Lecture 13 (Dirk Mohr, ETH, Composites Damage Mechanics)

151-0735: Dynamic behavior of materials and structures
Lecture #13:
Damage of
fiber-reinforced composites
by Dirk Mohr
ETH Zurich,
Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering,
Chair of Computational Modeling of Materials in Manufacturing
2015
2/15/2016
D. Mohr Lecture #13 Fall 2015 1 1 1
Modeling Damage of
Fiber-reinforced Composites
2/15/2016
Recall from last lecture
In the last lecture, we established criteria to estimate the

mechanical loads under which a single lamina fails. For this we
considered four failure modes:
(1) Fiber tension failure

(2) Matrix failure under combined compression and shear
(3) Matrix failure under combined tension and shear
(4) Fiber compression failure (kinking)
In the context of laminates, such criteria are useful to predict the

so-called first ply failure load, i.e. the load at which the first
lamina fails.
2/15/2016
Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM)

The first ply failure criteria also serve as damage initiation
criteria. It is often assumed that a lamina does not loose its entire
load carrying capacity instantaneously. Instead it is assumed that
it undergoes a damage process throughout which it looses its
load carrying capacity gradually.

damage initiation
0
Loading phase damage phase

(fully elastic) (dissipation)

0 u
2/15/2016
Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM)

In the elastic loading phase, the entire internal energy (work performed by
stress) is recovered upon unloading. The particular feature of the damage
phase is that it is dissipative. At the instant of damage initiation, 100% of the
internal energy can still be recovered upon unloading. This percentage
decreases gradually to 0% as the material is strained from 0 to f.
0 0 0
40%
dissipated
100% 100%
recovered 60% dissipated
recovered
0 u 0 u 0 u
2/15/2016
Introduction of a scalar damage variable

A scalar damage variable d is introduced to represent material damage. For
example, consider the reduction of the effective load carrying cross-section
due to voids.
F The presence of voids is usually neglected when defining the

axial stress in tension experiments,
A F

A
However, if d denotes the volume fraction of isotropically
distributed voids, the effective cross-section is only (1-d)A.
Consequently, the local stresses are higher,
F
loc
(1 d ) A (1 d )
2/15/2016
Reduced modulus due to damage

The elastic stress-strain relationship then applies for the local stresses:
F
F loc E
(1 d ) A (1 d )
A The macroscopic stress-strain relationship then reads
(1 d ) E
which corresponds to a damaged modulus of
Ed (1 d ) E
In other words, damage is associated with a modulus

F reduction.
2/15/2016
Elastic strain energy
0 Loading
0
(damage phase)
Elastic loading E
(undamaged material)
Elastic unloading
Ed
(damaged material) recovered
0 u 0 u
The repartition of the internal energy into elastic strain energy and dissipation
can be calculated after introducing the internal damage variable. Note that at
any instant of loading the recoverable elastic strain energy is defined as
1 1
e Ed 2 (1 d ) E 2
2 2
2/15/2016
Damage evolution
0 Loading
(damage phase)
Elastic loading E
(undamaged material)
Elastic unloading
Ed
(damaged material)
0 u
If we assume a linearly decreasing relationship in the damage phase, we have
0
0 1
and thus Ed E 0 u
u 0 u 0
According to the definition of the damage variable, we then have the damage
evolution under monotonic loading:
Ed u 0
d 1
E u 0
2/15/2016
Incremental damage evolution law

d
0 1
0 u 0 u
To account for the irreversibility of the damage process, the damage evolution
law is written as
u 0
d
2
if 0 and 0
u 0
d 0 if 0 or 0
2/15/2016
Incremental damage evolution law

d
0 1
0 u 0 u
To account for the irreversibility of the damage process, the damage evolution
law is written as
u 0
d
2
if 0 and 0
u 0
d 0 if 0 or 0
2/15/2016
Multiple sources of damage

For each failure mode, we define:
a stress-based damage initiation criterion of the form f(i)=1
an effective strain measure (i )
Failure Mode Initiation criterion Equivalent strain
Fiber 11
f ft ft 11
tension Xt
Fiber 11
f fc fc 11
compression Xc
2 2
Matrix
tension & shear f mt 22 12 mt 22 2 (212 )2
Yt S L
22 Yc
2 2 2
Matrix
comp. & shear f mt 1 22 12 mc 22 2 (212 )2
T 2 ST
2 S Yc S L
x if x 0
Note: the Macauley brackets <..> are defined as: x
0 if x 0
2/15/2016
11 Multiple sources of damage

Xt
0ft uft
Subsequently, a damage variable is defined for each failure mode using the
same generic damage evolution law. For example, for monotonic fiber tension,
we have
ft
ft
For ft 0 : d ft u with the damage parameters { u , 0 }

ft ft 0 ft ft
ft uft 0ft
Note that 0 is a dependent parameter which can be calculated from the

ft
elastic constitutive equation and the tensile strength Xt.
2/15/2016
Interaction of failure modes

In close analogy, we can then define the damage variables for all other failure
modes:
ufc fc 0 umt mt 0mt umc mc 0mc

fc
d fc d mt d mc
fc ufc 0fc mt umt 0mt mc umc 0mc
The stiffness of the lamina is affected by all failure modes. For example, the
stiffness along the fiber direction is reduced through both fiber tensile failure
and fiber compression failure. This accumulation of damage is then taken into
account through three global damage variables:
Fiber damage: d f 1 (1 d ft )(1 d fc )

Matrix damage: d m 1 (1 d mt )(1 d mc )
Shear damage: d s 1 (1 d ft )(1 d fc )(1 d mt )(1 d mc )
2/15/2016
Damaged compliance matrix

Recall the undamaged compliance matrix for an orthotropic lamina
1 21
0
11 E1 E2 11
12 1
22 0 22
E1 E2
12 1 12
0 0
2G12

With the help of the global damage variables, the corresponding damaged
compliance matrix is then defined as
1 21
(1 d ) E 0
11 E2
f 1
11
12 1
22 0 22
E1 (1 d m ) E2
12 1 12
0 0
2(1 d s )G12

2/15/2016
Damaged stiffness matrix

The damaged stiffness matrix is then given by the inverse of the
damaged compliance matrix,
11 (1 d f ) E1 (1 d f )(1 d m ) 21E1 0 11
1
22 (1 d f )(1 d m ) 12 E2 (1 d m ) E2 0 22
D 2 D (1 d s )G12 12
12 0 0
with
D 1 (1 d f )(1 d m ) 12 21
2/15/2016
Localization of deformation F, u
F
Elastically
unloaded
material
Damage
band
Elastically
unloaded
u material
Up to the point of onset of damage, there is a uniform solution to the

boundary value problem for a bar subject to an axial load. However, beyond
the point of onset of damage, two types of domains emerge:
Damage band in which the axial strain increases rapidly and where
dissipation takes place
Elastically unloaded domains in which the axial strain decreases and where
the material remains undamaged
2/15/2016
Localization of deformation
In finite element simulations, the deformation will localize in the row of
elements where the largest imperfections (of physical or numerical origin)
prevail. As a result, the width of the damage band is set by the element size.
Consequently, the numerical solutions are mesh-size dependent:
F, u
Source: I. Lapczyk, J. Hurtardo (Simulia, ppt, 2006)
2/15/2016
Fracture energy
0
L
100% L
dissipated
0 u L
The energy dissipated in a uniformly-strained single cubic element of edge

length L for a given failure mode is
u
L3
d L d 0 u
3
0
2
2/15/2016
Fracture energy
L
Assuming that the damage localizes is a single row of elements, the fracture
energy per unit area of the created crack would be
d L
G 0 u
L2 2
From a physical point of view, this fracture energy per unit area may be
associated with micro cracks that form within a narrow band around the crack
(fracture process zone). It is a material property which is independent of the
element size.
2/15/2016
Regularization
L
Large strains are shown for visualization purposes, small strains are expected to prevail in reality
To ensure the independence of the predicted fracture energy per unit area from
the element size, we define the damage model parameter u as a function of
the element size
2G f
u u [ L]
L 0
while the fracture energy per unit area, Gf, is introduced as additional material
model parameter.
2/15/2016
Regularization
As a result of this regularization, the width of the band of
localization still corresponds to a single row of elements (and is
hence element size dependent). However, the displacement to
fracture Duf associated with the deformation in this band is now
element size independent:
Du f
2G f
Du f Du f u L
0
2/15/2016
Regularization
Fine mesh Coarse mesh
0.7
2.0
1.0 1.3
0.3
0.6
L 0.3 L 0.6 L 0.6

1.0 1.3 2.0
u 1 2.33 u 1 1.17 u 1 2.33
0.3 0.6 0.6
Du f u L 0.7 Du f u L 0.7 Du f u L 1.4
2/15/2016
Solution after regularization
F, u
Source: I. Lapczyk, J. Hurtardo (Simulia, ppt, 2006)
2/15/2016
Summary: Lamina Material Parameters

Aside from basic characteristics such as the lamina orientation,
density and thickness, the following material properties must be
specified:
Undamaged
Elasticity Damage Initiation Ultimate Failure
Modulus along fiber direction Tensile strength along fiber Fracture energy per unit area
Modulus along transverse direction for fiber tensile failure
direction Compressive strength along Fracture energy per unit area
In-plane Poissons ratio fiber direction for fiber compression failure
In-plane shear modulus Tensile strength along Fracture energy per unit area
transverse direction for matrix tensile failure
Compression strength along Fracture energy per unit area
transverse direction for matrix compression
In-plane shear strength failure
Out-of-plane shear strength
E1 , E2 , 12 , G12 X t , X c , Yt , Yc , SL , ST G ft , G fc , Gmt , Gmc
2/15/2016
Modeling Choices & Limitations
Source: Stefan Hartmann, DYNAmore GmbH, Composite Berechnung in LS-DYNA, Stuttgart (2013)
2/15/2016
Composite Modeling Summary
structure
Laminate properties are

laminate computed automatically by
the FE code (after user
specifies the lay-up)
Material properties
lamina need to be provided by
the user at the lamina
level
Micro
mechanics
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-mechanics_of_failure#/
2/15/2016
Reading Materials for Lecture #13

Z.P. Bazant, B.H. Oh (1983), Crack band theory of fracture of concrete, Materials
and Structures 16, 155-177.
A. Matzenmiller, J. Lubliner, R.L. Taylor (1995), A constitutive model for
anisotropic damage in fiber-composites, Mechanics of Materials 20, 125-152
I. Lapczyk, J. Hurtardo (2006), Progressive Damage Modeling In Fiber-Reinforced
Materials,
http://paginas.fe.up.pt/~comptest/proc/files/presentations/lapczyk.pdf
S.J. Hiermaier (2008), Structures under crash and Impact, Springer.
2/15/2016

Lecture 13 (Dirk Mohr, ETH, Composites Damage Mechanics)

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Lecture 13 (Dirk Mohr, ETH, Composites Damage Mechanics)

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

151-0735: Dynamic behavior of materials and structures

Recall from last lecture

In the last lecture, we established criteria to estimate the

(1) Fiber tension failure

In the context of laminates, such criteria are useful to predict the

Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM)

Loading phase damage phase

Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM)

Introduction of a scalar damage variable

F The presence of voids is usually neglected when defining the

Reduced modulus due to damage

which corresponds to a damaged modulus of

In other words, damage is associated with a modulus

Elastic strain energy

Incremental damage evolution law

Incremental damage evolution law

Multiple sources of damage

Failure Mode Initiation criterion Equivalent strain

11 Multiple sources of damage

For ft 0 : d ft u with the damage parameters { u , 0 }

Note that 0 is a dependent parameter which can be calculated from the

elastic constitutive equation and the tensile strength Xt.

Interaction of failure modes

ufc fc 0 umt mt 0mt umc mc 0mc

Fiber damage: d f 1 (1 d ft )(1 d fc )

Shear damage: d s 1 (1 d ft )(1 d fc )(1 d mt )(1 d mc )

Damaged compliance matrix

Damaged stiffness matrix

Up to the point of onset of damage, there is a uniform solution to the

Source: I. Lapczyk, J. Hurtardo (Simulia, ppt, 2006)

The energy dissipated in a uniformly-strained single cubic element of edge

L 0.3 L 0.6 L 0.6

Solution after regularization

Source: I. Lapczyk, J. Hurtardo (Simulia, ppt, 2006)

Summary: Lamina Material Parameters

Modeling Choices & Limitations

Composite Modeling Summary

Laminate properties are

Reading Materials for Lecture #13

Potrebbero piacerti anche