoptosis cell
membrane

perforin cell
punctures membrane

AP Biology cell membrane virus-infected cell

 Anti-microbial proteins
Complement system
~20 proteins circulating in blood plasma
attack bacterial & fungal cells

form a membrane attack complex

perforate target cell
apoptosis extracellular fluid
cell lysis
complement proteins
form cellular lesion

plasma membrane of
invading microbe complement proteins
AP Biology bacterial cell
 Interferons
Interferons (warning system)
secreted by a body cell infected by a virus
bind to receptors on nearby body cells

initiate a transduction pathway

leads to response that will inhibit (interfere
with) viral reproduction if cell gets infected

AP Biology
 Mast Cells
bind to damaged tissue
secrete chemical signals for help
Histamine- increases permeability of blood
vessels to allow platelets, fluid, and
phagocytes into damaged area
tumor necrosis factor- stimulates
phagocytosis

AP Biology
 What happens when you cut your finger?
Make a list (or flow Your steps should include
chart) of the steps your skin
innate immune system histamine
macrophage
takes from the moment
mast cells
you cut your finger to
tumor necrosis factor
help your body fight off phagocytes
bacterial and fungal platelets
pathogens and heal the neutrophils
damaged area. complement system
swelling

AP Biology
AP Biology
 Fever
When a local response is not enough
system-wide response to infection
activated macrophages release interleukin-1
triggers hypothalamus in brain to readjust body thermostat
to raise body temperature
higher temperature helps defense
inhibits bacterial growth
stimulates phagocytosis
speeds up repair of tissues
causes liver & spleen to store
iron, reducing blood iron levels
bacteria need large amounts
of iron to grow
AP Biology
 3rd line: Acquired (active) Immunity
Specific defense with memory B cell

lymphocytes
B cells
T cells
antibodies
immunoglobulins
Responds to
antigens
cellular name tags
specific pathogens
specific toxins
abnormal body cells (cancer)
AP Biology
 How are invaders recognized?
Antigens
cellular name tag proteins
self antigens
no response from WBCs
foreign antigens
response from WBCs
pathogens: viruses, bacteria, protozoa, parasitic worms,
fungi, toxins
non-pathogens: cancer cells, transplanted tissue, pollen

self
AP Biology foreign
 How is any cell tagged with antigens?
Major histocompatibility (MHC) proteins
proteins which constantly carry bits of cellular
material from the cytosol to the cell surface
snapshot of what is going on inside cell

give the surface of cells a unique label or

fingerprint
MHC protein
Who goes there?
self or foreign?
T or B
cell

MHC proteins
displaying self-antigens
AP Biology
 bone marrow
Lymphocytes
B cells
mature in bone marrow
humoral response system
humors = body fluids
attack pathogens circulating
in blood & lymph
produce antibodies
T cells
mature in thymus
Cell- Mediated response

attack invaded cells

Maturation
learn to distinguish self
AP Biology
from non-self antigens
 How is any cell tagged with antigens?
Dendritic Cells and other leukocytes digest a
pathogen and use MHC to present antigens on the
outer surface of their membranes
Leukocyte travels to lymph node to share
information that can activate T and B cells
Lets diagram this process

T or
cell

AP Biology
 B cells
Attack, learn & remember pathogens
circulating in blood & lymph
Produce specific antibodies
against specific antigen
Types of B cells
effector plasma cells
immediate production of antibodies
rapid response, short term release
memory cells
long term immunity

AP Biology
 Y
Y Y Y

Y
Antibodies

Y
Y

Y
Y
Y

Proteins that bind to a specific antigen Y

Y
binding region matches molecular shape

Y
Y
of antigens
each antibody is unique & specific Y
tagging handcuffs

Y
Y
Y
antigen- antigen
binding site Y
on antibody

Y
variable
binding region
Y

Y
each B cell
has ~50,000
AP Biology antibodies
 Y
Structure of antibodies

Y
Y
Y
antigen-binding site
Y

Y
variable region

Y
s s
s s
s s
Y
s s

Y
s s Y
s s

Y
s s
s s s s Y
s s
s s
light s s
light
chain s s chain
s s

heavy
s s light chains
s s chains

s s
s s

B cell
antigen-binding antigen-binding
membrane site site

heavy chains
AP Biology
 What do antibodies do to invaders?

neutralize Agglutination precipitate apoptosis

invading pathogens
tagged with
antibodies
Y

macrophage
eating tagged invaders
AP Biology
 What do antibodies do to invaders?

VIDEO

macrophage
eating tagged invaders
AP Biology
 B cells
Lets draw in the B cell response

AP Biology
 Vaccinations
Immune system exposed
to harmless version of pathogen
stimulates B cell system to produce
antibodies to pathogen
active immunity
rapid response on future exposure
creates immunity
without getting
disease!
Most successful
against viruses
AP Biology
 Passive immunity
Obtaining antibodies from another
individual
maternal immunity
antibodies pass from mother to baby across
placenta or in mothers milk
critical role of breastfeeding in infant health
mother is creating antibodies against pathogens baby is
being exposed to

Injection of antibodies alone

short-term immunity

AP Biology
AP Biology
 What if the attacker gets past the B
cells in the blood & actually infects
(hides in) some of your cells?
You need trained assassins to recognize & kill
off these infected cells!

Attack
of the
Killer T cells!

T But how do T cells

know someone is
AP Biology hiding in there? 2007-2008
 How do T cells know a cell is infected?
Infected cells digest some pathogens
MHC proteins carry pieces to cell surface
foreign antigens now on cell membrane
called Antigen Presenting Cell (APC)
recognized by Helper T cells

infected MHC proteins displaying

cell foreign antigens

TH cell
WANTED
T cell with antigen
receptors
AP Biology
 T cells
Attack, learn & remember pathogens hiding in
infected cells
recognize antigen fragments
Types of T cells
helper T cells
alerts rest of immune system
Stimulates cells to keep fighting
killer (cytotoxic) T cells
attack infected body cells
memory T cells
long term immunity

AP Biology T cell attacking cancer cell

 Attack of the Killer T cells
Destroys infected body cells
binds to target cell
secretes perforin protein
punctures cell membrane of infected cell
apoptosis
vesicle
Killer T cell
Killer T cell
binds to
infected
cell cell
membrane
perforin
punctures cell
cell membrane membrane
infected cell target cell
AP Biologydestroyed
 T cell response

Lets draw in the T cell response

AP Biology
 HIV & AIDS
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
virus infects helper T cells
helper T cells dont activate rest of immune system:
killer T cells & B cells
also destroys helper T cells
AIDS: Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome
infections by opportunistic
diseases
death usually from

opportunistic infections

pneumonia, cancers
AP Biology HIV infected T cell
 Immune system malfunctions
Auto-immune diseases
immune system attacks own molecules & cells
lupus
antibodies against many molecules released by normal
breakdown of cells
rheumatoid arthritis
antibodies causing damage to cartilage & bone
diabetes
beta-islet cells of pancreas attacked & destroyed
multiple sclerosis
T cells attack myelin sheath of brain & spinal cord nerves
Allergies
over-reaction to environmental antigens
allergens = proteins on pollen, dust mites, in animal saliva
stimulates release of histamine
AP Biology
AP Biology
 invading
Exposurepathogens
to
tagged with
Classes of antibodies
antigen
antibodies
IgM IgG

Antibody levels
Immunoglobulins macrophage
eating tagged
IgM Y invaders
1st immune response
activate complement proteins 0 2
Weeks
4 6

IgG
2nd response, major antibody circulating in plasma
promote phagocytosis by macrophages
IgA
in external secretions, sweat & mothers milk
IgE
promote release of histamine & lots of bodily fluids
evolved as reaction to parasites
triggers allergic reaction
IgD
AP Biology receptors of B cells???
 10 to 17 days for full response
B cell immune response Y Y

Y
Antigens

Y
Y Y Y Y
presented on Y

Y
Y

Y
surface of

Y
invader Y

Y
Y
(foreign antigen) dendritic cells
Y
B cells inactive
Y
Y
memory cells

Y
Y
Y
reserves
Y

Y
Y Y
Y Y
captured Antigen binding and activation
Y

Y
invaders Y
Y
Y

Y
Y Y Y

Y
Y Y Y
Y

Y
Y Y Y Y
Y

Y
macrophage Y

Y
Y
Y

Y
Y

Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Y
Y

clones
Y

Y
plasma cells
Y

Y 1000s of clone cells

Y

AP Biology Y Y Y Y Y
release antibodies
 Immune system & Blood type
blood antigen antibodies donation
type on RBC in blood status
type A antigens
A on surface of RBC
anti-B antibodies __
type B antigens
B on surface of RBC
anti-A antibodies __
both type A & type B
universal
AB antigens on surface of
RBC
no antibodies
recipient

no antigens anti-A & anti-B universal

O on surface of RBC antibodies donor

Matching compatible blood groups is critical for blood transfusions

A AP
person
Biologyproduces antibodies against foreign blood antigens
 Immune response
skin pathogen invasion skin
antigen exposure
free antigens in blood antigens on infected cells

humoral response macrophages cellular response

(APC)

alert helper alert

B cells T cells
T cells

plasma memory memory cytotoxic

B cells B cells T cells T cells
Y Y
Y Y Y Y
Y

Y antibodies Y antibodies
Y

AP Biology
Y

Y
Y

Y
Y