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Resea/Review
Robert Buffington and Pablo Piccato, eds. True Stories of Crime in Modern
Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2009.
Paul J. Vanderwood
San Diego State University
there is not much new in the assertion that people see, remember, and
record the same event in their own personal and private and therefore
different ways, it is refreshing to read and ponder, to appreciate and
debate, the perspectives of these essayists who so diligently have combed
through these remarkable crime stories in search of historical insights.
Through newspaper, police magazines, and broadsheets, Elisa
Speckman Guerra trails Jess Negrete, the infamous Tiger of Santa Julia,
during his riotous capers in central Mexico, his capture and execution
during the first decade of the last century. As might be expected, depending
on their political bent, some publications reveled in his escapades, others
condemned them. The mainstream press generally saw him as a common
criminal, while broadsheets lauded his courage and respect for women and
considered him honorable. Speckman asserts that during his criminal
career, Negrete was neither a social bandit nor a common criminal; he
neither railed against injustices nor robbed or killed for personal gain or
enjoyment. Instead, she contends, he felt that earlier in life he had been
deprived of legitimate social and economic opportunities and therefore
took revenge on a society that excluded him, a conclusion that lacks much
evidence and is hardly convincing.
Regardless, the onslaught of revolution, says Speckman,
transformed Negrete from a non-descript bandit into a popular hero
enhanced by myth-building via movies and other popular entertainments.
Thus Negrete came to signify the Mexican Revolution, which incarnates
the innate desire of all men for social justice (63). Just what the Mexican
Revolution incarnates is an open question, but that it did or does
incorporate the desire of all men for social justice is debatable. So much
history of Mexico seems to depend upon the Revolution. Events and trends
that preceded the fighting are labeled precursors or causes; those that
follow become results and effects. Drop out the Revolution and a good
many historians would lose their bearings and conclusions. Yet, it occurred
and certainly must be considered. None of this refutes Speckmans
contention that the ethos of the Revolution has been used by commercial
vendors to create national purveyors of so-called social justice. After all,
there is still much delightful controversy over whether Robin Hood lived or
What Historians Can and Cannot Learn from Crime Stories 381
In The Girl who Killed the Senator, Pablo Piccato studies ways in
which public discussion of honor have shaped scientific and judicial views
and at times helped a murderer escape punishment. Of course, concepts of
honor have been doing this for some time (duels come to mind along with
the Texas law which permitted a cuckolded husband to polish off his
philandering wife.) This case began in 1922 when two Mexican senators,
Francisco Tejeda Llorca and Jess Moreno, bumped into one another in the
doorway to the Interior Ministry. A scuffle followed; Tejeda Llorca shot
Moreno dead but as a senator, the murderer possessed immunity against
arrest and prosecution. A few weeks later, Morenos daughter, fourteen-
year-old Mara del Pilar, killed her fathers assassin. These events set the
capital agog. Comments on the case drifted into politics, and according to
Piccato, provided new meanings of age, gender, privacy, and justice in
postrevolutionary times (133). No doubt the case elicited discussion of
many mattersall such events raise ancillary social, cultural, and political
issues (for the U.S., one immediately thinks of the still contested cases of
the Rosenbergs, Sacco and Vanzetti, Leopold and Loeb, and O. J. Simpson),
but whether or not they provided new meanings is open to question.
Probed might be better than provided, and requires less proof.
Furthermore, the central idea that juries teach audiences how to codify, in
everyday life, diverse ethical and political situations (143) seems mistaken
to me. Juries decide cases, all right, but many doubt they teach us right
from wrong. Injustice can echo from jury chambers as loudly as justice.
Piccato skillfully employs the defendants memoirs, published
during judicial procedures against her, the teen-agers dramatic courtroom
performance, and the final eloquent defense summation to the jury by her
famous, artful attorney (she was acquitted) to highlight changing morals
and ethics in post-revolutionary Mexico. But all of these narratives were
deliberately orchestrated and highly biased in favor of the defendant, and
would therefore seem tainted as arbiters of change. Still, the authors
conclusions remain provocative and noteworthy, if at times stretched too
thinly (for my taste). Superficially, the case concerned a womans right to
defend her honor and justice, he notes, but as revealed by the narratives,
What Historians Can and Cannot Learn from Crime Stories 383
the comparisons lose cohesion and weaken any argument. Perhaps any
study of personalities, their actions and motivations, is bound to do the
same. After all, researchers can tease similarities and oppositions between,
as well as contradictions within, any human relationships.
The beauty queen as murderess is a marvelous tale well told by
Victor Macas-Gonzlez. The queen, Mara Teresa de Landa, the well-
educated daughter of a privileged family, a feisty if not an aggressive
feminist, learned in August, 1929 that her recently married husband, a
handsome, young army general, was a bigamist. So she shot him dead. A
jury acquitted her on grounds that she was defending her honor, the most
common defense in these matters. Honor, yes. Also reputation, maybe. Or
possibly because she was pissed off and discombobulated because the man
she loved had betrayed her.
According to the author, beauty pageantsthe contestants,
sponsors, organizers, and audiencesembody certain values of society and
encourage public assessment of those values. In this case, he concludes that
the various narratives produced by the crime reflect both changes in post-
revolutionary Mexican society and the persistence of traditional practices
and ideals. While de Landa in her lifestyle portrayed attributes of the so-
called modern woman challenging the restraints of machismo, she also
represented traditional race and class stances that remained dear to
Mexican elites. In her judicial defense, de Landa played the role of a
powerless, remorseful woman, but Macas-Gonzlez sees that as a crafted
ploy to gain her freedom. In fact, the beauty queens refusal to adhere to
patriarchal notions of female proprietywifely devotion and unquestioning
submissionparallels the numerous challenges religious, agrarian, and
labor groups posted to the revolutionary regime in the 1920s (240). Not
much substance or rigor in that conclusion.
Beauty pageants are so fixed and phony, so commercial and vapid, it
is difficult to determine whose values they represent. Not mine, for sure.
Generalizations on this score certainly would be hazardous. That they
stimulate public debate about gender, propriety, exploitation, even politics
and patriotism is beyond doubt. (Post-modernists are going to have a field
day with the recent hullabaloo over Miss California.) Nonetheless, even if
Vanderwood 386
contextual matters raised for her research interests. Thats about as far as
any historian could go with the material at hand.
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