Allows the prediction of Over time, Tells us:

actions/processes/programs demographic What processes/programs

data indicate different groups of
that best meet the learning changes in the students like best.
needs of all students. context of
the school. Tells us:
If groups of students
Tells us: are experiencing
Student participation school differently.
in different programs and
processes.
DEMOGRAPHICS
Tells us:
Enrollment, Attendance, The impact of
Over time, demographic factors
Drop-Out Rate
school processes Ethnicity, Gender, and attitudes about the
show how Grade Level learning environment
classrooms on student learning.
change.

Perceptions of Learning Environment

SCHOOL PROCESSES

PERCEPTIONS
School Programs

Values and Beliefs

Description of

and Processes

Observations
Attitudes

Over time,
perceptions
can tell
us about
environmental
improvements.
Standardized Tests
Norm/Criterion-Referenced Tests
Tells us: Teacher Observations of Abilities
What processes/ Authentic Assessments
programs work best Tells us:
for different groups The impact of
STUDENT LEARNING student perceptions
of students with respect
to student learning. of the learning
environment on
student learning.

Tells us:
Tells us: The impact of the program on
Over time,
If a program is making student learning based upon
student learning data
a difference in student perceptions of the program
give information about
learning results. and on the processes used.
student performance on
different measures.

Note. Adapted from Data Analysis for Comprehensive Schoolwide Improvement (p.15), by Victoria L. Bernhardt, 1998, Larchmont, NY:
Eye on Education. Copyright 1998 Eye on Education, Inc. Reprinted with permission.

Bernhardt, V. L., (1998, March). Invited Monograph No. 4. California Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (CASCD). Page 2 of 5