PHYSICS 2326: ELECTROMAGNETISM AND WAVES

Prof. Lloyd Lumata

E-mail: lloyd.lumata@utdallas.edu
Office: PHY 1.904
Office hours: Tue & Thu, 3:00-4:00 pm

TA: Qing Wang, Office hours: 10:00-11:00 am Mon & Fri

Office: PHY 1.620
Chapter 22: Gausss law
 Exams:

Midterm Exam 1: Thursday October 1st, 1:00-

2:30 pm, SLC1.102

Midterm Exam 2: to be decided, SLC1.102

Final Exam: Friday December 11th, 2:00-4:45 pm,

SLC 1.102
Recap: Gausss Law
Recap: Gausss Law
The total of the electric flux out of a closed
surface is equal to the charge Q enclosed divided
by the permittivity of free space 0.
Gausss law: Electric Field Predictions
Application: Charges on conductors
Testing Gausss law experimentally
Follow the discussion of Faradays icepail experiment, which
confirmed the validity of Gausss law. Use Figure 22.25 below.
Practical Application: Electrostatic shielding
Electrostatic shielding
A conducting box (a Faraday cage) in an electric field
shields the interior from the field. (See Figure 22.27
below.)
Dont try this at home!!
Review:

1) If the electric flux through a

closed surface is zero, the electric
field at points on that surface must
be zero.
A) True
B) False

Answer: B) False
Review:
2) At a distance D from a very long (essentially
infinite) uniform line of charge, the electric field
strength is 1000 N/C. At what distance from the
line will the field strength to be 2000 N/C?
A) 2D
B) D
C) D/
D) D/2
E) D/4

Answer: D
Review:
3) Under electrostatic conditions, the electric field just outside
the surface of any charged conductor

A) is always parallel to the surface.

B) is always zero because the electric field is zero inside
conductors.
C) is always perpendicular to the surface of the conductor.
D) is perpendicular to the surface of the conductor only if it is
a sphere, a cylinder, or a flat sheet.
E) can have nonzero components perpendicular to and
parallel to the surface of the conductor.

Answer: C
Review:
4) Consider a spherical Gaussian surface of radius R centered at
the origin. A charge Q is placed inside the sphere. To maximize the
magnitude of the flux of the electric field through the Gaussian
surface, the charge should be located

A) at x = 0, y = 0, z = R/2.
B) at the origin.
C) at x = R/2, y = 0, z = 0.
D) at x = 0, y = R/2, z = 0.
E) The charge can be located anywhere, since flux does not
depend on the position of the charge as long as it is inside the
sphere.

Answer: E
Review:
5) A very large sheet of a conductor carries a uniform charge
density of 4.00 pC/mm2 on its surfaces. What is the electric field
strength 3.00 mm outside the surface of the conductor? (0 = 8.85
10-12 C2/N m2)

A) 4.52 105 N/C

B) 2.26 105 N/C
C) 9.04 105 N/C
D) 0.452 N/C
E) 0.226 N/C

Answer: A
Review:
6) A charge of 1.0 10-6 C is located inside a sphere, 1.25 cm from its
center. What is the electric flux through the sphere due to this charge? (0 =
8.85 10-12 C2/N m2)

A) 0.11 N m2/C
B) 8.9 N m2/C
C) 0.028 N m2/C
D) It cannot be determined without knowing the radius of the sphere.

Answer: A
Review:
7) If a rectangular area is rotated in a uniform electric field from the
position where the maximum electric flux goes through it to an orientation
where only half the flux goes through it, what has been the angle of
rotation?

A) 45
B) 26.6
C) 90
D) 30
E) 60

Answer: E
Review:
5) A charge q = 2.00 C is placed at the origin in a region where there is
already a uniform electric field = (100 N/C) . Calculate the flux of the net
electric field through a Gaussian sphere of radius R = 10.0 cm centered at
the origin. (0 = 8.85 10-12 C2/N m2)

A) 5.52 105 N m2/C

B) 1.13 105 N m2/C
C) 2.26 105 N m2/C
D) zero

Answer: C
Review:
26) Consider two closely spaced and oppositely charged parallel metal plates. The plates are
square with sides of length L and carry charges Q and -Q on their facing surfaces. What is the
magnitude of the electric field in the region between the plates?
Q
A) E =
0 L2
2Q
B) E =
0 L2
C) E = 0
4Q
D) E =
0 L2
Q
E) E =
2 0 L2

Answer: A
Chapter 23: Electric Potential
Goals for Chapter 23
To calculate the electric potential energy of a group of charges

To know the significance of electric potential

To calculate the electric potential due to a collection of charges

To use equipotential surfaces to understand electric potential

To calculate the electric field using the electric potential

 Introduction

How is electric potential related to

welding?

Electric potential energy is an

integral part of our technological
society.

What is the difference between

electric potential and electric
potential energy?

How is electric potential energy

related to charge and the electric
field?
Gravitational Potential Energy
Electric Potential Energy
Work done by a conservative force
A positive charge moving in a uniform field
If the positive charge moves in the direction of the field, the potential
energy decreases, but if the charge moves opposite the field, the
potential energy increases.
A negative charge moving in a uniform field
If the negative charge moves in the direction of the field, the potential
energy increases, but if the charge moves opposite the field, the potential
energy decreases.
Electric potential energy of two point charges
Follow the discussion of the motion of a test charge q0 in the text.
The electric potential is the same whether q0 moves in a radial line (left
figure) or along an arbitrary path (right figure).
Electric potential energy
Graphs of the potential energy
The sign of the potential energy depends
on the signs of the two charges.
See Figure 23.7 at the right.
Follow Example 23.1.
Potential energy due to a collection of charges
Calculating electric potential V
Potential difference
Electrical potential with several point charges
The potential energy
associated with q0 depends
on the other charges and
their distances from q0, as
shown in Figure 23.8 at the
right.
Follow the derivation in the
text of the formula for the
total potential energy U.
Follow Example 23.2.
Electric Potential Energy
Electric Potential
Electric potential
Potential is potential energy per unit charge.

We can think of the potential difference between

points a and b in either of two ways. The potential of a
with respect to b (Vab = Va Vb) equals:
the work done by the electric force when a unit charge
moves from a to b.
the work that must be done to move a unit charge
slowly from b to a against the electric force.

Follow the discussion in the text of how to calculate

electric potential.
Finding electric potential from the electric field
If you move in the direction of
the electric field, the electric
potential decreases, but if you
move opposite the field, the
potential increases. (See
Figure 23.12 at the right.)
Follow the discussion in the
text.
Follow Example 23.3.
Moving through a potential difference
Example 23.7 combines electric potential with energy
conservation. Follow this example using Figure 23.15 below.
What does it mean to have a 1.5 V battery?
Q23.1
When a positive charge moves in the
direction of the electric field, E

A. the field does positive work on it +q Motion

and the potential energy increases.
B. the field does positive work on it E
and the potential energy decreases.
C. the field does negative work on it
and the potential energy increases.
D. the field does negative work on it
and the potential energy decreases.
A23.1
When a positive charge moves in the
direction of the electric field, E

A. the field does positive work on it +q Motion

and the potential energy increases.
B. the field does positive work on it E
and the potential energy decreases.
C. the field does negative work on it
and the potential energy increases.
D. the field does negative work on it
and the potential energy decreases.
Q23.2
When a positive charge moves opposite
to the direction of the electric field, E
Motion +q
A. the field does positive work on it
and the potential energy increases.
B. the field does positive work on it E
and the potential energy decreases.
C. the field does negative work on it
and the potential energy increases.
D. the field does negative work on it
and the potential energy decreases.
A23.2
When a positive charge moves opposite
to the direction of the electric field, E
Motion +q
A. the field does positive work on it
and the potential energy increases.
B. the field does positive work on it E
and the potential energy decreases.
C. the field does negative work on it
and the potential energy increases.
D. the field does negative work on it
and the potential energy decreases.
Q23.3
When a negative charge moves in the E
direction of the electric field,
q Motion
A. the field does positive work on it
and the potential energy increases.
B. the field does positive work on it E
and the potential energy decreases.
C. the field does negative work on it
and the potential energy increases.
D. the field does negative work on it
and the potential energy decreases.
A23.3
When a negative charge moves in the E
direction of the electric field,
q Motion
A. the field does positive work on it
and the potential energy increases.
B. the field does positive work on it E
and the potential energy decreases.
C. the field does negative work on it
and the potential energy increases.
D. the field does negative work on it
and the potential energy decreases.
Q23.4
When a negative charge moves opposite E
to the direction of the electric field,
Motion q
A. the field does positive work on it
and the potential energy increases.
B. the field does positive work on it E
and the potential energy decreases.
C. the field does negative work on it
and the potential energy increases.
D. the field does negative work on it
and the potential energy decreases.
A23.4
When a negative charge moves opposite E
to the direction of the electric field,
Motion q
A. the field does positive work on it
and the potential energy increases.
B. the field does positive work on it E
and the potential energy decreases.
C. the field does negative work on it
and the potential energy increases.
D. the field does negative work on it
and the potential energy decreases.
Q23.5
The electric potential energy of two
point charges approaches zero as the Charge #2
+q
two point charges move farther away
from each other. Charge #1
+q
If the three point charges shown here
lie at the vertices of an equilateral y
triangle, the electric potential energy
of the system of three charges is q
x Charge #3
A. positive.
B. negative.
C. zero.
D. not enough information given to decide
A23.5
The electric potential energy of two
point charges approaches zero as the Charge #2
+q
two point charges move farther away
from each other. Charge #1
+q
If the three point charges shown here
lie at the vertices of an equilateral y
triangle, the electric potential energy
of the system of three charges is q
x Charge #3
A. positive.
B. negative.
C. zero.
D. not enough information given to decide
Q23.6
The electric potential energy of two Charge #2
point charges approaches zero as the
q
two point charges move farther away
from each other. Charge #1
+q
If the three point charges shown here
lie at the vertices of an equilateral y
triangle, the electric potential energy
of the system of three charges is q
x Charge #3
A. positive.
B. negative.
C. zero.
D. not enough information given to decide
A23.6
The electric potential energy of two Charge #2
point charges approaches zero as the
q
two point charges move farther away
from each other. Charge #1
+q
If the three point charges shown here
lie at the vertices of an equilateral y
triangle, the electric potential energy
of the system of three charges is q
x Charge #3
A. positive.
B. negative.
C. zero.
D. not enough information given to decide
Q23.7
The electric potential due to a point Charge #2
charge approaches zero as you move
+q
farther away from the charge.
Charge #1
If the three point charges shown here +q
lie at the vertices of an equilateral
triangle, the electric potential at the y
center of the triangle is
q
x Charge #3
A. positive.
B. negative.
C. zero.
D. not enough information given to decide
A23.7
The electric potential due to a point Charge #2
charge approaches zero as you move
+q
farther away from the charge.
Charge #1
If the three point charges shown here +q
lie at the vertices of an equilateral
triangle, the electric potential at the y
center of the triangle is
q
x Charge #3
A. positive.
B. negative.
C. zero.
D. not enough information given to decide
Q23.8
The electric potential due to a point
Charge #2
charge approaches zero as you move
q
farther away from the charge.
Charge #1
If the three point charges shown here
+q
lie at the vertices of an equilateral
triangle, the electric potential at the y
center of the triangle is
q
x Charge #3
A. positive.
B. negative.
C. zero.
D. not enough information given to decide
A23.8
The electric potential due to a point
Charge #2
charge approaches zero as you move
q
farther away from the charge.
Charge #1
If the three point charges shown here
+q
lie at the vertices of an equilateral
triangle, the electric potential at the y
center of the triangle is
q
x Charge #3
A. positive.
B. negative.
C. zero.
D. not enough information given to decide
Calculating electric potential
Read Problem-Solving
Strategy 23.1.
Follow Example 23.8 (a
charged conducting
sphere) using Figure
23.16 at the right.
Oppositely charged parallel plates
Follow Example 23.9 using Figure 23.18 below.
An infinite line charge or conducting cylinder
Follow Example 23.10 using Figure 23.19 below.
A ring of charge
Follow Example 23.11 using Figure 23.20 below.
A finite line of charge
Follow Example 23.12 using Figure 23.21 below.
Equipotential surfaces and field lines
An equipotential surface is a surface on which the electric
potential is the same at every point.
Figure 23.23 below shows the equipotential surfaces and electric
field lines for assemblies of point charges.
Field lines and equipotential surfaces are always mutually
perpendicular.
Equipotentials and conductors
When all charges are at rest:
the surface of a conductor is always an equipotential surface.
the electric field just outside a conductor is always perpendicular to
the surface (see figures below).
the entire solid volume of a conductor is at the same potential.
Potential gradient
Read in the text the discussion of potential gradient.
Follow Example 23.13 which looks at a point charge.
Follow Example 23.14 which deals with a ring of
charge.