IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPONENTS, PACKAGING AND MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 6, NO.

2, FEBRUARY 2016 249

Influences of Closing Phase Angle and Frequency

on Electrodynamic Stability of
Air Circuit Breaker
Jianyu Qu, Qian Wang, Zhiwei Liu, Hu Zhao, and Xingwen Li, Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract Short-time withstand current (Icw ) is an important
parameter for air circuit breakers (ACBs) and easily causes elec-
trodynamic stability problems. This paper is aimed to investigate
the influences of the closing phase angle and frequency on the
electrodynamic stability of ACB. Considering the skin effect,
the interphase effect, and the nonlinear BH characteristics of
ferromagnet, a calculation model of a three-phase ACB is built
based on the 3-D transient finite-element method. It is found
that the movable conductors A5 , B1 , and C1 show the worst
electrodynamic stability when the closing phase angle () is equal
to /2, + /6, and + 5/6, respectively, where is the
phase angle difference between the voltage and the current. With
the frequency increasing from 50 Hz to 100 and 200 Hz, the
slope-shaped distribution of peak currents and repulsion forces
in phases B and C is changed to the valley-shaped distribution,
and the peak current of B1 is increased by 20% and 38.6%
at the beginning stage of Icw , and by 12.5% and 26.4% at the
periodic stage of Icw , respectively. In addition, the peak lateral
forces of the movable conductors adjacent to other phase are
also increased considerably by increasing frequency.
Index Terms Air circuit breaker (ACB), closing phase angle,
electrodynamic stability, frequency, short-time withstand current.
I. I NTRODUCTION
single-pair contacts in miniature circuit breakers and molded
case circuit breakers, Ito et al. [1], [3] and Kawase et al. [2]
analyzed the Holm force by building a contact bridge model
with the 3-D finite-element methods (FEMs). Stammberger [4]
calculated the repulsion force of the contacts by considering
the Holm force and the Lorenz force with the Holm force
formula and the coarser FEM, respectively. Ota et al. [5]
investigated the repulsion force variation of the vibrating
contacts. The repulsion force was calculated with a cylindri-
cal contact bridge model varying with short-circuit current
and considering the nonlinear characteristics of ferromagnet
in [6] and [7]. For multiple parallel movable contacts in ACBs,
Xiang et al. [8], [9] calculated the repulsion force, considering
the skin effect. Fang et al. [10] investigated the influences
of the number of contact pieces on the total repulsion force.
In our previous study, based on the calculated repulsion force
and contact temperature, a method to study the Icw capability
of ACB was introduced [11]. In addition, the stressstrain of
contacts was also calculated with the electromagnetic-thermal-
mechanical coupled-field method [12][14].
Although a lot of studies were carried out on the electro-

W IND power attracts a lot of attention as one of the most

promising renewable energy sources, and air circuit
breaker (ACB) is a crucial component for controlling and
protecting the power distribution network. The permanent
magnet wind power generation system may output a current
with varying frequencies in the range of several hertz to about
200 Hz, which increases the complexity and difficulty of the
electrodynamic stability of ACBs.
Many studies have been performed on the electrodynamic
stability of low-voltage circuit breakers. For the case of
Manuscript received August 29, 2015; revised December 6, 2015; accepted
December 15, 2015. Date of publication January 5, 2016; date of current ver-
sion February 5, 2016. This work was supported in part by the Natural Science
Foundation of Shaanxi Province under Grant 2014JQ7250 and in part by
the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 51507136.
Recommended for publication by Associate Editor J. Shea upon evaluation
of reviewers comments. (Corresponding author: Xingwen Li.)
J. Qu, Z. Liu, and X. Li are with the State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insu-
lation and Power Equipment, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, China
(e-mail: 648441293@qq.com; 1217487441@qq.com; xwli@mail.xjtu.edu.cn).
Q. Wang is with the School of Sciences, Xian University of Technology,
Xian 710054, China (e-mail: 59065110@qq.com).
H. Zhao is with the School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical
University, Xian 710129, China (e-mail: 277472690@qq.com).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TCPMT.2015.2511180
2156-3950 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
dynamic stability of an ACB, there are still some limitations
and scope for further investigation, especially in the interphase
effect on the electrodynamic stability and the influences of
closing phase angle and frequency.
In this paper, a transient FEM model of a three-phase ACB
is developed to calculate the transient current, repulsion
torque, lateral force, tilting torque, and sliding torque of each
movable conductor. Based on this model, the influences of the
closing phase angle and frequency are investigated both at the
beginning stage and at the periodic stage of Icw .
II. C ALCULATION M ODEL AND M ETHOD
The current-carrying conductors and arc-quenching cham-
bers of a three-phase ACB are shown in Fig. 1. The phase
pole distance is 6.95 cm. There are five movable conductors
in each phase. For phase A, the movable contacts are marked
A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 , and A5 , and the nomenclature is similar
for phases B and C. The cylindrical contact bridge model
is adopted to describe the current constriction phenomenon
between the contacts. Its radius r can be obtained by (1),
where F is the total contact force, H is the Brinell hard-
ness, and is the surface conditioning coefficient, which
is set to 0.45 [10]. In order to simplify the calculation,
250 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPONENTS, PACKAGING AND MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 6, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2016

Fig. 2. Electromagnetic torques on movable conductor A1 (front view).

the beginning stage of Icw . The stage after 15 ms is named the

periodic stage of Icw . It is noted that the electromagnetic forces
and torques are smaller at the periodic stage. However, due to
the considerably long-time duration, it is necessary to study
the alternating electromagnetic force and torque at the periodic
stage. Therefore, this paper investigates the electrodynamic
Fig. 1. Calculation model of the three-phase ACB. stability both at the beginning stage and at the periodic stage
of Icw .
Fig. 2 shows the movable conductor A1 in the front view.
the time-dependent F and the temperature-dependent H The movable conductor can rotate around the contact axis,
are assumed constant for calculating r . The height h is and is forced to press the fixed contact by the contact
set to 0.2 mm [2], [10] spring (shown as Fspring). The electromagnetic torque acting
 on the movable conductors is divided into Trepulsion, Ttilt ,
F
r= . (1) and Tslide according to the direction. Trepulsion is to repulse
H the movable conductor away from the fixed contact. Ttilt is
The rated current of this ACB is 1600 A, and Icw is 55 kA. to tilt the movable conductors, and may increase the contact
The three-phase short-circuit transient currents i a , i b , and i c resistance and mechanical stress. As for Tslide , it may make
are the movable conductor slide on the fixed contact surface, and
increase the contact ablation. The electromagnetic torque is
i a = 2I sin(2 f t + ) 2I sin( )e L t
R
calculated based on the local result coordinate of each movable

i b = 2I sin(2 f t + 120) conductor. As shown in Fig. 2, the local result coordinate
of A1 is located at point O, the center of the axis hole of A1 .
2I sin( 120)e L t
R

The x-axis of the coordinate is along vector OC, where C is
i c = 2I sin(2 f t + 240)
R
the contact point. The y-axis is normal to OC and pointing
2I sin( 240)e L t (2) upward, and the z-axis is normal to the x y plane and pointing
inward. Therefore, the electromagnetic torques can be obtained
where by Trepulsion = Tz , Ttilt = Tx , and Tslide = Ty , where Tx , Ty ,
I effective value of short-circuit current; and Tz are the integral electromagnetic torques in x-, y-,
f frequency; and z-directions, respectively, according to the local result
closing phase angle; coordinate of each movable conductor. Besides, the lateral
phase angle difference between voltage and current; force (Flateral ) is also calculated with Flateral = Fz .
R equivalent resistance of test network; The electromagnetic force is calculated by the following
L equivalent inductance of test network. formula:
According to IEC 60947, R/L should be assigned to 20.4 
(i.e., cos = 0.2), and the peak current should be 2.2I if F = Js Bdv
 (3)
f = 50 Hz and I >50 kA. is often assigned to /2
to make the peak current of phase A reach 2.2I . However, where Js is the current density, which includes the conductive
a peak current of 2.2I can also be obtained by setting current and the eddy current, and B is the magnetic flux
to /6 or 5/6 for phases B or C, respectively. density.
The transient component of the short-circuit current is In our previous study, the above-mentioned model has been
usually considerably large at the beginning stage, then decays used to analyze the tilting and sliding phenomenon of movable
quickly later, and becomes negligible after 60 ms. This causes conductors during the Icw test, and the result was verified by
the short-circuit current of each phase to reach the peak value comparing the size, the position, and the sliding trace of the
before 15 ms. Thus, in this paper, the period is divided into erosion marks on movable and fixed contact tips from the
two parts. The first part is the stage before 15 ms, and named experimental results [15].
QU et al.: INFLUENCES OF CLOSING PHASE ANGLE AND FREQUENCY ON ELECTRODYNAMIC STABILITY
Fig. 3. Influences of closing phase angle on peak currents of movable
conductors at the beginning stage.
III. C ALCULATION R ESULTS
Ansys V. 15 was adopted to perform the transient elec-
tromagnetic calculations on a computer with quad-core
CPU at 3.40 GHz and 32G RAM. The model was meshed
by the free mesh scheme, and about two million tetrahedral
elements were generated. All elements were set to the element
type of solid 236. It took about 25 h to complete the 30 steps
of the electrodynamic stability calculation at the beginning
stage, and nearly 48 h for the 50 steps of the periodic stage
calculation. The load step size was 0.5 ms. The shared memory
parallel method was used to accelerate the calculation.
A. Influences of Closing Phase Angle on Electrodynamic
Stability of Movable Conductors
According to (2), the peak currents of i a , i b , and i c reach
2.2I when is equal to /2, + /6, and + 5/6,
respectively. This part mainly discusses the influences of the
closing phase angle on the electrodynamic stability of movable
conductors at the beginning stage and at 50 Hz.
Fig. 3 shows the peak currents of movable conductors at
the beginning stage of Icw . It is found that the peak currents
of movable conductors present a valley-shaped distribution
in phase A, and a slope-shaped distribution in phase B and
phase C. In particular, the slope is steeper in phase B. The
largest currents of movable conductors when is equal to
/2, + /6, and + 5/6 which are 2.22I M at A1 ,
2.50I M at B1 , and 2.35I M at C1 , respectively, where
I M (55 kA/5 = 11 kA) is the average effective current of
a movable conductor.
The above-mentioned distributions are mainly caused by the
skin effect and the interphase effect of current. It is known
that the phase angle lags 2/3 from phase A to phase B, and
phase C. At the peak-current moment of phase A, both the
direction of the currents of phases B and C is opposite to
that of phase A, and the current variations of phases B and C
are opposite. Therefore, the induced currents by i B and i C
in the movable conductors of phase A are in the opposite
direction and counteract each other. Due to the skin effect,
the currents flowing through the outer movable conductors
(i.e., A1 and A5 ) are larger. Similarly, the slope-shaped current
251
Fig. 4. Influences of closing phase angle on peak Trepulsion at the beginning
stage.
Fig. 5. Influences of closing phase angle on peak Flateral at the beginning
stage.
distribution in phase B and phase C can also be explained as
follows. At the peak-current moment of phase B, the currents
induced by i A and i C in movable conductors of phase B are in
the same direction. The induced currents increase the currents
in B1 and B2 , but decrease the currents in B4 and B5 . At the
peak-current moment of phase C, the currents induced by
i A and i B in movable conductors of phase C are in the opposite
direction. However, the current induced by i B is much larger,
which increases the currents in C1 and C2 and decreases the
currents in C4 and C5 .
As shown in Fig. 4, the distribution of peak Trepulsion
is similar to that of the peak current. That is because of
the positive correlation between Trepulsion and the square of
the short-circuit current. The largest Trepulsion of movable
conductors when is equal to /2, + /6, and + 5/6
which are 1.63 Nm at B1 , 2.11 Nm at B1 , and 1.84 Nm at C1 ,
respectively.
Fig. 5 shows the influences of closing phase angle on the
peak Flateral at the beginning stage. It is found that the peak
Flateral are positive on the No. 1 and No. 2 movable conductors
in each phase, and are negative on the No. 4 and No. 5
movable conductors. Moreover, the absolute values of peak
Flateral (|Flateral |) are larger at the outer movable conductors
in each phase. It indicates that Flateral strongly attracts the
outer movable conductors toward the middle of each phase.
252 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPONENTS, PACKAGING AND MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 6, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2016
Fig. 6. Influences of closing phase angle on peak Ttilt at the beginning stage.
Fig. 7. Influences of closing phase angle on peak Tslide at the beginning
stage.
The primary cause of Flateral is the attractive forces among
movable conductors in the same phase. The attractive forces
are balanced on the inner movable conductors while accumu-
lated on the outer movable conductors. Another reason is the
electromagnetic forces from the movable conductors in other
phases, which makes |Flateral | distribution asymmetric in each
phase. It can be found that A5 > A1 , B1 > B5 , and C1 > C5
for |Flateral |. Take A5 in the case of = /2, for example.
The current of A1 A4 is in the same direction with that
of A5 , but the current of B1 B5 and C1 C5 is in the
opposite direction to that of A5 at about 9.6 ms. Therefore,
the attractive force from A1 A4 and the repulsive force from
B1 B5 and C1 C5 are in the same direction at that time,
which causes the largest peak lateral force of A5 in the case
of = /2.
The influences of closing phase angle on the peak Ttilt
and the peak Tslide at the beginning stage are shown in
Figs. 6 and 7, respectively. It is clearly found that the peaks
Flateral , Ttilt , and Tslide have a similar distribution. This is
because Ttilt and Tslide mainly result from Flateral of each
movable conductor, which distributes asymmetrically about the
x-axis and the y-axis of the local result coordinate. In addition,
the largest Flateral , Ttilt , and Tslide of movable conductors when
is equal to /2, + /6, and + 5/6 which occur at
A5 , B1 , and C1 , respectively.
Based on the analysis above, the movable conductors A5 ,
B1 , and C1 show the worst electrodynamic stability when
is equal to /2, + /6, and + 5/6, respectively,
Fig. 8. Transient current, electromagnetic force, and torques of movable
conductor B1 within 16 ms ( = + /6).
TABLE I
P EAK C URRENT OF E ACH P HASE AT THE B EGINNING
S TAGE OF Icw W HEN = /6
especially the movable conductor B1 . Fig. 8 shows the current,
electromagnetic force, and torques of movable conductor B1
when = + /6. It is found that the current and Trepulsion
reach the peak value at about 9.6 ms, but Flateral , Ttilt , and Tslide
reach the peak value 1 ms later, due to the influences of other
movable conductors.
B. Influences of Frequency on Electrodynamic
Stability of Movable Conductors
The frequency of short-circuit current may influence the
electrodynamic stability of movable conductors both at the
beginning stage and at the periodic stage of Icw .
At the beginning stage of Icw , the higher frequency has no
effect on the damping transient component current, but makes
the moment of peak current earlier. Therefore, the peak current
of each phase increases at the beginning stage of Icw . Take
= /6 as an example. Table I shows the peak current
of each phase at the beginning stage of Icw . It is found that
the peak current of phase B reaches 2.4I and 2.6I when the
frequency increases to 100 and 200 Hz, respectively.
Fig. 9 shows the influences of frequency on the peak
currents of movable conductors at the beginning stage of Icw .
In general, it is found that the skin effect is enhanced con-
siderably at a higher frequency. For phase A, the valley-
shaped distribution of peak currents becomes steeper at a
higher frequency. For phases B and C, the slope-shaped
distribution of peak current is changed to the valley-shaped
distribution when f increases from 50 Hz to 100 and 200 Hz.
In addition, the peak current of B1 at the beginning stage is
enlarged 20% and 38.6%, and reaches 3I M and 3.46I M when
f increases to 100 and 200 Hz, respectively. This increase rate
is larger than that of the current of the whole phase.
QU et al.: INFLUENCES OF CLOSING PHASE ANGLE AND FREQUENCY ON ELECTRODYNAMIC STABILITY 253

Fig. 9. Influences of frequency on peak currents at the beginning stage Fig. 11. Influences of frequency on peak current at the periodic stage.
( = /6).

Fig. 12. Influences of frequency on Flateral at the periodic stage.

Fig. 10. Influences of frequency on Flateral at the beginning stage
( = /6).

As for the peak Trepulsion, the influences of frequency

are similar to that of peak currents. The peak Trepulsion
of B1 is enlarged 51% and 114.9% when f increases to
100 and 200 Hz, respectively.
Fig. 10 shows the influences of frequency on the peak Flateral
of movable conductors at the beginning stage of Icw . It is found
that the peak Flateral of the movable conductors adjacent to
other phase (i.e., A5 , B1 , B5 , and C1 ) is enlarged considerably
at a higher frequency, but the peak Flateral of other movable
conductors change slightly. The peak Flateral of B1 is enlarged Fig. 13. Transient current, electromagnetic force, and torques of movable
to 35.3% and 63.3% when f increases to 100 and 200 Hz, conductor B1 at the periodic stage of Icw at 200 Hz.
respectively. Due to the relationship between Flateral , and Ttilt
and Tslide , the influences of frequency on Ttilt and Tslide are
similar to that on Flateral . For phases B and C, the slope-shaped distribution changes
Frequency influences the electrodynamic stability of ACB to the valley-shaped distribution, and the movable conductors
not only at the beginning stage but also at the periodic stage with the smallest peak current transfer from No. 5 to No. 4
of Icw . At the periodic stage,
although the peak currents and No. 3 when frequency increases from 50 Hz to 100 and
of each phase are equal ( 2I ) at different frequencies, the 200 Hz, respectively. To be specific, the peak current of B1 at
current of movable conductors distributes differently, as shown the periodic stage is 1.77I M when f = 50 Hz. It is increased
in Fig. 11. Due to the stronger skin effect at a higher by 12.5% and 26.4% and reaches 2I M and 2.24I M when f
frequency, the peak currents of No. 2, No. 3, and No. 4 increases to 100 and 200 Hz, respectively. As for the peak
movable conductors of each phase decrease, but the peak Trepulsion of B1 at the periodic stage, it is increased by 36.4%
currents of No. 1 and No. 5 movable conductors increase, and 86.2% when f increases to 100 and 200 Hz, respectively.
with increasing frequency. For phase A, the valley-shaped Fig. 12 shows the influences of frequency on peak Flateral
distribution becomes steeper from 50 Hz to 100 and 200 Hz. of movable conductors at the periodic stage of Icw . Similar to
254 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPONENTS, PACKAGING AND MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 6, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2016
the situation at the beginning stage, the peak |Flateral | of the
movable conductors adjacent to other phase (i.e., A5 , B1 , B5 ,
and C1 ) is also increased considerably at a higher frequency.
However, the peak |Flateral | of other movable conductors
decrease at a higher frequency. To be specific, the peak Flateral
of B1 is increased by 11.5% and 19.9% when f increases to
100 and 200 Hz, respectively.
Fig. 13 shows the current, electromagnetic force, and
torques of movable conductor B1 at the periodic stage when
f = 200 Hz. It is found that the frequency of electromagnetic
force and torques is twice that of current. The phase angles
of Flateral , Ttilt , and Tslide are almost the same, and lag behind
those of i and Trepulsion, due to the influences of other movable
conductors.
IV. C ONCLUSION
Considering the skin effect, the interphase effect, and the
nonlinear BH characteristics of ferrimagnet, a simulation
model to investigate the influence of the closing phase angle
and frequency on the electrodynamic stability of an ACB has
been built. It can be concluded that in the following.
1) The movable conductors A5 , B1 , and C1 show the worst
electrodynamic stability when is equal to /2,
+ /6, and + 5/6, respectively, especially the
movable conductor B1 when = + /6.
2) When the frequency increases from 50 Hz to 100 and
200 Hz, the slope-shaped distribution of peak current
and repulsion force in phases B and C is changed to the
valley-shaped distribution, and the peak current of B1 is
increased by 20% and 38.6% at the beginning stage, and
by 12.5% and 26.4% at the periodic stage, respectively.
3) The peak |Flateral | of the movable conductors adjacent
to other phase (i.e., A5 , B1 , B5 , and C1 ) is increased
considerably at a higher frequency. When frequency
increases from 50 Hz to 100 and 200 Hz, the peak Flateral
of B1 is increased by 35.3% and 63.3% at the beginning
stage, and by 11.5% and 19.9% at the periodic stage,
respectively.
4) It is expected that the parameters of the width of each
parallel contact, the distance between the neighboring
contacts, and the spring force acting on the contacts,
could be optimized to restrain the negative influences of
the closing phase angle and frequency on the electrody-
namic stability of ACBs.
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Jianyu Qu was born in Shanxi, China, in 1988.
He received the B.S. degree in electrical engi-
neering from Xian Jiaotong University, Xian,
China, in 2011, where he is currently pursuing the
Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering.
His current research interests include low-voltage
electric apparatus and arc plasma applications.
Qian Wang was born in Xian, China, in 1981.
She received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from
Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, in 2003, 2006, and
2013, respectively, all in electrical engineering
She was with Applied Materials, Xian, from
2006 to 2009. She is currently a Lecturer with
the Xian University of Technology, Xian. Her
current research interests include power equipment
and plasma physics.
Zhiwei Liu was born in Shandong, China, in 1990.
He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering
from Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China,
in 2014. He is currently pursuing the M.S. degree
in electrical engineering with Xian Jiaotong Uni-
versity, Xian, China.
His current research interests include low-voltage
electric apparatus.
QU et al.: INFLUENCES OF CLOSING PHASE ANGLE AND FREQUENCY ON ELECTRODYNAMIC STABILITY
Hu Zhao was born in Shanxi, China, in 1986.
He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering
from Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian,
China, in 2008, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical
engineering from Xian Jiaotong University, Xian,
in 2015.
He is currently a Lecturer with Northwestern Poly-
technical University. His current research interests
include low-voltage electric apparatus and power
electronics.
255
Xingwen Li (SM13) was born in Shanxi,
China, in 1978. He received the B.S., M.S.,
and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from
Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China, in 1999,
2001, and 2006, respectively.
He was a Visiting Scholar with the Department
of Information Systems, Osaka University, Osaka,
Japan, from 2001 to 2002. He is currently a
Professor with Xian Jiaotong University. His cur-
rent research interests include power equipment and
plasma physics.