Ca$hJd Vol. 20, No. 2, pp.

139-149, 1996
Pergarnon Copyright @ 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd
Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved
PII SO364-5916(96) 00021-I 0364-5916/96 $15.00 + 0.00

THEXMODYNAMIC EVALUATION OF Fe-Sn PHASE DIAGRAM

K.C. Hari Kumar. P. Wollants, and L. De&y

Department MTM
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
de Croylam 2
B-3001 Leuven, BELGIUM

(Presented at CALPHAD %IIi, Madison, USA, June 1994)

ABSTRACT: The thermodynamic descriptions for all the stable phases in the Fe;Sn system are obtained
by a least-square optimisation of the thermochemical and the phase diagram data from
literature. The latest recommended of expressions for Gibbs energies of pure elements are
used. The calculated phase diagram and thermochemical properties are compared with the
experimental data.

INTRODUCllON

Tm is an undesired element in steel. It causes grain-boundary embrittlement and thus deteriorates

mechanical properties of steel. With the ever increasing demand for recycling of scrap in the steel
industry, the clhances of having more tin in steel are also increasing. In order to tackle this problem it is
important to kinow the phase diagram and thermodynamic properties of the Fe-Sn system. The purpose of
this work is to obtain thermodynamic descriptions for all stable phases of the Fe-Sn system by
optimisation of thermochemical and phase diagram data from the literature.

Experimental data for the Fe-Sn system were critically evaluated by several authors: [56Han,
73Hul, 82Kub, 9OOka, 91Oka]. [79Niis] carried out the thermodynamic modelling and the calculation of
the phase diagram, utilising experimental data from literature. Gibbs energy descriptions for elements
used by [79Niis] are now considered to be obsolete. Intermetallic phases Fe&h and Fe.,Sn., accepted as
stable by [79Niis], are now believed to be metastable. Moreover the stable compound Fe& was not
included in the assessment of [79Niis]. Since the work of [79Niis] more experimental data have become
available. Hence a new reassessment of the thermodynamic description is warranted.

THERMODYNAMIC MODELS

The equilibrium phases in the Fe-Sn system are: Liquid, BCC, FCC, BCT, and four intermetallic
compounds namely Fe,Sq, Fe,!+, FeSn, and FeSq.

Original version received on 5 January 1995, Revised version on 22 February 1996

139
 140 K. C. HARI KUMAR et al.

The liquid, BCC, and FCC phases are modelled as random solutions. The integral molar Gibbs
energy ( Gz ) of such a phase can be expressed as

Gg = x,XG + RTxXXlnX: + XLX&L*,,,

i=ib,Sn i=Fe,Sn

where GF is the Gibbs energy of Fe or Sn in the structural state $ (I$= Liquid, BCC, or FCC) and L$kes.is
the interaction term characterising the chemical contribution to the excess Gibbs energy ( 0, ). Ltssncan
be expanded as an n* degree Redlich-Kister polynomial [48Red] as

The coefficients L+& are obtained by the least-square optimisation of the experimental
thermochemical and phase diagram data. The temperature dependence of L$%snis expressed as

LO =a, +b,T.
Pc.Sn

The Gibbs energy contributions due to the magnetic transition of BCC and FCC phases are
described using the Hillert-Jar1 model [78Hil]. According to this model the Gibbs energy of magnetic
ordering, =c, , is given by

+I$= RT la@+ +l)f(r),

where 13 is the average magnetic moment per atom, expressed in Bohr magnetons, f(r) is a polynomial
function of r, and r is defined as TI Tc$; TI! being the critical temperature of the magnetic transition Both
D* and TL?may be concentration dependent.

The solubility of Fe in the BCT phase is negligibly low. This allows us to treat it as BCT-Sn. All
intermetallic phases are modelled as stoichiometric compounds, since there are no experimental data on
their homogeneity ranges.

GIBBS ENERGIES OF PURE ELEMENTS

Gibbs energy expressions for BCC-Fe, FCC-Fe, Liquid-Fe, BCT-Sn, BCC-Sn, and Liquid-Sn are
taken from [SlDm]. These are not reproduced here in order to save space. Gibbs energy expression for the
metastable FCC-Sn is taken from the work of [81Nga, 89Fec].

Gsf - Gtm = +5510-8.46T Jlmol.

This expression compares rather well with the experimental enthalpy and entropy for BCT+FCC
transformation of pure Sn, reported by [72Heu].

Experimental data for the Fe-Sn system are rather sparse due to severe experimental difficulties in
handling this system. For example, volatile nature of Sn and approximately same density for liquid-Fe
and liquid-Sn prevents reliable determination of the liquid miscibility gap using conventional methods.
 EVALUATION OF Fe-Sn PHASE DIAGRAM 141

TP
Referent
68Koz,691
69Yaz
70Shi
72Ere
72Wag
76Ere
77Fed
78Pet
8OMar
81Ari
81Yaml,8?
84Bat
84Zab
85Liic
87Nun
TABLE 2: Summarv of ExDerimentd Phase Diagram Data for the Fe&n Svstem
071sa 1 Thermal analysis, metallography 1Liquidus, Fe-rich solidus, invariants
3lEdvr 1Metallography 1Stability of compounds, monotectic
33Eht 1X-ray 1BCC/(BCC+Fe,Sq)
49cam 1Chemical analysis, metallography 1Sn-rich liquidus, miscibility gap
57Kah: Chemical analysis (FeSq+Liquid)/Liquid
63Jan X-ray, thermomagnetic BCC/(BCC+ Fe,Sq)
64Mil Metallography Miscibility gap
66Dav Quoted in [67Davl] Monotectic
66Wl-i Quoted in [67Davl] I Miscibility gap
67Dav2 Quoted in [82Kub] 1Sn-rich liquidus, monotectic
67Hil 1EPMA I -r-loop
68Koi: EMF Sn-rich liquidus
68Shi Equilibration Miscibility gap
72Sne X-rav ClOOD
72Wa8 Mass spectrometry Miscibility gap, BCCl(BCC+Liquid)/Liquid
73Pre X-ray BCC/(BCC+ Fe&)
74Na8 X-ray BCC/(BCC+ Fe&)
74Tre 1 Diffusion couple, X-ray, EPMA Solidus, BCC/(BCC+ Fe,Sq)
74TreZ Diffusion couple Stability range of compounds
75con Resistance thermometry Sn-rich eutectic
77Fedl I Vapour pressure 1Miscibility gap
8lAri I Equilibration, EPMA I Fe-rich liquidus, solidus
81Yam2 Diffusion couple, EPMA Solidus, BCC/(BCC+metastable Fe,Sn)
86Sin X-ray Stability of compounds
87Nun Mass spectrometry Miscibility gap
91Imr1 EPMA Fe-rich liauidus. solidus
 142 K. C. HARI KUMAR ef al.

For the least-square optimisation thermodynamic and phase diagram data are chosen from the
literature. These are summarised in Tables 1 and 2. Critical evaluations of [82Kub, 9OOka, 91Oka] were
considered while choosing the phase diagram data for the optimisation.

Expressions for the concentration dependence of TcBccand BBcc are obtained from an analysis of
the experimental data due to [63Jan]. The Curie temperature of BCC-Fe is decreased slightly by the
addition of Sn [32Nee]. In the absence of any experimental data regarding the magnetic properties of FCC
phase, it is assumed that Tcpccand 13 are only linear functions in X,, of corresponding properties of
FCC-Fe.

Experimental studies suggest the existence of a miscibility gap in the liquid phase. Unfortunately
the data are so scattered that a realistic estimation of the position of the miscibility gap is very difficult.
[9OOka, 910ka] place the critical point of the miscibility gap at (0.5 X,, 1778K), based on the experimental
results of [81Yam2, 87Nun]. However, [9OOka] points out that (BCC+Liquid)/Liquid liquidus trend
appears to suggest as even lower temperature. Further, the assessed miscibility gap is very nearly
symmetric and it may be concluded that Gz could be described by X,X, L$, . It is found that in
order to calculate the miscibility gap suggested by [910ka], one requires an L$, of 6726+12.818T J/mol.

Mixing enthalpy for liquid alloys were measured using calorimetry by a number of investigators
[78Pet, 84Bat, 85Liic]. Furthermore, [72Wag, 80Mar, 81Yaml] calculated enthalpy of mixing for liquid
alloys from measured activities. The calorimetric measurements by [85Liic, 84Bat] are in reasonable
agreement with the results of Knudsen-cell mass spectrometric studies by [81Yaml], (see Fig. 1). A
weighted regression of these data shows that enthalpy of mixing can be represented by X,X,28864 J/mol.
The activity of Fe and/or Sn in liquid alloys were also measured by many investigators, employing
various techniques and at several temperatures [68Koz, 69Yaz, 7OShi, 72Ere, 72Wag, 77Fed, 80Mar,
81Yam1, 87Nun]. In order to make a comparison of the results of these studies, all the activity data are
recalculated to 1873 K using vant Hoff derivative. Comparison shows that activity data reported by
[87Nun, 81Yam1, 68Koz] are in reasonable agreement, (see Figs. 2 and 3). Simultaneous weighted
regression of selected values of experimental enthalpy of mixing [85Liic, 84Bat, 81Yaml] and activity data
[87Nun, 81Yam1, 68Kozl indicates that Gz, can be satisfactorily described by X,X,(26957-2.9792)
J/mol. This expression is comparable with the predicted expression using Tanaka model [93Tan, 93Har]
(X,X,(28864-1.8867) J/mol ). However, with this expression it is impossible to reproduce the miscibility
gap suggested by [91Oka]. Such failures may be viewed as due to contradictions in experimental data.
Since the reported thermodynamic data are more in agreement with one another than the miscibility gap
data, it is more likely that former is reliable. This was taken into consideration while weighting the
experimental data for optimisation. The starting value for Lzs. was thus chosen as 26957-2.9792

An approximate value for LB:, is obtained from an analysis of the Liquid/BCC allotropic phase
boundary and the activity data due to [81Ari]. The starting value for Lk:, is obtained from the analysis
of Liquid/FCC allotropic phase boundary. For compounds, approximate values for the model parameters
were obtained from thermodynamic data [76Ere, 84Zab] and suggested coordinates of three-phase
equilibria involving these compounds [910ka].

The final optimisation was performed using PARROT module of the Thermo-Calc data-bank
system [85&n]. Altogether 390 pieces of data were used in the optimisation. Approximate values of
model parameters obtained as explained above, served as good starting values for the iterations. Final
estimates of model parameters that minim&d the total sum of squares of errors, are listed in Table 3.
 EVALUATION OF Fe-Sn PHASE DIAGRAM 143

In Fig. 1, the calculated enthalpy of mixing of liquid phase is compared with experimental data.
The calculated results are in good agreement with the results of [84Bat], especially in the Fe-rich region
Agreements with the data due to [85Liic] and [81Yaml] are also reasonable. Enthalpy of mixing data
reported by [72Wag, gOMar]deviate significantly from those of [81Yaml, 84Bat, 85Liic]. Both [72Wag] and
[gOMar]considered the presence of the liquid miscibility gap at temperatures of their studies (1810 K and
1873 K respectively). Later studies by [81Yam2] and [87Nun] showed that this region is well above the
demixing region. Calorimetric data reported by [78Pet] also show a different trend. Consequently these
data ([72Wag, 78Pet, gOMar])were not considered in the optlmisation.

The activities of Fe and Sn in the liquid, calculated at 1873 K, are compared with experimental data
in Figs. 2 and 3 respectively. The calculated Fe activities compare well with experimental values of
[68Koz, 87W1n]. The agreement of the calculated Sn activities with experimental results of [blyaml,
87Nun] is also reasonable. Sn activities obtained by vapour pressure measurements [69Yaz, 7OShi,72Ere,
77Fed] deviate considerably from the rest. The agreement appears to be better for Fe activities than Sn
activities. In Fig. 4 activity of Sn in BCC alloys are compared with the experimental data due to [8lAri]. In
Table 4, calculated Gibbs energies of formation of FeSn and FeSn, are compared with experimental data.

In Fig. 5, the calculated phase diagram is compared with experimental data from the literature.
Except for the miscibility gap region, there is good agreement with the experimental data. The calculated
critical point of the miscibility gap is 166 K lower than that reported by [81Yam2,87Nun]. Fig. 6 shows the
comparison between the calculated yloop and experimental data. Calculated coordinates of invariant
reactions are compared with literature values in Table 5.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The financial support offered to the Department MTM of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven by the
Flemish Ministry of Education and by the Research Council of Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, in the
framework of GOA-Action,Contract no. 92/96-01, is gratefully acknowledged.

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99-102(1972).
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73Hul: R. Huhgren, P.D. Desai, D.T. Hawkins, M. Gleiser, and K.K. KelIey, wed Vm
cProp&tesof Be American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio,
pp. 884-887(1973).
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74Trel: D. Treheux, D. Due, and P. Guiraldenq, Mem. Sci. Rev. Met., 7l, 289-293(1974).
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TABLE 3: Optimised Values of Model Parameters for Solution

Phases in the Fe-% System
Liquid, (in J/mole of atoms)
I&s,, = +27044 -4.243T
I.!& = -5712
I$& = -6417
I$& = -3474
BCC, (in J/mole of atoms)
L?& = +26232 +8.169T
&%a = -24443
zy = +1043x& +918x$&, (in K)
PBee= +2.22& -5.688 X&,, , (in Bohr magnetons)
FCC, (in J/mole of atoms)
F$, = +23510
r = -201&, (mK)
FCC
P = -2.1&
, (in Bohr magnetons)
Fe,Sn, (in J/mole of Fe,SnJ
G@ = 5(sERHp.+ %;eW ) + 3(sER&,+ ) -95865 +5 1.028T
Fe& (in J/mole of FeSnJ
GF- = 3(sERH,,+ cpl) + 2(sBRIig,+ Gsy) -8 1279 +5 1.093T
FeSn, (in J/mole of FeSn)
GFSII _(SERH + EHBCC
Fe Fe I+ (SERZ&n+ Gy) -48072 +34.904T

FeSn,, (in J/mole of FeSnJ

GF34=tSERHFs+
tiFv ) + 2(&,+ Gy) -778 18 + 67.826T

TABLE 4: Comparison of Calculated Gibbs Energies (in J! mole of atoms)

of F&n and F&n, with Experimental Data from Literature
Referenre
146 K. C. HARI KUMAR et al.

TABLE Comparison of Calculated Invariant Equilibria with LiteratureValues

I - .. *-. __ . .._A _ r
Reaction 1 CompositIono~ Hxses, X, 1 1 (K) I Kererence
~q~d,t*BC]C+~a,,i&
-- - -- 1 0.309, 0.086, 0.776 1 1407 1 Calculated
l _ ._-
n 720. o.ns9. 0.792 1413 07Isa
1 0.32_,9. _ . . . ., 0.653 1383 3lEdw
1401 64Mil
0.309, 0.083, . ... . 1421 66Dav
0.350, 0.090, ... .. 1401 66wri
I
0.310. .. ... 0.653 I
1401 I
67Dav2
. . . 0.087.
. . .....
. 1 1403 I 74Trkl

q
1168 Calculated
1166 07Isa
1183 74TG2
0.092, 0.945, 0.375
Fe,Sq+Liquid*Fe$q 0.375, 0.970, 0.400

0.400, 0.975, 0.500

Fe,S%+WX+FeSn 0.400, 0.022, 0.500
,

0.400, 0.035, 0.500

FeSn+LiquidHFeSn, 0.500, 0.9995, 0.667

---_
0.500, 0.9976, 0.667 OkS
Liquide*FeS%+BCT 0.9999, 0.667, 1.00 ulated
-

1 0.9999899, ... ,... I

I 0.99999, 0.667, 1.00 504.96 1 91oka

 /
1
0 /

/
0.3

0 O/ 0 O

+ x 72Wag. 1810 K
+ 78Pe$ 1950 K
0 SOMar, 1873 K
+ oBlYaml.1893 K
- - 84Bat. 1;;; t
0 85Luc,
- Calculahd
+
+ I I 1 I I I I I

l+ : + 0.2 0.B Sn

- FIG. 1. Enthalpy of Mixing of Liquid Fe-Sn Alloys

--
1..0

Cl.8

Y
4

3 c.6
3
::
x 77Fed; 4473 K*
2 0.4 8OMari
+ la73 K
; 0 SlYaml. 1873 K
c oSlYaml.~t$~ k
l 67Nun.

: 0 87Nuin. 1823 K*
I .- - Tanakas Model
0.2

l recalculated to 1873 K

0.0 i
Fe

- FIG. 2. Activity of Fe in Liquid Fe-Sn Alloys at 1873 K

 0 69Yaz. 1773 K
0 69Yaz,
A 69Yaz.
v 70Shi.
x 72Ere.
+ 72Wa 1810 K
0 77Fe 8
0 77Fed: 1:;; ;:
9 BOMar, 1873 K
TV81Yaml. 1873 K
0 81Yaml. 1823 K*

: I3;3;;, 1873 K
1823 K*
- - Tanak&s Model
l recalculated to 1873 K
0.0 I I I I I I I I I
Fe 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 S:11
Mole Fraction Sn
FIG. 3. Activity of Sn in Liquid Fe-Sn Alloys at 1873 K

- -
I I I I I
0.6
Reference State: 1
F
-t

I
Sn: Liquid

Fe 0.02 0.04 06
Mole Fraction Sn

FIG. 4. Activity of Sn in BCC Fe-Sn Alloys

 = 071sa
+ 33Ehr
0 4gCam
1
0 57Kak
0 58Han
A 63Jan
. 64Mil
+ 66Wrl
l 67Dav:

0 68Koz
0 68Shl
9 72Wag
n 73Pm

a 74Nag
.74Tn1
* 77Fd
- 8lAri
l 8lYam

l 87Nun

l 91lma

35.12
3cl

Fe 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Sll

Mole Fraction Sn

FIG. 5. Computed Fe-Sn Phase Diagram Compared with

Exnerimental Data from Literature
1700 n

- 67HII
+ 72Spe

0.005 0.010
Mole Fraction Sn
FIG. 6. y-loop of Fe-Sn System