Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION
Let A be a given matrix. Let be a scalar. The equation det is called the
characteristic equation of the matrix A.
1. Find the Characteristic equation of A =
Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie. Where = Trace of A
& = Therefore = 4 & = -5 implies that
2. Find the Characteristic equation of A =
Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie., Where =
Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & = = 3 & = -1 &
implies that
EIGEN VALUE
The values of obtained from the characteristic equation are called the Eigen values of A.
EIGEN VECTOR
Let A be a square matrix of order n and be a scalar, X be a non- zero column vector such that AX = X.
The non-zero column vector which satisfies is called eigen vector or latent
vector.
LINEARLY DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT EIGEN VECTOR
Let A be the matrix whose columns are eigen vectors.
(i) If then the eigen vectors are linearly dependent.
(ii) If then the eigen vectors are linearly independent.
1. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of
Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie.
Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & =
1
= 18 & = 45 & implies that
To find eigen vector : By the definition we have ie., (
CASE (I) : When = -3 , Substituting in (1) we get
; ;
Solving using cross multiplication rule If then
CASE (ii) : When = 5 , Substituting in (1) we get
; ;
Solving using cross multiplication rule If then
The eigen vectors are
Since the eigen values are repeated the eigen vectors are linearly dependent.
2. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of
Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie. . Where
= Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & =
= 0 & & implies that
To find eigen vector : By the definition we have ie., (
CASE (I) : When = -1 , Substituting in (1) we get
All the three equations reduce to one and the same equation
Two of the unknowns, say and are to be treated as free variables. Taking and ,
we get and taking and , we get .
2
CASE (ii) : When = 2 , Substituting in (1) we get
; ;
Solving using cross multiplication rule
The eigen vectors are
Though two of the eigen values are equal, the eigen vectors are are linearly independent.
NOTE:
(i) The eigen vector corresponding to an eigen value is not unique.
(ii) If all the eigen values of a matrix are distinct, then the corresponding eigen vectors are linearly
independent.
(iii) If two or more eigen values are equal, then the eigen vectors may be linearly indenpent or linearly
dependent.
PROPERTIES OF EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN VECTORS:
Property 1: (I) The sum of the Eigen values of a matrix is equal to the sum of the elements of the principal
diagonal (trace of the matrix). i.e.,
(ii)The product of the Eigen values of a matrix is equal to the determinant of the matrix.
i.e.,
Property 2: A square matrix A and its transpose have the same Eigen values.
Property 3: The characteristic roots of a triangular matrix are just the diagonal elements of the matrix.
Property 4: If is an Eigen value of a matrix A, then is the Eigen value of
Property 5: If is an Eigen value of an orthogonal matrix A, then is also its Eigen value.
Property 6: If are the Eigen values of a matrix A, then has the Eigen
values
(m being a positive integer)
Property7: If are the Eigen values of a matrix A, then are the Eigen
valuesof the matrix KA.
3
Property 8: Property7: If are the Eigen values of a matrix A and if K is a scalar then
are the Eigen valuesof the matrix A-KI.
Property 9: The Eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are real numbers.
Property 10: The Eigen vectors corresponding to distinct Eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are
orthogonal.
Property 11: The similar matrices have same Eigen values.
Property 12: Eigen vectors of a symmetric matrix corresponding to different Eigen values are orthogonal.
Property 13: If A and B are matrices and B is a non singular matrix then A and have same
Eigen values.
Property 14: Two Eigen vectors and are called orthogonal vectors if
Property 15: If be distinct Eigen values of a matrix then corresponding Eigen
vectors form a linearly independent set.
Note: The absolute value of a determinant (|detA|) is the product of the absolute values of the eigen values
of matrix A.
c = 0 is an eigen value of A if A is a singular (noninvertible) matrix
If A is a n x n triangular matrix (upper triangular, lower triangular) or diagonal matrix, the eigen
values of A are the diagonal entries of A.
A and its transpose matrix have same eigen values.
Eigen values of a symmetric matrix are all real.
Eigen vectors of a symmetric matrix are orthogonal, but only for distinct eigen values.
The dominant or principal eigen vector of a matrix is an eigen vector corresponding to the eigen
value of largest magnitude (for real numbers, largest absolute value) of that matrix.
For a transition matrix, the dominant eigen value is always 1.
The smallest eigen value of matrix A is the same as the inverse (reciprocal) of the largest eigen value
-1
of A ; i.e. of the inverse of A.
1. Find the Sum and the product of the Eigen values of A =
Solution: From the property of Eigen values i.e. &
Therefore Sum of the Eigen values =1+5+1= 7 & Product of the Eigen values =
i.e., 1(5-1)-1(1-3) +5(1-15) = 4+2-70 =-64. Therefore &
4
2. If A = write down the sum and product of the Eigen values of A.
Solution: From the property of Eigen values i.e. &
Therefore Sum of the Eigen values =1+2+3= 6 & Product of the Eigen values =
Ie, 1(6-4)-1(3-2) +1(2-2) = 2-1 =1. Therefore &
3. Find the Sum and the product of the Eigen values of A =
Solution: From the property of Eigen values i.e. &
Therefore Sum of the Eigen values =6 & Product of the Eigen values = =6
4. Prove that the Eigen values of are the same as those of A =
Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0
ie. Where = Trace of A & =
Therefore = 2 & = -3 implies that . Eigen values of A are 3 and -1.
(By the property of Eigen values we know that if are eigen values A then & are eigen
values of also if are eigen values -kA)
Since Eigen values of A are 3 and -1. Eigen values of are
5. If the Sum of the two eigen values and trace of matrix A are equal. Find the value of
Solution: Let be the eigen values of A. From the property of Eigen values we know that
& Given that is
implies that
Therefore Product of the Eigen values =
6. Prove that if X is an eigen vector of A corresponding to the eigen value . Then for any nonzero
scalar multiple of A, X is an eigen vector.
Solution: By definition of eigen values (1) Pre multiplying by k on both sides of (1)
is the Eigen values of (kA) & is the Eigen vector of (kA).
5
7. Two eigen values of a matrix A = are equal to 1 each. Find the eigen values of A & .
Solution: From the property of Eigen values we know that .
Given . Therefore the Eigen values of A are 1, 1, 5.
(By the property of Eigen values we know that if are eigen values A then
&
are eigen
values of ) Therefore the Eigen values of are 1, 1, .
8. Find the eigen value of A = corresponding to the eigen vector .
Solution: By the definition we have ie. (
2- =0 2 = .BY property = 6 . Therefore eigen
values of A are 2 and 6.
10. Find the constants a and b such that the matrix has 3 and -2 as its eigen values.
Solution: BY property & &
Given = 1 & -6 Therefore
a(1-a)=-2 a = 2 & a = -1. b = -1 & b = 2. Therefore when a=-1 then b=2
and when a = 2 then b = -1.
11. Given that verify that eigen values of are the squares of those of A.
Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0
i.e., Where = Trace of A & = Therefore = 7 & = 6 implies that
Eigen values are 1 & 6.
The Characteristic equation of is =0
Eigen values of are 1 and 36, that are the squares of the eigen values of A,
namely 1 and 6.
6
12. The product of two eigen values of the matrix is 14. Find the third eigen
value.
Solution: By the property . Given that .
13. Find the eigen values of .
Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0
i.e., Where = Trace of A & = Therefore = 6 & = 5 implies that
Eigen values are 1 & 5.
By the property .
(i.e.) 1 & 25 are the eigen values of .
The eigen values of are 2(1) & 2(25) = 2, 50.
14. Find the sum of the squares of the eigen values of .
Solution: By the property The eigen values of a upper or lower triangular matrix are the main diagonal
elements.
Eigen values of A = 3, 2, 5.
Sum of the squares of the eigen values of A =9+4+25 =38.
15. Find the sum of the eigen values of the inverse of .
Solution: By the property The eigen values of a upper or lower triangular matrix are the main diagonal
elements.
Eigen values of A = 3, 4, 5.
By the property .
Sum of the eigen values of .
1. Verify the Cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix A =
Solution: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation is the statement of Cayley
Hamilton theorem. The Characteristic equation of A is =0
ie., Where = Trace of A & =
Therefore = 8 & = 14 implies that We have to check
A2 = = & 8A =
L.H.S =
= = =R.H.SCayley Hamilton theorem is
verified.
2. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find given A=
Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0 i.e., Where = Trace
of A & = Therefore = 4 & = -5 implies that By Cayley Hamilton
theorem we have ..(1) , Premultiplying by on both sides of (1) we get
= =
3. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find for A =
Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie., Where
= Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & = = 3 & = -1
& implies that 3
8
(Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation is the statement of Cayley Hamilton
theorem.) By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have ..(1) Premultiplying
by on both sides of (1) we get =
=
=
4. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find for A =
SOLUTION : The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie., Where
= Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & = = 5 & =9
& implies that 5 (Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic
equation is the statement of Cayley Hamilton theorem.) By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have
5 ..(1) , Premultiplying by on both sides of (1)
we get =
=
=
5. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find for A =
SOLUTION : The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie., Where
= Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & = = 8 & =8
& implies that 8 (Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic
equation is the statement of Cayley Hamilton theorem.) By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have
..(1)
Premultiplying by on both sides of (1) we get =
=
9
=
6. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem and also find interms of , A & I of A =
SOLUTION : The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie.,
Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & = = 5 &
=7 & implies that 5
(Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation is the statement of Cayley Hamilton
theorem.)
To verify C.H.T we have check : 5
Consider L.H.S of (I) : 5
= -
= = R.H.S of (i)
Therefore C.H.T is verified.
By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have 5 ..(1) ,
=
=
=
7. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem and also find interms of , A & I of A =
SOLUTION : The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie.,
Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & = = 6 &
=8 & implies that 6
(Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation is the statement of Cayley Hamilton
theorem.)
To verify C.H.T we have check : 6
Consider L.H.S of (I) : 6
= -
= = R.H.S of (i)
Therefore C.H.T is verified.
By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have 6 ..(1) ,
6 .
=
(
=
=
=
8. Verify the Cayley Hamilton Theorem and hence find
Ans: : The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie.,
11
Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & = = 6
& = -9 & 6
By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have 6 ..(1)
Premultiplying by on both sides of (1) we get =
= =
DIAGONALISATION OF A MATRIX
The process of finding a matrix M such that , where D is a diagonal matrix, if called
diagonalisation of the Matrix A
Note:
DIAGONALISATION BY ORTHOGONAL
TRANSFORMATION OR ORTHOGONAL REDUCTION
If A is a real symmetric matrix, then the eigen vectors of A will be not only linearly independent but also
pair wise orthogonal. If we normalize each eigen vector i.e. divide each element of by the square
root of the sum of the square\s of all the elements of and use the normalized eigen vectors of A to form
the normalised modal matrix N, then it can be proved that N is an orthogonal matrix. By a property of
orthogonal matrix, .
The similarity transformation takes the form .
Transforming A into D by means of the transformation is known as orthogonal transformation or
orthogonal reduction.
NOTE:- Diagonalisation by orthogonal transformation is possible only for a real symmetric matrix.
1. Diagonalise the matrix by an orthogonal transformation.
SOLUTION: Given A =
The Characteristic equation of A is =0
i.e.
Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & =
= 12 & =36 & implies that
igen values of the matrix A are 2 , 2 & 8.
12
To find eigen vector : By the definition we have ie., (
CASE (I) : When =8 , Substituting in (2) we get
Solving using cross multiplication rule
If then
CASE(ii) : When =2 , Substituting in (2) we get
We have only one equation with three unknowns, let
if If then
CASE(iii) : When =2 , Let From orthogonal transformation we know that
must be mutually perpendicular to each other. , &
Solving using cross multiplication rule If then
Modal matrix M=
Normalised modal matrix
= =D
13
2. Diagonalise the matrix by an orthogonal transformation.
Solution: Given A =
The Characteristic equation of A is =0
i.e.
Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & =
= 9 & =24 & implies that
igen values of the matrix A are 4 , 4 & 1.
To find eigen vector: By the definition we have ie., (
CASE (I) : When =1 , Substituting in (2) we get
Solving using cross multiplication rule If then
CASE(ii) : When =4 , Substituting in (2) we get
We have only one equation with three unknowns, let if
If then
CASE(iii) : When =4 , Let From orthogonal transformation we know that
must be mutually perpendicular to each other. , &
Solving using cross multiplication rule If then
14
Modal matrix M=
Normalised modal matrix
= =D
3. Diagonalise the matrix by an orthogonal transformation.
Solution: Given A =
The Characteristic equation of A is =0
i.e.
Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & =
= 17 & =42 & implies that
igen values of the matrix A are 0 , 3 & 14.
To find eigen vector: By the definition we have ie., (
CASE (I) : When =0 , Substituting in (2) we get
Solving using cross multiplication rule If then
CASE(ii) : When =3 , Substituting in (2) we get
15
Solving using cross multiplication rule If then
CASE(iii) : When =14 , Substituting in (2) we get
Solving using cross multiplication rule If then
Modal matrix M=
Normalized modal matrix
= =D
QUADRATIC FORMS
A homogeneous polynomial of the second degree in any number of variables is called a quadratic form.
For example, is a quadratic form in three variables.
The symmetric matrix
is called the matrix of the quadratic form Q.
NOTE:
To find the symmetric matrix A of a quadratic form, the coefficient of is placed in the position and
is placed in each of the and positions.
Here are called the principal subdeterminants of A. From ,the
nature of the quadratic form can be determined.
17
1. A Q.F is positive definite if are all positive i.e., for all n.
2. A Q.F is negative definite if are all negative and are all positive
i.e., for all n.
3. A Q.F is positive semi- definite if and atleast one .
4. A Q.F is negative semi- definite if and atleast one .
5. A Q.F is indefinite in all other cases.
1. Without reducing to canonical form find the nature of the Quadratic form
Solution: Matrix of the Quadratic form is A =
, = 0 & = 0 -2-2 =-4
Since 0 & Nature of the Quadratic form is indefinite.
18
Solving using cross multiplication rule If then
CASE(ii) : When =2 , Substituting in (2) we get
We have only one equation with three unknowns, let
if If then
CASE (iii) : When =2 , Let From orthogonal transformation we know that
must be mutually perpendicular to each other. , &
Solving using cross multiplication rule If then
Modal matrix M=
Normalized modal matrix
= =D
Let X = NY be an orthogonal transformation which changes the quadratic form to canonical form.
where Substituting X = NY in (1) we get
Q.F =
=
=
=
19
=
Q.F = which is the canonical form of the quadratic form
Nature of the Q.F = Indefinite
Rank of the Q.F (r) =3
Index of the Q.F (p) =2
Signature of the Q.F (s) =2p-r = 1.
20
Solving using cross multiplication rule If then
CASE(iii) : When =15 , Substituting in (2) we get
Solving using cross multiplication rule If then
, & are mutually perpendicular to each
other.
Modal matrix M=
Normalized modal matrix
= =D
Let X = NY be an orthogonal transformation which changes the quadratic form to canonical form.
where Substituting X = NY in (1) we get
Q.F =
=
=
=
=
Q.F = which is the canonical form of the quadratic form
Nature of the Q.F = Positive semi definite
Rank of the Q.F (r) =2
Index of the Q.F (p) =2
21
Signature of the Q.F (s) =2p-r = 2.
22
Solving using cross multiplication rule If then
Modal matrix M=
Normalised modal matrix
=
=D
Let X = NY be an orthogonal transformation which changes the quadratic form to canonical form.
where Substituting X = NY in (1) we get
Q.F =
=
=
=
=
Q.F = 8 which is the canonical form of the quadratic form
Nature of the Q.F = Positive definite
Rank of the Q.F (r) =3
Index of the Q.F (p) =3
Signature of the Q.F (s) =2p-r = 3.
5. Reduce the quadratic form to canonical form using orthogonal
transformation also find its nature, rank , index & signature.
Solution: Quadratic form =
Matrix form of Quadratic form = where X = & A =
The Characteristic equation of A is =0
23
i.e.
Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & =
= 5 & =4 & implies that
igen values of the matrix A are 0, 1 & 4.
To find eigen vector:By the definition we have ie., (
CASE (I) : When =0 , Substituting in (2) we get
2
Solving using cross multiplication rule If then
CASE(ii) : When =1 , Substituting in (2) we get
Solving using cross multiplication rule
If then
CASE(iii) : When =4 , Substituting in (2) we get
Solving using cross multiplication rule If then
, & are mutually perpendicular to each
other.
Modal matrix M=
Normalised modal matrix
24
= =D
Let X = NY be an orthogonal transformation which changes the quadratic form to canonical form.
where Substituting X = NY in (1) we get
Q.F =
=
=
=
=
Q.F = which is the canonical form of the quadratic form
Nature of the Q.F = Positive semi definite
Rank of the Q.F (r) =2
Index of the Q.F (p) =2
Signature of the Q.F (s) =2p-r = 2.
25
Solving using cross multiplication rule If then
CASE(ii) : When =3 , Substituting in (2) we get
Solving using cross multiplication rule If then
CASE(iii) : When =6 , Substituting in (2) we get
Solving using cross multiplication rule If then
, & are mutually perpendicular to each
other.
Modal matrix M=
Normalised modal matrix
= =D
Let X = NY be an orthogonal transformation which changes the quadratic form to canonical form.
where Substituting X = NY in (1) we get
Q.F =
26
=
=
=
=
Q.F = 2 which is the canonical form of the quadratic form
Nature of the Q.F = Positive definite
Rank of the Q.F (r) =3
Index of the Q.F (p) =3
Signature of the Q.F (s) =2p-r = 3.
27
Solving using cross multiplication rule If then
CASE(iii) : When =4 , Substituting in (2) we get
Solving using cross multiplication rule If then
, & are mutually perpendicular to each
other.
Modal matrix M=
Normalised modal matrix
= =D
Let X = NY be an orthogonal transformation which changes the quadratic form to canonical form.
where Substituting X = NY in (1) we get
Q.F =
=
=
=
=
Q.F = which is the canonical form of the quadratic form
Nature of the Q.F = Positive definite
28
Rank of the Q.F (r) =3
Index of the Q.F (p) =3
Signature of the Q.F (s) =2p-r = 3.
29
CASE(iii) : When =6 , Let From orthogonal transformation we know that
must be mutually perpendicular to each other. , &
Solving using cross multiplication rule If then
Modal matrix M=
Normalised modal matrix
= =D
Let X = NY be an orthogonal transformation which changes the quadratic form to canonical form.
where Substituting X = NY in (1) we get
Q.F =
=
=
=
=
Q.F = -2 which is the canonical form of the quadratic form
Nature of the Q.F = In definite
Rank of the Q.F (r) =3
Index of the Q.F (p) =2
Signature of the Q.F (s) =2p-r = 1.
30
Solution: Quadratic form =
Matrix form of Quadratic form = where X = & A =
The Characteristic equation of A is =0
i.e.
Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & =
= 0 & =3 & implies that
igen values of the matrix A are 2, -1 & -1.
To find eigen vector: By the definition we have ie., (
CASE (I) : When =2 , Substituting in (2) we get
-2
Solving using cross multiplication rule
If then
CASE(ii) : When =-1 , Substituting in (2) we get
We have only one equation with three unknowns, let
if If then
CASE(iii) : When =-1 , Let From orthogonal transformation we know that
must be mutually perpendicular to each other. , &
Solving using cross multiplication rule If then
31
Modal matrix M=
Normalised modal matrix
= =D
Let X = NY be an orthogonal transformation which changes the quadratic form to canonical form.
where Substituting X = NY in (1) we get
Q.F =
=
=
=
=
Q.F = 2 which is the canonical form of the quadratic form
Nature of the Q.F = In definite
Rank of the Q.F (r) =3
Index of the Q.F (p) =1
Signature of the Q.F (s) =2p-r =- 1.
32
UNIT II: THREE DIMENSIONAL ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
FORMULAE:
1. The equation of the straight line through the point p( x1, y1, z1 ) and having direction cosines
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
(l , m, n) is = =
l m n
2. The equation of the straight line through the point B( x2 , y2 , z2 ) and having direction ratios
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
(a, b, c) is = =
a b c
3. The equation of the straight line passing through the points A( x1, y1, z1 ) and B( x2 , y2 , z2 ) is
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
= =
x2 - x1 y2 - y1 z2 - z1
4. Angle between the straight lines:
(I) cos q = l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2
d. r of oA = (l1, m1, n1 )
d. r of oB = (l2 , m2 , n2 )
l1 m1 n1
(iii)If the lines are parallel , =0, cos0=1 l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 1 or = =
l2 m2 n2
a1 b1 c1
or = =
a2 b2 c2
(vii) The co-ordinate of any point on the straight line is
33
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
= = = k,
a b c
x = x1 + ak , y = y1 + bk , z = z1 + ck
x2 - x1 y2 - y1 z2 - z1
5. The conditions for the lines are coplanar is l1 m1 n1 = 0
l2 m2 n2
r = u 2 + v 2 + w2 - d
10. The equation of the sphere having the points ( x1, y1, z1 ) and ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) as the extremities of the
diameter is ( x - x1 )( x - x2 ) + ( y - y1 )( y - y2 ) + ( z - z1 )( z - z2 ) = 0
CONE
DEFINITION: A cone is defined as a surface generated by a straight line which passes through a fixed
point and satisfies one or more conditioni.e.ie, it may intersect a fixed curve.
Note:
1. The fixed point is said to be the vertex of the cone
2. The fixed curve is said to be the guiding curve of the cone
3. The straight line in any position is called the generator of the cone.
FORMULA:
The equation of the cone with vertex ( x1, y1, z1 ) and whose generators intersect the guiding curve
ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0, z = 0 is
a( zx1 - z1x)2 + 2h( zx1 - z1x)( zy1 - z1 y ) + b( zy1 - z1 y )2 + 2 g ( zx1 - z1x)( z - z1 ) + 2 f ( zy1 - z1 y )( z - z1 ) + c( z - z1 ) 2 = 0
1. Find the equation of the cone with vertex at (1,1,1) and which passes through the curve
given by x2+ y2=4 ,z=2
34
Solution: let the equation of the generator be
(1)
X2 + y2 -2z2 +2xz+2zy-4x-4y+4 = 0
2. Find the equation of the cone whose vertex is the origin and the guiding curve is
x2 + y2 +z2 +4x+2y-6z+ 5 =0, 2x+y+2z+5 = 0
Solution: Equation of the line passing through the origin is
- (1)
35
Using in (3) 5l2 +3m2 +n2-2ml-4nl-6nm=0 (5)
Eliminating (l, m, n) from (1) & (5), we get
5x2+3y2+z2-2xy-6yz-4xz+6x+8y+10z-26=0
4. Find the Equation of the cone whose vertex is the origin and guiding curve is
Solution: The required cone is homogeneous equation of second degree with vertex at origin
and passes through the given curves hence we have
From (1) & (2) We have
5. Find the equation of the cone whose vertex is the point (1,1,0) and whose base is the curve
Solution: The Guiding curve is the intersection of
Any Generator through (1,1,0) is
Since the point lies on (1) we get
Since this is homogeneous in l, m, n Hence we substitute
36
6. Find the equation of the cone formed by rotating line about the y-axis
Solution: If the curve x=f(y) in the xy plane is rotated about y-axis , The equation of the
surface of revolution thus generated is
This is the required equation of cone.
RIGHT-CIRCULAR CONE
DEFINITION: A right circular cone is a surface generated by a straight line which passes through a
fixed point and makes a constant angle with a fixed line through the fixed point.
The equation of right circular cone vertex is ( x1, y1, z1 ) ,the semi vertical angle a and axis the line
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
= = is
l m n
(l 2 + m2 + n2 )(( x - x1 )2 + ( y - y1 )2 + ( z - z1 )2 )cos2 a = (l ( x - x1) + m( y - y1) + n( z - z1))2
1. Find the equation of the right circular cone whose vertex is the point (2,1,-3) and semi
vertical angle is and the axis is parallel to the straight line
0
Solution: Vertex O (2, 1,-3), semi vertical angle =45
d. r. for the axis OC parallel to SD d. r. for OC = 1.3.-4
axis equation is
= 12x2+4y2-3z2 -6xy+24yz+8xz+30x
+100y-130z-117=0
2. Find the equation of the right circular cone having its vertex at the origin and passing
through the circle y2 +z2=25, x =4, also find its semi vertical angle.
37
Solution: The Equation of the cone with vertex at the origin and
guiding curve y2 +z2=25, x =4is obtained by making
y2 +z2=25, with the help of x =4
y2 +z2=25(2 = 16(y2 +z2) =25x2 and the semi vertical angle is
=510 21
4(X2+y2)-9z2+36z-36=0
5. Find the equation of the right circular cone which contains the three coordinate axes as
generators. Obtain the semi vertical angle and the equations of the axis of the cone.
Solution: Let l, m, n, be the d. c. of the axis.
Let be the angle.The axes of the coordinates are generators of the cone and each of the them
is inclined at angle axes.
Since 1, 0, 0, are d.c of the axis
cos=l.1+m.0+n.0=l
38
Similarly cos=m=n
Since l2+m2+n2=1
3cos2=1 cos=
=cos-1( is the semi vertical angle of the cone
x2+y2+z2= (x 2
xy
6. Find the equation of the right circular cone whose vertex is at the origin and base is the
circle x=a, y2 +z2=b2.
Solution: Here axis is along x-axis
If is the semi-vertical angle, than Cos =
2(y2+z2) =b2x2
CYLINDER
DEFINITION: A cylinder is a surface generated by a straight line which is parallel to a fixed line and
it has to intersect a given fixed curve. The straight line is any position called a generator and the fixed
point is called the guiding curve of the cylinder.
x y z
The equation of cylinders whose generators are parallel to the line = = and intersect the curve
l m n
ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0, z = 0 is
39
Solution: Let p(x1,y1,z1) be any point on the cylinder. Then the equation of the generator
through p is: =
Since Generators are parallel to the line:
, then equation of the generator is
= ------------- (1)
2. Find the equation of the cylinder whose generating lines have the d. cs (l, m ,n) and which
passes through the circumference of the fixed circle in the ZOX plane.
Solution: Let p(x1,y1,z1) be any point on the cylinder. The given circle is , y=0
Then the equation of the generator through p is = ---- (1)
3. Find the equation of the cylinder whose generators are parallel to z-axis and which passes
through the curve of intersection of , x+y+z=1
Solution: Let p(x1,y1,z1) be any point on the cylinder.
The d. c of z axis = (0, 0, 1)
Then the equation of the generator through p is:
= ------------------------------------- (1)
40
x1+y1+z1+k=1
k=1-( x1+y1+z1) -------------------------------- (2)
The point where (1) meets x+y+z=1 is p(x1,y1, 1- x1-y1)
But the point P lies on
RIGHT-CIRCULAR CYLINDER
DEFINITION: Right circular cylinder is a surface generated by a straight line which is parallel to a
fixed line and is at a constant distance from it or whose guiding curve is a circle.
x -a y - b z - g
The equation of the right circular cylinder whose axis is the line = = and
l m n
2
l ( x - a ) + m( y - b ) + n( z - g )
radius r is ( x - a ) + ( y - b ) + ( z - g ) -
2 2 2
= r2
l +m +n
2 2 2
1. Find the equation of the right circular cylinder of radius 2, whose axis passes through (1, 2,
3) and has d.cs proportional to (2,-3, 6).
Solution: d. r for AN: (2,-3, 6)
d. c for AN : 2/7,-3/7,6/7
let p(x1,y1,z1) be any point on the cylinder.
2. The radius of a normal section of right circular cylinder is 2 units, the axis along the
straight line = find its equation.
41
3. Find the equation of the circular cylinder whose guiding curve is
x2+y2+z2+xy+yz-zx-9=0
4. Obtain the equation of the right circular cylinder described on the circle through the three
points A(1,0,0), B(0, 1, 0), C (0, 0, 1) as guiding circle:
Solution: Equation of the plane is: X+Y+Z=1 ----------------- (1)
Since triangle ABC is equilateral, the center D of the circle through A, B, C is
Axis of the cylinder is the line through D and perpendicular to the plane (1).
Equation of axis: x y =z x=y=z
5. Find the equation of the right circular cylinder of the radius 3 and the axis is the line
42
Solution:
The Equation of the Right circular cylinder is
THE SPHERE
DEFINITION: A sphere is the locus of a point moving at a constant distance form a fixed point. The
constant distance is the radius and the fixed point is the centre of the sphere.
PLANE SECTION OF A SPHERE:
A plane section of a sphere is a circle sphere S: x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0 plane U:
The sphere is x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0 and the point of contact is ( x1, y1, z1 ) then
43
2. A sphere of constant radius K passes through the origin O and meets the axes in A, B, C.
Prove that the locus of the centroid of the triangle ABC is the sphere
Solution: S:
As S passes through O (0, 0, 0): d=0
S: ------------------- (1)
= -------------------- (2)
As A is in x axis (y=0, z=0)
In (1)
X=-2u & x=0
A (-2u, 0, 0), B (0,-2v, 0), c (0, 0,-2w)
Let G(x,y,z) be the centroid of triangle ABC.
X= y= z=
U= v= w=
44
5. Find the equation of the sphere passes through the points (1,0,0),(0,1,0), (0,0,1) and centre
on the plane x+y+z=6
Solution: S: ------------------ (1)
As c (-u,-v,-w) on the plane x+y+z=6
u-v-w=6 ----------------------------------- (2)
(1, 0, 0): 1+2u+d=0 u=-1/2-d/2
(0, 1, 0): 1+2v+d=0 v=-1/2-d/2
(0, 0, 1): 1+2w+d=0 w=-1/2-d/2 ------------------ (3)
Put in (2)
=
d=
d= 14-
S:
S: .
7. Find the equation of the sphere through the circle , 2x+3y+4z=5 and the
point (1,2,3).
Solution: U: 2x+3y+4z-5=0.
S1: S+KU = 0
S1: ) + k(2x+3y+4z-5) =0 ------------------ (1)
As S1 passes through (1, 2, 3).
45
(1+4+9-9)+k (2+6+12-5) =0
K= =
S=
X2(1+K) +Y2 (1+K) +Z2 (1+K) +X (-2+4K) +Y (-3+5K) +Z (4-6K) + (8+2K) =0
2U=-2+4K, U=-1+2K
2V=-3+5K, V=-3+5K/2
2W=4-6K, W=2-3K
C= (-U,-V,-W) =
As centre lie on: 4x-5y-z=3
4-8k-5 - (-2+3k) =3
8-16k-15+25k+4-6k=6
3k=9 K=3
(1) 4(x+y+z) +10x+12y-14z+14=0
9. Find the centre, radius and area of the circle. , x+y+z=3
Solution: Given sphere is S:
U: x+y+z=3
U=0, v=0, w=0, d=-9
C= (-U,-V,-W) = (0, 0, 0)
r= =3
Radius of the circle R=NP=
CN= perpendicular from center c to the plane
d.r. of CN=(1,1,1)
Equation of CN = k
46
X=k, y=k, z=k
Now N(x,y,z) satisfies the plane equation
K+k+k=3K=1
.
10. Obtain the equation of the sphere having the circle , x+y+z=3
as the Great circle.
Solution: Given sphere is S:
U: x+y+z-3=0
S1: S+KU = 0
------------------ (1)
2u=k, u=
2v=10+k, v=
2w=-4+k, w=
Centre = (-U,-V,-W) =
x+y+z=3 =3
4
(1)
11.Find the equation of the tangent plane to the sphere
2w= , w=
C= (-U,-V,-W) =
Radius =
K=1
Substitute the value of k in (1)
13. Show that the plane 2x-2y+z+12=0 touches the sphere and
find the point of contact. (AU MAY/JUNE 2009)
Solution: Given sphere is S:
U: 2x-2y+z+12=0
U=-1, v=-2, w=1, d=-3
C= (-U,-V,-W) = (1,2, -1)
r= =3
CN = perpendicular distance from the centre of the sphere to the
plane
CN =
r = perpendicular
The plane 2x-2y+z+12=0 touch the sphere d.r of CN = (2,-2, 1)
Equation of CN is k
48
14. Find the equation of the sphere that passes through the circle
, 3x-4y-6z+11=0 and cuts the sphere
orthogonally.
Solution: Given sphere is S:
U: 3x-4y-6z+11=0
S1: S+KU = 0
(1)
-2+3k+6-8k+12+18k=17+11k
K=1/2
Put in (1):
2( )-x+2y-14z+23=0
15. Find the equation to the sphere passing through the circle
and cuts orthogonally the sphere
Solution:
Here
49
16. If any tangent to the sphere makes intercepts a,b,c on the co-ordinate
17. Find the equation of the sphere passes through the points (1,0,0),(0,1,0), (0,0,1) and its
radius as small as possible.
Solution: As sphere passes through (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1)
2u=2v=2w=-(1+d)
But r=
R=
As r is least
d = -1/3
(Since it is least)
50
The point of contact C divides C1C2 in the ratio 20: 5 = 4:1
The point of contact (9/5, 12/5,4)
19. Find the equation of the sphere which is tangential to the plane 2x + 2y -2z = 11 at (2,2,1)
and passes through the point (1,0,-1)
Solution: S: (1)
It passes through the point (1,0,-1)
2u+2w+ d= -2 (2)
Tangent pane at ( 2,2,1) is
x (2+u)+ y(2+v) +z(1+w) + 2u +2v +w + d = 0 (3)
Equation (2) & (3) represent the same line
= =k
20. The circle on the sphere: has centre (2, 1, 2) find the
equation of the circle.
Solution: Given sphere:
whose center is C( -2,1,-4)
centre of circle N( 2,1,2)
dr of NC = 4,0,-6
Equation of the plane is ax+by+cz+d = 0 (1)
Equation (1) Becomes -4x -6z + d= 0 (2)
The point (2, 1, 2) is on the plane -8-12+d = 0 d= 20
Equation (2) becomes -4x -6z+20 = 0 or -2x -3z+10 = 0
The equation of the circle is , -2x -3z+10 = 0
21. Find the equation of the sphere through the spheres
as the great circle
Solution: Given the spheres S1 : (1)
S2: (2)
The plane is S1-S2=0 U: 6x + 5y +16z-1=0 (3)
51
The required sphere is
S1+ kU= (4)
Centre C =
As the circle is the great CN = perpendicular distance from the centre of the sphere to the plane
CN =
S:
23. Find the equation of the sphere which passes through the circle and
x+2y+3z=3 and touch the plane 4x+3y=15 (AU MAY/JUNE 2009)
Solution: Given sphere is S:
U: x+2y+3z=3
S1: S+KU = 0
(1)
C= (-u,-v,-w) =
24. Find the centre radius and area of the circle given by
52
C
Solution: For the sphere , The centre C(-1,1,2)
and Radius = r =5
N
Radius of the circle R = NP= P
Area =
d.r of CN are x+1, y-1, z-2. d.r of normal to the plane are 1,2,2
25. Find the two tangent planes to the sphere which are
parallel to the plane x+4y+8z=0. Find their point of contact
Solution: Given sphere is S: N: x+4y+8z=0
26. Find the equation of the right circular cone generated when the straight line y-z=0, x=0
revaluated about x=0, z=2. (AU MAY/JUNE 2009)
Solution: If the curve y= f (z) in the yz plane is rotated about
the z-axis
The equation of the surface of resolution thus generated is
x2+y2= (f (z)) 2
Here y= (f (z)) = z Hence X2+y2= z2 x2+y2 -z2 =0
53
UNIT III DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Curvature: The rate of bending of a curve in any interval is called the curvature of the curve in that
interval.
Curvature of a circle: The curvature of a circle at any point on it equals the reciprocal of its radius.
Radius of curvature: The radius of curvature of a curve at any point on it is defined as the reciprocal of the
curvature
3
dy 2 2
1 +
dx
Cartesian form of radius of curvature r =
d2y
2
dx
Parametric equation of radius of curvaturer =
Polar form of radius of curvature r =
Implicit form of radius of curvature r =
Centre of curvature: The circle which touches the curve at P and whose radius is equal to the radius of
curvature and its centre is known as centre of curvature.
Equation of circle of curvature: + =
Centre of curvaturee: = x = y +
Envelope: A curve which touches each member of a family of curves is called envelope of that family
curves.
54
Envelope of a family of curves: The locus of the ultimate points of intersection of consecutive members of
a family of curve is called the envelope of the family of curves.
Properties of envelope and evolute
Property:1: The normal at any point of a curve is a tangent to its evolute touching at the corresponding
centre of curvature.
Property:2 The difference between the radii of curvature at two points of a curve
is equal to the length of the arc of the evolute between the two corresponding points.
Property:3: There is one evolute ,but an infinite number of involutes
Property:4 The envelope of a family of curves touches at each of its point. The corresponding member of
that family
Evolute as the envelope of normals: The normals to a curve form a family of straight lines.we know that
the envelope of the family of these normals is the locus of the ultimate points of intersection of consecutive
normals. But the centre of curvature of a curve is also the point of consecutive normals. Hence the envelope
of the normals and the locus of the centres of curvature are the same that is ,the evolute of a curve is the
envelope of the normals of the curve.
Part - A
1. Find the radius of curvature of y= at x=0
Solution:
y=
y1= at x= 0 y1=1
y2= at x= 0 y2=1
= =2
2. Find the radius of curvature of at x = on the curve y = 4 sin x sin 2x
Solution:
y1=4 cosx 2 cos 2x at x= y1=2
y2= at x = y2=-4
= =
2a +3at2
3. Given the coordinates of the centre of curvature of the curve is given as
55
-2at3 Determine the evolute of the curve
4. Write the envelope of Am2+Bm+C=0, where m is the parameter and A, B and C are functions of x
and y. (NOV-08)
2
Solution: Given Am +Bm+C=0(1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. m
2Am+B=0 m=-B/2A.(2)
Substitute (2) in (1) we get
A(-B/2A)2+B(-B/2A)+C=0
AB2/4A2-B2/2A+C=0
AB2-2AB2+4A2C=0
- AB2+4A2C=0
Therefore B2-4AC=0 which is the required envelope.
5. Find the radius of curvature at any point of the curve y=x2. (NOV-07)
Solution: Radius of curvature
Given y=x2 y1= =2x and Y2 = =2
=
6. Find the envelope of the family of x sin a+ y cos a= p, abeing the parameter. (NOV-07)
Solution: Given x sin a + y cos a= p. (1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. a
X cos a- y sin a= o.(2)
Eliminate abetween (1) and (2)
X cos a = y sin a Tan a =
56
Sin cos
Substitute in (1)
x. + y. =p
=p
Squaring on both sides, x2 +y2=p2 which is the required envelope
7. What is the curvature of x2 +y2 - 4x-6y+10=0 at any point on it . (JAN-06)
2 2
Solution: Given x +y - 4x-6y+10=0
The given equation is of the form x2 +y2 +2gx+2fy+c =0
Here 2g =-4 g=-2
2f =-6 f=-3
Centre C(2,3), radius r = = =
8. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y= mx , where m is the parameter (JAN-
06)
Solution: Given y= mx
(y-mx)2=m2-1
Y2+m2x2 2mxy-m2+1=0
m2 (x2-1)-2mxy+y2+1=0 which is quadratic in m
Here, A=x2-1 B=-2xy C=y2+1
The condition is B2-4AC=0
4 x2y2-4(x2-1)(y2+1)=0
4 x2y2-4 x2y2-4x2+4y2+4=0
X2-y2=4 which is the required envelope
57
2f=-1 f=-1/2 centre C (-5/4,1/2) radius r= = = =
11. Define the curvature of a plane curve and what the curvature of a straight line. (JAN-05)
Solution: The rate at which the plane curve has turned at a point (rate of bending of a curve is called
the curvature of a curve. The curvature of a straight line is zero.
14. Find the envelope of the family of circles (x-a)2+y2=4a,where a is the parameter.(MAY-07)
Solution: Given (x-a)2+y2=4a
X2-2ax+a2-4a+y2=0
a2-2a (x+2)+x2+y2=0 which is quadratic in
The condition is B2-4AC=0
Here A=1 B=-2 (x+2) C= x2+y2
4(x+2)2-4(x2+y2)=0
x2-4x+4- x2-y2=0
58
y2+4x=4 which is the required envelope.
16. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y=mx+ for different values of m.
Solution: Given y=mx+ (NOV-07, May 2009)
17. Find the envelope of the line +yt=2c, wheret is the parameter. (NOV-02,05)
18. Find the radius of curvature of the curve y=c cosh(x/c)at the point where it crosses the y-axis.
Given y=c cosh(x/c) and the curve crosses the y-axis. (i.e.)x=0 implies y=c.
Therefore the point of intersection is (0,c)
=c sin h(x/c)(1/c)=sin h (x/c)
(0,c)=sinh 0= 0
=cos h(x/c)(1/c)
59
=c
19. Find the radius of curvature of the curve xy=c2at (c,c). (NOV-02)
Given xy=c2
x + y =0
= implies (c,c)=-1
=-
(c,c)= =-
20. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y= mx , where m is the parameter
Solution: Given y= mx (Jan 09)
(y-mx)2=( )
Y2+m2x2 2mxy- m2- =0
m2 (x2- )-2mxy+y2 =0 which is quadratic in m
Here, A=x2- B=-2xy C= y2
The condition is B2-4AC=0
4 x2y2-4(x2- )(y2 - )=0
21. Write down the formula for radius of curvature in terms of parametric coordinate system. (May-
09)
22. Define the circle of curvature at a point P(x1,y2) on the curve y = f(x). (Jan-09)
Solution: The circle of curvature is the circle whose centre is the centre of curvature and radius is the
radius of curvature. Therefore the equation of circle of curvature is
60
PART-B
1. Find the radius of curvature at the point on the curve .
=
=-sec2
=
Radius of curvature
=
=3a sin
2. Find the radius of curvature of the curve at the point (-a, 0). (NOV-08)
Solution: Radius of curvature
Given
Differentiate w.r.t. x
2y
61
\
3. Find the radius of curvature at the point (a,0)on the curve .(MAY-07)
Solution: Radius of curvature
Given
Differentiate w.r.t.x
2xy +y2.1=-3x2
(1)
Therefore
Therefore radius of curvature
62
(since the radius of curvature is non-negative)
Given; y2=4x
Differentiate w.r.t.x
2y = 4
=2/y
Therefore
Differentiate (1) w.r.t.y.
Therefore =2
5. Find the radius of curvature of the curve 27ay 2= 4x3 at the point where the tangent of the curve
makes an angle 450 with the X- axis.
Solution; Let (x1,y1) be the point on the curve at which the tangent makes an angle 450
with the X- axis.
(x1,y1) =Tan 45o=1-------------------------------- (1)
63
(x1,y1) = = -----------------------------------(2)
(x1,y1) =Tan 45o=1=
Gives
-----------------------------(3)
Y2=
=
The co-ordinates of the center of curvature Is
Where
..(2)
64
=
(3)
(2)-(3)gives
..(5)
(4)2/3-(5)2/3gives
=
Therefore
is
The locus of centre of curvature
which is the required evolute of the rectangular hyperbola xy=c2.
7. Find the radius of curvature for the curve r=a(1+cos)at is a constant.
=
=
=
at
is
65
Also,
Therefore, = .
8. Considering the evolute as the envelope of normals, find the evolute of the parabola x2=4ay.
Solution: Given x2=4ay (NOV-08)
The parametric equations are x=2at, y=at2
=2a and =2at
m=
We know that the equation of normal to the curve is y-y1= (x-x1)
y-at2= (x-2at) yt-at3=-x+2at
x+yt=at3+2at.(1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t.twe get
Y=3at2+2a t2
66
= =
..(2)
(3)
Eliminating t between (2)and(3),
(2) gives
(3) gives
is
The locus of centre of curvature
which is the required evolute.
10. Find the equation of the envelope of . (NOV-02,07)
Solution: Given that (1)
And ..(2)
Differentiate (1)and(2) w.r.t b
..(3)
2a +2b=0(4)
(3)gives ..(5)
(4)gives (6)
From (5)and (6)
67
Substitute in (2) we get,
Therefore which is the required envelope.
11. Find the equation of circle of curvature of the parabola y2=12x at the point (3,6).
Solution: The equation of circle of curvature is (NOV-07,08,JAN-09)
Where,
Given y2=12x
Differentiate w.r.t.x we get
2y =12 implies
Y1= (3,6)=1
Y2= (3,6)=-1/6
(can not be negative)
=3
Therefore, the equation of circle of curvature is
Given
68
X=
Y=
X=
Y=
The radius of curvature is
=
13. Find the evolute of the ellipse . (MAY-05,07)
Solution: The given curve is
Y2=
Y2
= acos -
= acos
=
.(1)
69
= +
(2)
we know that,
14. Find the envelope of where l and m are connected by and a,b are constants. (MAY
05, NOV-05)
.(3)
..(4)
70
From (3) and (4)
15. Find the points on the parabola at which the radius of curvature is 4 . (MAY 05)
Y1=2y
Y 2=
But, hence 8
71
16. Considering the evolute of a curve as the envelope of its normals find the evolute of .
(NOV-02,05,MAY-05)
m=
,we get
..(1)
72
which is the required evolute of the ellipse.
Where,
Given xy=12
Differentiate w.r.t.x we get
x implies
Y1= (3,4)=-4/3
Y2= (3,6)
=3
Solution: Given
r= =
r =
73
The radius of curvature in polar form is =
Curvature
19. Find the evolute of the four cusped hyper cycloid .(JAN-05, NOV-07)
Y1= / = -tan
= a cos 3 - ( 1 + tan 2
= a cos 3 + ------------------------------------------(2)
a sin 3 ( 1 + tan 2
a sin 3 + -----------------------------------------(3)
Eliminate from 2 & 3
+ = a cos 3 + + a sin 3 +
3
= a( cos + sin ------------------------------------(4)
- = a cos 3 + - a sin 3 +
3
= a( cos - sin ------------------------------------(5)
+ = ( +
= (2)
74
20. Find the radius of curvature at the origin of the cycloid x = a (q + sin q) and y = a( 1- cos q).
(MAY07, Nov 08)
Given: x = a (q + sin q) , y = a( 1- cos q).
x =a( 1 + cos q) y = a( sin q)
x = -a sin q y = a cos q
= = 4a cos
At q= 0
21. Find the envelope of the straight lines represented by the equation x cos + y sin = a sec , is
the parameter (Nov 07)
Solution: Given x cos + y sin = a sec
Divided by cos
x + y tan = a sec2
x + y tan = a ( 1 + tan2)
a tan2 y tan + a x = 0
which is quadratic in tan
A = a, B = -y C = a-x
The envelope is given by B2 4AC = 0
y2 = 4a(a-x) which is the required envelope
22. Prove that the evolute of the curve x = a (cos q + log tan ), y=a sin q is the catenary y = a cosh
( Nov 05)
y=a sin q
y = a cos q
y1 = = tan q
y2 = = (sec 4 q sin q)
75
= a (cos q + log tan )- ( 1 + tan 2
= a sin q+ ( 1 + tan 2
.(2)
tan = .(3)
= tan
tan = tan = =
.(1)
=
76
= .(2)
Eliminating from equations (1) & (2) we get,
The locus of centre of curvature is which Is the required evolute.
24. Find the envelope of the straight line ,where a and b are parameters that are connected
- =0
(3)
(4)
and
a= b=
25. Find the envelope of the family of lines subject to the condition a+b =1.(Jan-09)
- =0
77
(3)
(4)
and
a= b=
26. Find the evolute of the hyperbola considering it as the envelope of its normals.
y-b tan
n =-
y-b
by cos
axcos - ..(1)
Differentiate eqn (1) w.r.t.
in
-ax sin
78
= =
ax -by =
Solution: Given + =
Differentiate w.r.t.x
79
Radius of curvature = =
80
Unit 4 Functions of several Variables
Problems based on Partial Derivatives
Problems based on Euler`s Theorem
Problems based on Total Derivatives-Differentiation of Implicit Function
Problems based on Jacobian
Problems based on Taylor`s and Laurent Series
Problems based on Maxima and Minima for Functions of Two Variables
Problems based on Lagrangian Multiplier
Partial Derivatives
Partial Derivatives: Let be a function of two Variables x and y, If we keep y as a constant and
Vary x alone , then z is a function of x only ,
The derivative of z w.r.to x, treating y as a constant is called the partial derivatives w.r.to x and it is denoted by
the symbols
Notation:
Successive Partial Differentiation: let , then
being the function of x and y can further be
Problems:
1. If u = find
Solution:
2. Find
if where and
Solution:
81
3. If show that
Solution: Given
Adding (1), (2),and (3) we get
4. show that
Solution: Let ,
---------------- (1)
---------------- (2)
---------------- (3)
(1)+ (2)+ (3)
5. If
, Show that
Solution: Given
82
6. If u = , find
Sol: given u =
Euler`s Theorem for Homogeneous Function
Euler`s Theorem: If u be a homogeneous function of degree n an x and y then
Problems:
1. Verify Eulers theorem for the function
Solution: Given
This is a homogeneous function of degree 2.
Adding (1) and (2) we get
Hence Eulers theorem is verified.
2. If , Show that
Solution: Given
As z is a homogeneous function of order n = 1, it satisfies the Eulers theorem
---------------- (1)
(1) ---------------- (2)
, put in (3)
83
3. If u = , prove that
Sol: given
=
Problems:
1. Find
if where and
Solution:
2. If where and find and
Solution:
3. Find if
Solution: Let
4. Find
Ans :
84
5. If z be a function of x and y and u and v are other two variables, such that
show that
Similarly
(2)
(1)+(2)
6.
Now
Which implies ..(4)
(3)x(4) We get
..(A)
Similarly we get (B)
(A)+(B) Gives
85
7.If u is a function x and y and x and y are functions of r and q given by (a) x = e r cos q , y = e r sin q
2u 2u -2 r u 2u
2
shown that + = e 2 +
x 2 y 2 r q 2
(b) x = r cos q , y = r sin q prove that
2 2 2 2
z z z 1 z 2 z 2 z 2 z 1 2 z 1 z
+
= + 2 and 2 + 2 = 2 + 2 2 + .
x y r r r x y r r q r[ q
Solution
(a) Here u is a function of x, y which is given as a function of r and q .
x r x
= e cos q = x; = -e r sin q = - y;
r q
y y
= e r sin q = y; = e r cos q = x
r q
x x y y
\ = x; = - y; = x and =y
r q q r
u u x u y u u
Now = . + . =x +y ...(1)
r x r y r x y
u u x u y u u
= . + . = -y + x ...(2)
q x q y q x y
From (1), we get ,
=x +y ...(3)
r x y
From (2), we get ,
= -y + x ...(4)
q x y
2u u u u
Now, = =x + y x + y
r 2
r r x y x y
2u 2 u
2
2u 2 u
2
= x + 2 xy + y ...(5)
r 2 x 2 xy y 2
2u u u u
= = -y + x - y + x
q 2
q q x y x y
2u 2 u
2
2u 2 u
2
= y - 2 xy + x ...(6)
q 2 x 2 xy y 2
86
Adding (5) and (6) we get ,
2u 2u 2 u
2
2 u
2
+ = ( x 2
+ y ) + ( x 2
+ y )
r 2 q 2 x 2 y 2
2u 2u 2u 2u
= ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 + 2 = e2 r 2 + 2
x y x y
2u 2u -2 r 2u 2u
i.e., + =e 2 + 2
x 2 y 2 r q
x x y y
(b) = cos q ; = - r sin q ; = sin q ; = r cos q
r q r q
z z x z y z z
= . + = cos q . + sin q .
r x r y r x y
z z x z y z z
= + = -r sin q + r cos q
q x q y q x y
2 2 2
z 1 z z z z z
+ 2 = cos q + sin q + - sin q + cos q
r r q x y x y
2 2
z z
= +
x y
2 z z
=
r 2 r r
z z
= cos q + sin q
r x y
2 z x 2 z y z x 2 z y
= cos q 2 + + sin q xy r + y 2 r
x r yx r
z
2
z
2
z
2
= cos 2 q 2 + sin 2 q 2 + 2sin q cos q
x y xy
2 z z
=
q 2
q q
z z
= -r sin q + r cos q
q x y
z 2 z x 2 z y
= -r cos q - r sin q 2 +
x x q yx q
z 2 z 2 z y
- r sin q + r cos q + 2
y q y q
2 z 2 2 z 2 z z z
= r 2 sin 2 q + r cos 2
q - 2 r 2
sin q cos q - r cos q + sin q
x 2
y 2
xy x y
87
2 z 1 2 z 2 z 2 z 1 z z
\ + 2 = 2 + 2 - cos q + sin q
r 2
r q 2
x y r x y
2 z 2 z 1 z
= 2+ 2-
x y r r
2 z 2 z 2 z 1 2 z 1 z
\ + = + +
x 2 y 2 r 2 r 2 r 2 r r
Hence the Solution
Jacobian
Defn : are functions of n variables the the Jacobian of the transformation from
is defined by
and is denoted by the symbol
or
Problems:
1. Prove that the functions are are functionally dependent.
Solution:
u and v are not independent,
3. If
find
88
Solution:
( y1 , y2 , y3 )
4.Find the value of , if y1 = (1 - x1 ) , y2 = x1 (1 - x2 ) , y3 = x1 x2 (1 - x3 ) .
( x1 , x2 , x3 )
Solution :
y1 y1 y1
x1 x2 x3
( y1 , y2 , y3 ) y2 y2 y2
=
( x1 , x2 , x3 ) x1 x2 x3
y3 y3 y3
x1 x2 x3
-1 0 0
= 1 - x2 - x1 0
x2 (1 - x3 ) x1 (1 - x3 ) - x1 x2
= ( -1)( - x1 )( - x1 x2 )
= - x12 x2
Hence the solution.
( x, y , z )
5.If u = xyz , v = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , w = x + y + z , find J = .
( u , v, w )
Solution :
Since u , v, w are exp liciltly given, in terms of x, y , z , we first evaluate
( x, y , z )
J =
( u , v, w )
u u u
x y z
yz zx xy
v v v
We knowthat J = = 2x 2 y 2z
x y z
1 1 1
w w w
x y z
= yz ( 2 y - 2 z ) - zx ( 2 x - 2 z ) + xy ( 2 x - 2 y )
= 2 yz ( y - z ) - zx ( x - z ) + xy ( x - y )
= 2 x 2 y - x 2 z - xy 2 + xz 2 + y 2 z - yz 2
89
= 2 x 2 ( y - z ) - x ( y 2 - z 2 ) + yz ( y - z )
= 2 ( y - z ) x 2 - x ( y + z ) + yz
= 2 ( y - z ) y ( z - x ) - x ( z - x )
= 2 ( y - z )( z - x )( y - x )
= -2 ( x - y )( y - z )( z - x )
By u sin g , JJ = 1, we get ,
( x, y , z )
J =
( u , v, w )
-1
=
2 ( x - y )( y - z )( z - x )
xx xx xx
6. If y1 = 2 3 , y2 = 3 1 , y3 = 1 2 .
x1 x2 x3
Showthat the Jacobian of y1 , y2 , y3 with respect to x1 , x2 , x3 is 4.
Pr oof :
x2 x3 xx xx
Given : y1 = , y2 = 3 1 , y3 = 1 2 .
x1 x2 x3
y1 y1 y1
x1 x2 x3
( y1 , y2 , y3 ) y2 y2 y2
We knowthat =
( x1 , x2 , x3 ) x1 x2 x3
y3 y3 y3
x1 x2 x3
x2 x3 x3 x2
-
x12 x1 x1
x3 x3 x1 x1
= -
x2 x22 x2
x2 x1 x1 x2
-
x3 x3 x32
- x2 x3 x3 x1 x1 x2
1
= 2 2 2 x2 x3 - x3 x1 x1 x2
x1 x2 x3
x2 x3 x3 x1 - x1 x2
-1 1 1
x2 x2 x2
= 12 22 32 1 -1 1
x1 x2 x3
1 1 -1
90
= - 1(1 - 1) - 1( -1 - 1) + (1 + 1)
= 0+2+2 = 4
Hencethe proof .
7. If and . Evaluate with out actual substitution.
Solution: and
8. If . Find the Jacobian .
Solution:
91
( x, y )
23. If x = r cos q , y = r sin q , find
(r ,q )
Solution
Given x = r cos q y = r sin q
x y
= cos q = sin q
r r
x y
= - r sin q = r cos q
q q
x x
( x, y ) r q
We knowthat =
(r ,q ) y y
r q
cos q -r sin q
=
sin q r cos q
= r cos 2 q + r sin 2 q
(
= r cos 2 q + sin 2 q = r )
9. If ,
show that they are not independent. And also find the relation between them.
Sol: will not be independent if
Hence, = = 0.
, which is the required relation.
Taylor`s Series and Laurent Series
The Taylors series expansion of in the power of and is
Problems:
92
1. Find the Taylors series expansion of in the power of x and y upto third degree terms.
,
, = = 1
= =
= , = 1
,
= 0
= 2
+
= ..
2. Using Taylors series expansion express in powers of x and y upto second degree
terms at
Solution:
93
Taylors series is
4.Use Taylor ' s series oftwo var iables to exp and x 2 y + 3 y - 2 in powers of x + 1 and y - 2.
Solution
We knowthat the exp ansion of f ( x, y ) in powers x - a and y - b is given by
f ( x, y ) = f ( a , b ) + ( x - a ) f x ( a , b ) + ( y - b ) f y ( a , b )
1
+ ( x - a) 2 f xx (a, b) + 2( x - a )( y - b) f xy (a, b) + ( y - b) 2 f yy (a, b)
2!
1
+ [( x - a)3 f xxx + 3( x - a) 2 ( y - b) f xyy + 3( x - a)( y - b) 2 f xyy
3!
+ ( y - b)3 f yyy ] ....(1)
Here a = -1, b = 2
Now f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 3 y - 2 \ f (-1, 2) = 6
f x = 2 xy f x (-1, 2) = -4
f y = x2 + 3 f y (-1, 2) = 4
f xx = 2 y f xx (-1, 2) = 4
f xy = 2 x f xy (-1, 2) = -2
f yy = 0 f yy (-1, 2) = 0
f xxx = 0 f xxx (-1, 2) = 0
94
f xyy = 0 f xyy (-1, 2) = 0
f yyy = 0 f yyy (-1, 2) = 0
Substituting these value s in (1) we get ,
1
x 2 y + 3 y - 2 = 6 + ( x + 1)(-4) + ( y - 2)(4) + [( x + 1) 2 (4) + 2( x + 1)( y - 2)(-2) + ( y - 2) 2 (0)]
2!
1
+
[0 + 3( x + 1) 2 ( y - 2)(2) + 0 + 0]
3!
= 6 - 4( x + 1) + 4( y - 2) + 2( x + 1) 2 - 2( x + 1)( y - 2) + 2( x + 1) 2 ( y - 2)
Hencethe solution.
y
5. Expand tan -1 in the neighbourhood of (1,1).
x
solution
y
Let f ( x, y ) = tan -1
x
1 y
f x ( x, y ) = . -
y 2 x 2
1+ 2
x
y 1
=- 2 , f x (1,1) = -
x + y2 2
1 1
f y ( x, y ) = .
y2 x
1+ 2
x
x 1
= 2 , f y (1,1) =
x + y2 2
f xx ( x, y ) = - y (-1)( x 2 + y 2 ) -2 .2 x
2 xy 1
= , f xx (1,1) =
(x + y )
2 2 2 2
f xy ( x, y ) =
( x + y )1 - x 2 x
2 2
(x + y )2 2 2
y 2 - x2
= f xy (1,1) = 0
(x + y2 )
2 2
f yy ( x, y ) = x(-1)( x 2 + y 2 ) -2 .2 y
95
2 xy 1
=- f yy (1,1) = -
(x 2
+y )
2 2 2
y
\tan -1 = f ( x, y )
x
1
= f (1,1) + ( x - 1) f x (1,1) + ( y - 1) f y (1,1) + ( x - 1) 2 f xx (1,1) + 2( x - 1)( y - 1) f xy (1,1) + ( y - 1) 2 f yy (1,1) + ...
2!
( u sin g cor : 2 )
p 1 1 1 1 1
= ( x - 1) - + ( y - 1) + ( x - 1) 2 . + 2( x - 1)( y - 1)0 + ( y - 1) 2 - + .....
4 2 2 2! 2 2
y p 1 1 1 1
\ tan -1 = - ( x - 1) + ( y - 1) + ( x - 1) 2 - ( y - 1) 2 + ...
x 4 2 2 4 4
Hence the solution
96
At and r = 12 > 0
is a minimum point
Minimum value =
At
The points are saddle points.
At and r = -12 < 0
is a maximum point
maximum value = .
2. In a plane triangle ABC ,find the maximum value of .
Solution:
At the maximum point and minimum point
Solving these equations
A+B+C =
At ,
and r < 0
The point is a maximum point.
Maximum value = .
3. Find the volume of the largest rectangular parallelepiped that can be inscribed in the ellipsoid .
Solution: The given ellipsoid is ---------------- (1)
97
---------------- (3)
---------------- (4)
---------------- (5)
4. Find the dimensions of the rectangular box without a top of maximum capacity, whose surface is 108 sq. cm
Solution: Given Surface area
---------------- (1)
---------------- (5)
Put in (1)
y =6, z =3
The dimension of the box, having max capacity is Length=6cm, Breadth = 6cm, Height = 3cm.
5. The temperature T at any point (x, y, z) in space is T = 400xy . Find the highest temperature on the surface of
the unit sphere
---------------- (2)
At the max point or min point
98
2 z 2 z 2 z 2 z
6.Pr ovethat + = + , where x = u cos a - v sin a , y = u sin a + v cos a
x 2 y 2 u 2 v 2
(OR)
By changing independent var iables u and v to x and y by means of the relations x = u cos a - v sin a ,
2 z 2 z 2 z 2 z
y = u sin a + v cos a , showthat + transforms int o + .
u 2 v 2 x 2 y 2
Solution :
Here z is a composite function of u and v.
z z x z y
= +
u x u y u
z z
= cos a + sin a
x y
or ( z ) = cos a + sin a z
x x y
cos a + sin a (1)
u x y
99
z z x z y
Also, = +
v x v y v
z z
= - sin a + cos a
x y
or ( z ) = - sin a + cos a z
v x y
- sin a + cos a (2)
v x y
Now we shall make use of the equivalance of operators as given by (1) and (2).
2 z z
=
u 2 u u
z z
= cos a + sin a cos a + sin a (u sin g (1) and (2) )
u y x y
2 z 2 z 2 z 2 z
= cos 2 a 2 + cos a sin a + sin a cos a + sin 2 a 2
x xy yx y
2 z 2 z 2 z 2 z
ie., = cos a 2 + 2 cos a sin a
2
+ sin a 2
2
(3)
u 2 x xy y
2 z z
Similarly 2 =
v v v
z z
= - sin a + cos a - sin a + cos a (u sin g (3) and (4) )
x y x y
2 z 2 z 2 z 2 z
= sin 2 a - sin a cosa - cosa sin a + cos 2
a
x 2 xy yx y 2
2 z 2 z 2 z 2 z
= sin 2
a - 2cosa sin a + cos 2
a (4)
v 2 x 2 xy y 2
Adding (3) and (4),
2 z 2 z 2 z 2 z
+ = +
u 2 v 2 x 2 y 2
Hence the proof .
1 1
7. Investigate the max ima of the functions f ( x, y ) = x 2 + xy + y 2 + + .
x y
Solution :
1 1
Given f ( x, y ) = x 2 + xy + y 2 + +
x y
f 1
= 2x + y - 2
x x
100
f 1
= x + 2y - 2
y y
2 f 2
= 2+ 3
x 2
x
2 f 2
= 2+ 3
y 2
y
2 f
=1
xy
Step1: For a max imum or min imum, we must have
f 1
= 0 2x + y - 2 = 0 i.e., 2 x 3 + x 2 y - 1 = 0 ...(1)
x x
f 1
= 0 x + 2y - 2 = 0 i.e., 2 y 3 + xy 2 - 1 = 0 ...(2)
y y
(1) y 2 x3 y + x 2 y 2 - y = 0 ...(3)
(2) x 2 xy + x y - x = 0
3 2 2
...(4)
From (3) we get x y = y - 2 x y
2 2 3
...(5)
Substituting (5) in (4) we get
2 xy 3 + y - 2 x 3 y - x = 0
i.e., 2 x3 y - 2 xy 3 - y + x = 0
i.e., 2 xy ( x 2 - y 2 ) + ( x - y ) = 0
i.e., 2 xy {( x - y )( x + y )} + ( x - y ) = 0
( x - y ) {2 xy ( x + y ) + 1} = 0
\ x = y (or )2 xy ( x + y ) + 1 = 0
101
2 f 2
= 2+ =8
x 2
1
3
2 f 2 f
= 8 ; =1
y 2 xy
2
2 f 2 f 2 f
\ 2 . 2 - = 8 8 -1 > 0
x y xy
2 f
and 2 = 8 > 0
x
1 1
\ f ( x, y ) has a min imum at the po int 3 , 3 and
3 3
4
the min imum valueis 3 3.
102
i.e., 4 x + 2 y = -2a
x + 2 y = -b
3x = b - 2a
b - 2a
x=
3
b - 2a
Substituting x = in (8) we get
3
b - 2a
- + b
y=
3
2
-(4b - 2a )
=
2
= a - 2b
b - 2a
\ The critical po int is , a - 2b
3
b - 2a
Step 2 : At , a - 2b
3
f
2
f
2
2 f
= 2 , = 2 and =1
x 2 y 2 xy
2
2 f 2 f 2 f
\ 2 . 2 - = 2 2 -1
x y xy
=3>0
b - 2a
\We have min imum value of the function at , a - 2b
3
Step 3 :The min imum value of f ( x, y ) is obtained by putting
b - 2a
x= and y = a - 2b in f ( x, y ).
3
2
b - 2a b - 2a b - 2a
+ ( a - 2b ) + ( a - 2b ) + a + b ( a - 2b )
2
Minimum value =
3 3 3
b - 2 a b - 2a
= + a - 2b + a + ( a - 2b ) [ a - 2b + b ]
3 3
103
b - 2a 4a - 5b
= + (a - 2b)(a - b0
3 3
4ab - 5b 2 - 8a 2 + 10ab
= + a 2 - ab - 2ab + 2b 2
9
4ab - 5b - 8a 2 + 9a 2 - 27ab + 18b 2
2
=
9
13b + a - 23ab
2 2
=
9
x -2 y -6 z -5 x -5 y -3 z + 4
9. Find the shortest dis tan ce between the lines = = and = =
3 -2 -2 2 1 -6
Solution
x -2 y -6 z -5
Let = = =l ...(1)
3 -2 -2
x -5 y -3 z + 4
= = =m ...(2)
2 1 -6
Any po int on the first line is P (3l + 2, -2l + 6, -2l + 5) and
any po int on the sec ond line is Q(2 m + 5, m + 3, -6 m - 4)
\ PQ = (2 + 3l - 5 - 2 m ) 2 + (6 - 2l - 3 - m ) 2 + (5 - 2l + 4 + 6 m ) 2
i.e., PQ 2 =17l 2 + 41m 2 - 32lm - 66l + 114m + 99
Let f (l , m ) = 17l 2 + 41m 2 - 32lm - 66l + 114m + 99
f
= 34l - 32 m - 66
l
f
= -32l + 82m + 114
m
2 f 2 f 2 f
= 34, = 82, = -32
l 2 m 2 lm
For a max imum or a min imum of ' f ' we should have
f f
= 0, =0
l m
i.e., 34l - 32m - 66 = 0
- 32l + 82m + 114 = 0
104
2
2 f 2 f 2 f
. - >0
l 2 m 2 lm
105
3
= 1 or y = 3
y
3
= 1 or z = 3
z
\ (3,3,3) is the po int where min imum value occur. The min imum value of
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 is 32 + 32 + 32 = 27
11. Athin closed rec tan gular box is to have one edge equal to twice the other , and a cons tan t
valume 72m3 . Find the least surface area of the box.
Solution
Let the sides of the rec tan gular box be 2 x, x, y.
Then volume is 2 x.x. y = 72
i.e., 2 x 2 y = 72
i.e., x 2 y = 36 ...(1)
The surface area is given by
S = 2(2 x.x) + 2(2 x. y ) + 2( x. y )
= 4 x 2 + 6 xy ...(2)
Now we have to find the min imum surface area
S = 4 x 2 + 6 xy under the condition
x 2 y = 36
Let f = 4 x 2 + 6 xy,
g = x 2 y - 36
Let the auxillary function ' F ' be F = f + l g
( ) (
F ( x, y ) = 4 x 2 + 6 xy + l x 2 y - 36 ) ...(3)
By Lagranges method the values of x, y, z for which ' F ' is min mum is obtained
from the following equations
F
= 0 8 x + 6 y + 2l xy = 0 ...(4)
x
F
=0 6x + l x2 = 0 ...(5)
y
F
=0 0=0
z
106
F
=0 x 2 y - 36 = 0 x 2 y = 36 ...(6)
l
6
From (5) we get x = - ...(7)
l
6
Substituting x=- in (6) we get
l
36
y= 2
= l2 ...(8)
x
6
Substituting x=- , y = l 2 in(4) we get
l
48
- + 6l 2 - 12l 2 = 0 l 3 = - 8
l
i.e., l = -2
Substituting l = -2 in(7) and (8) we get
x = 3, y = 4.
\ S has a min imum value at (3, 4)
The min imum value of S = 4(3) 2 + 6(3)(4)
= 108
From (2) , (3) and (4) , we get
- l = mx m -1 y n z p
- l = ny n -1 x m z p
- l = p x m y n z p -1
107
i.e., mx m -1 y n z p = ny n -1 x m z p = p x m y n z p -1
m n p
i.e., = =
x y z
m+n+ p m+n+ p
= =
x+ y+z a
108
UNIT V MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
INTRODUCTION: When a function f(x) is integrated with respect to x between the limits a and b, we get the
definite integral
If the integrand is a function f(x,y) and if it is integrated with respect to x and y repeatedly between the
limits and (for x) between the limits and (for y)
We get a double integral that is denoted by the symbol
Extending the concept of double integral one step further, we get the triple integral
Integral,
We think of xs as coming from the interval . For these integrals we can say that we are
integrating over the interval . Note that this does assume that , however, if we have then
We first asked what the area under the curve was and to do this we broke up the interval into n
subintervals of width and choose a point, , from each interval as shown below,
Each of the rectangles has height of and we could then use the area of each of these rectangles to
approximate the area as follows.
109
To get the exact area we then took the limit as n goes to infinity and this was also the definition of the
definite integral.
To evaluate , we first integrate f(x,y) with respect to x partially, treating y as
a constant temporarily, between and . The resulting function got after the inner integration and
substitution of limits will be a function of y. Then we integrate this function of y with respect to y
between the limits and as usual.
2. Evaluate:
Solution:Let I =
PART B
1. Evaluate: over the area between y = x2 and y = x.
Solution:The limits are: x varies from 0 to 1 and y varies from x2 to x.
110
I =
2. Evaluate: over the region in the first quadrant of the circle x2+y2=1.
Solution: In the given region, y varies from 0 to and x varies from 0 to 1.
I =
dx
x 2
1
0 x ( x y + xy )dydx
2
3. Evaluate:
x 2 1 1 x 2 1 x
x 2 y 2 xy 3
Solution : Let I= ( x y + xy )dydx = ( x y + xy 2 )dydx = 0 2 + 3 dx
2
0x 0 x x
1
1
x 3 x.xy 3 / 2 x 4 x 4 x4 x7 / 2 5 x5
= + - + dx = + -
0
2 3 2 3 8 ( 7 )(3) 6 5
2 0
1 2 1 21 + 16 - 28 9 3
= + + - (0) = = =
8 21 6 168 168 56
111
DOUBLE INTEGRATION IN POLAR COORDINATES:
To evaluate , we first integrate w.r.to r between the limits and . Keeping is
Solution: Let I =
PART B
1. Evaluate: over the cardioids r = a (1+cos).
Solution: The limits of r: 0 to a (1+cos) and The limits of : 0 to .
I = =
112
When = 0, t = 2
When = , t = 0.
2. Evaluate
Solution: are the polar coordinates for the above integral
3. By Transforming into polar coordinates , Evaluate over annular region between
113
CHANGE THE ORDER OF INTEGRATION:
The double integral will take the form when the order of
integration is changed. This process of converting a given double integral into its equivalent double integral by
changing the order of integration is often called change of order of integration. To effect the change of order of
integration, the region of integration is identified first, a rough sketch of the region is drawn and then the new
limits are fixed.
PART A
1. Find the limits of integration in the double integral
Solution: The limits are: y varies from 0 to 1 and x varies from 0 to 1-y.
2. Change the order of integration
Solution: The given region of integration is bounded by y=0, y=a, x=y & x=a.
After changing the order, we have, I =
3. Change the order of integration for the double integral
Solution:
PART B
1. Change the order of integration in I = and hence evaluate it.
Solution: Let I =
The given region of integration is bounded by x=0, x=1, y=x2 and x+y=2.
In the given integration x is fixed and y is varying.
So, after changing the order we have to keep y fixed and x should vary.
After changing the order weve two regions R1 & R2
I = I1+I2
I =
114
=
2. Evaluate by changing the order of integration.
Solution: The given region is bounded by x=0, x=1, y=x and x2+y2=2.
I =
I2 =
I =
3. Evaluate by changing the order of integration in
Solution: Let I =
The given region of integration is bounded by x=0, x=4, y = , y2 = 4x
115
After changing the order weve
Limits of x: y2/4 to 2y
Limits of y: 0 to 4
I = =16/3.
1 2- x
1 2- x
The given region of integration is bounded by x=0, x=1, y=x2 and x+y=2
In the given integration x is fixed and y is varying
So, after changing the order we have to keep y fixed and x should vary.
After changing the order we have two regions R1 & R2
I = I1 + I2
1 y 2 2- x
I = f ( x, y )dxdy + f ( x, y)dxdy
0 0 1 1
PART A
1. Find the smaller area bounded by y = 2-x and x2+y2=4.
Solution: Required area =
PART B
1. Find the area of the region outside the inner circle r=2cos and inside the outer circle r=4 cos by
double integration.
Solution: Required Area =
=2
116
2. Find the area of the circle of radius a by double integration.
Solution: Transforming Cartesian in Polar coordinates
(i.e.) x=rcos & y=rsin. Then dxdy = rdrd
limits of : 0 to and limits of r: o to
4. Find the area enclosed by the ellipse
Solution: Area of the ellipse = 4 x area of the first quadrant =4
5. Find the area inside the circle r=asinq but lying outside the cardiod r=a(1-cosq)
Solution: Given curves are r=asinq and r =a(1-cosq)
The curves intersect where a sin q = a (1-cosq)
a sin q = a a cosq a sin q + a cosq = a sin q + cosq =1
1 1 1 p p 1
sin q + cos q = sin q cos + cos q cos q =
2 2 2 4 4 2
117
p 1 p p p p
sin(q + )= = sin q + = (or )p -
4 2 4 4 4 4
p p 2p p p
q = 0(or )q + =p - q =p - =p - =
4 4 4 2 2
p
q = 0(or )q =
2
p /4 a sin q p /2 a sin q p /2
r2
(sin q - (1 + cos 2 q - 2 cos q )dq
a2
\The required area = rdrdq dq = 2
=
0 a (1- cos ) q 0 2 a (1-cosq ) 2 0
p /2 p /2
a2
(sin q - cos 2 q - 1 + 2 cos q )dq =
a2
=
2
2
2 0
2
(
1 - cos q - cos q - 1 + 2 cos q dq
2
)
0
p /2 p /2
p /2
p / 2 1 + cos 2q
= a (sin q )0 - cos 2 qdq
p /2
2
= a 1 -
2
dq
0
0 2
p /2
1 sin 2q 1p
= a 1 - q +
2
= a 2 1 - + 0 - 0
2 2 0 2 2
p a (4 - p )
2
= a 2 1 - =
4 4
6.Find by double integration, the area enclosed by the curves
Ans:
Sub (1) in (2) we get
Therefore the point of intersection of (1)&(2) is (0,0) and (4a,4a)
x Varies from 0 to 4a and y varies from
The required Area =
118
s as constants temporarily. The limits and may be constants or functions of y and z, so that the resulting
function got after the innermost integration may be a function of y and z. Then we perform the middle
integration with respect to y, treating z as a constant temporarily. The limits and may be constants or
functions of z, so that the resulting function got after the middle integration may be a function of z only. Finally
we perform the outermost integration with respect to z between the constant limits and .
The following sketch shows the relationship between the Cartesian and spherical coordinate systems.
and
119
=
=
Hence
Therefore the integral will become,
120
2. Evaluate:
Solution: Let I=
3. Evaluate:
Solution: Let I=
4. Evaluate:
Solution: Let I =
PART B
log a x x + y
e
x+ y+ z
1. Evaluate dzdydx
0 0 0
e dzdydx = [e ]0 dydx = (e
x+ y+ z x+ y+ z x+ y 2( x+ y )
Solution : - e x + y )dydx
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
121
x
log a
e 2( x + y )
log a
1 4 x 2x e2x
= - e x + y dx = e - e - - e x dx
0 2 0 0 2 2
log a
e4x 3 2x x
log a
e4x 3 2x
=
0
- e + e dx =
2 2 2 2
- e + ex
0
1 3 1 3
= e 4 log a - e 2 log a + e log a - - + 1
8 4 8 4
1 4 3 2 3
= a - a +a-
8 4 8
a b c
(x )
+ y 2 + z 2 dxdydz
2
2. Evaluate
0 0 0
c
x3
a b
a b
c3 2
Solution : I = + y 2 x + z 2 x dydz + cy + cz dydz
2
=
0 0
3 0 0 0
3
b
a
c 3 y cy 3 c 3b cb 3
a
= + + cyz 2 dz = + + cbz 2 dz
0
3 3 0 0
3 3
a
c 3bz cb 3 z cbz 3 c 3ba cb 3 a cba 3 abc 2
= + + = + + = [c + b 2 + a 2 ]
3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3
3. Find the volume bounded by the cylinder x2+y2=4 and the planes y+z=4 and z=0.
Solution: The limits are:
Z varies from: 0 to 4-y
X varies from: - to
Y varies from: -2 to 2.
Required volume = 2 =2
= 2 dy= 2
=2
= 8 since y is an odd function.
= 16 =16
= 16x2x = 16
4. Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the plane and the coordinate plane.
122
X varies from 0 to a
Y varies from 0 to b
Z varies from o to c
Required Volume =
=
= c
=c
= c
=
=
=
=
123
x2 y2
Z varies from 0 to c1
a2 b2
x2
Y varies from 0 to b1 a2
X varies from 0 to a.
x2 y2
x2 c1 2 2
a b1a2 a b
Volume = 8 0 0 0 dzdydx
x2 y2
x2 c1 2 2
a b1a2 a b
=8 0 0 z0
dydx
x2
a b1a2 x2 y2
= 8c 0 0 1 dydx
a2 b2
8c a x2
= b 0 0 2 y2 dydx where b1 2
a
a
8c a y 2 y
= b 0 2 2 y2 2
sin1 dx
0
8c a x2
= b 4 0 b2 1 2 dx
a
a x2
=2bc0 1 a2 dx
a
x3
=2bcx 2
3a 0
a
=2bca 3
4abc
= cu units
3
124