Kinematics of Flow and Ideal Flow 195

5.10.3 Equation of Motion for Vortex Flow. Consider a fluid element ABCD (shown
shaded) in Fig. 5.13 rotating at a uniform velocity in a horizontal plane about an axis perpendicular to
the plane of paper and passing through O.
Let r = Radius of the element from O.
LIB = Angle subtended by the element at O.
L\r = Radial thickness of the element.
AA = Area of cross-section of element.
The forces acting on the element are : \A d(p,uAA
(i) Pressure force, pAA, on the face AB. \ Y r-j!'

(ii) Pressure force,(p + :: Ar) AA on the face CD O A8~,p'hj, I F

(iii) Centrifugal force, mv2 acting in the direction away 7 A,V L

r
from the centre, O. Fig. 5.13
Now, the mass of the element = Mass density x Volume
=pxAAxAr
?

'. Centrifugal force - pAA,Ar v" .

r
Equating the forces in the radial direction, we get

(P+ :: Ar) AA - PAA = pAAAr .','

:: Ar M - pAAAr ",' .
or

Cancelling Ar x AA from both sides, we get :: - P -",'- . (5.21)

Equation (5.21) gives the pressure variation along the radial direction for a forced or free vortex
flow in a horizontal plane. The expression :: is called pressure gradient in the radial direction. As ::

is positive, hence pressure increases with the increase of radius 'r'.

The pressure variation in the vertical plane is given by the hydrostatic law, i.e.,
dp = _ pg ...(5.22)
dz
In equation (5.22), z is measured vertically in the upward direction.
The pressure, p varies with respect to r and z or p is a function of r and z and hence total derivative
of p is

"= ::""::"'
Substituting the values of :: from equation (5.21) and :: from equation (5.22), we get

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196 Fluid Mechanics

dp = p L dr - pgdz ...(5.23)
r
Equation (5.23) gives the variation of pressure of a rotating fluid in any plane.
5.10.4 Equation of Forced Vortex Flow. For the forced vortex flow, from equation (5.18),
we have
v=(Dxr
where (d = Angular velocity = Constant.
Substituting the value of v in equation (5.23), we get

dp px@"' d,_pgdz.
r
Consider two points I and 2 in the fluid having forced vortex flow as shown in Fig. 5.14.
Integrating the above equation for points 1 and 2, we get
j,jp - ,'pco'rdr - ,;gdz I
i -
02 - Pi) - [pd "2' j) pg [Z]: -3
i
or

or
(p, - p,) = P:' [r,' - r,'] - pg [Z, - Z,]

= : [(D2r22 - (L)2r12] - pg Iz2 - Zj]

= : [v,' - v,'] - pg [z, - Z,] {"' :: = :,,'}

If the points 1 and 2 lie on the free surface of the liquid, then Pi = P2 and
A Fig. 5.14

hence above equation becomes

0 - : [v22 - Vl2] - pg Iz2 - Zj] Lm' I
-A!k'4z
"4"" "
pg [Z2 _ Zj]= : [V22 - Vl2]
or i2 b
K2 - Zj] = 219" [v22 - vi2].
i: ='-
or

If the point I lies on the axis of rotation,then yi = (d x rj = (d x 0 = 0. The above

,,=,,1 -
Fig. 5.15
equation becomes as
1 2 V22
Z2_Zl=2g'2 = 2g

V,2 (02 X r22

Let Z2 - Zj = Z, then we have Z = " = ...(5.24)
2g 2g

T T
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 Kinematics of Flow and Ideal Flow 197

Thus Z varies with the square of r. Hence equation (5.24) is an equation of parabola. This means
the free surface of the liquid is a paraboloid.

Problem 5.20 Prove that in case offorced vortex, the rise of liquid level at the ends is equal to
the fall of liquid level at the axis qf rotation.
Solution. Let r = radius of the cylinder.
O-O = Initial level of liquid in cylinder when the cylinder is not rotating.
.". Initial height of liquid = (h -Fx)
.". Volume of liquid in cylinder = nR2 x Height of liquid
=nR2x(h+x) ...(i)

Let the cylinder is rotated at constant angular velocity (D. The liquid will rise at the ends and will fall
at the centre.
Let y = Rise of liquid at the ends from O-O jjL\ B B
b
x = Fall of liquid at the centre from O-O.
Then volume of liquid ,
'--F'-J'
7Om-?S- m
a Z:::::k::tt ,
'-

" " " Nr " : : : :

/0
:ii-z2 a
j
r
= [Volume of cylinder upto level B-B]
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
- [Volume of paraboloid]
- - - - - - - - - - -
= [aR2 x Height of liquid upto level B-B] IE::::ZF:FZ Z:::::E::: h
- - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - -
pr' X Height of paraboloidj e
- -t- :S!ii
- - - :e
- -i:- ?
-- I
- ----- -----
2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

kR2 ~ R ~
=xRG(h+x+y) 2 "AXIS OF
- X (X-F y)
ROTATION

rR2 Fig. 5.16

=nR2xh+RR2(x+y) 2
- X (X-F y)

=nR2xh+n:' (x-l-y)
...(ii)
Equating (i) and (ii), we get
nR2(h+x)=nR2xh+n:2 (x+y)

nR'h+KR'x=nR'xh+":' x+;' y
or

nR' KR' nR' AR'

or nR2x- 2 "= 2 y or 2 "= 2 y or x=y

or Fall of liquid at centre = Rise of liquid at the ends.

Problem 5.21 An open circular tank of 20 cm diameter and lOO cm long contains water upto a
height of 60 cm. The tank is rotated about its vertical axis at 300 r.p.m., jind the depth of parabola
formed at the free surface of water.
' Solution. Given :
Diameter of cylinder = 20 cm

.". Radius, R = 220- = 10 cm

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 198 Fluid Mechanics

Height of liquid, H= 60cm

Speed, N = 300 r.p.m.
2nN 2xnx300
Angular velocity, (d = = = 31.41 rad/scc.
60 60
Let the depth of parabola =Z

Using equation (5.24), Z (D::22 , where r2 R

CO'R' (31.41)' x(l0)'

= 50.28 cm. Ans.
2g 2 X981
Problem 5.22 An open circular cylinder of 15 cm diameter and /00 cm long contains water upto
a height of 80 cm. Find the maximum speed at which the cylinder is to be rotated about its vertical
axis so that no water spills.
Solution. Given :
Diameter of cylinder = 15 cm

.'. Radius, R=.1.5.=7.5cm

2
Length of cylinder, L = 100 cm
Initial height of water = 80 cm.
Let the cylinder is rotated at an angular speed of (d rad/sec, when the water is about to spill. Then
using,
Rise of liquid at ends = Fall of liquid at centre
But rise of liquid at ends = Length - Initial height
= 100 - 80 = 20 cm
.'. Fall of liquid at centre = 20 cm
.'. Height of parabola = 20 + 20 = 40 cm
P
0

. Z= 40 cm

CD'R' (D' (7.5)'

Using the relation, Z= , we get 40 =
2g 2 X981

0 (U2 40X2X981 _ 13952

. .

7.5 X 7.5

P
0

0
'D = Jl395.2 = 37.35 rad/s

2nN
.'. Speed, N is given by (u =
60

60XCO 60X37.35
or N= - = 356.66 r.p.m. Ans.
2n 2Xn

Problem 5.23 A cylindrical vessel /2 cm in diameter and 30 cm deep is filled with water upto the
top. The vessel is open at the top. Find the quantity of liquid left in the vessel, when it is rotated about
its vertical axis with a speed of (a) 3000 r.p.m., and (b) 600 r.p.m.
Solution. Given :
Diameter of cylinder = 12 cm

.". Radius, R= 6cm

Initial height of water = 30 cm

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Kinematics of Flow and Ideal Flow 199

Initial volume of water = Area x Initial height of water

= n X 122 X 30 cm3 - 3392.9 cm3

4
(a) Speed, N = 300 r.p.in.
2KN 2nx300
(d = 60 "- 60 = 31.41 rad/s

Height of parabola .is given

. by Z = CO'R' - (31.41)' X6' = 18.10 cm.
2g 2 x98l

As vessel is initially full of water, water will be spilled if it is rotated. Volume of water spilled is
equal to the volume of paraboloid.

But volume of paraboloid = [Area of cross-section x Height of parabola] + 2

_ : D'x: _ : xl22xl8;l0 1023.53 cm'

Volume of water left = Initial volume - Volume of water spilled

= 3392.9 - 1023.53 = 2369.37 cm'. Ans.

(b) Speed, N = 600 r.p.m.

2icN 2n X600
0

0 0 (d = = = 62.82 rad/s
60 60

CD'R' (62.82)' x 6'

Height of parabola, Z= - = 72.40 cm.
2g 2 X981

As the height of parabola is more than the height of cylinder the shape of imaginary parabola will be
as shown in Fig. 5.17.
Let r = Radius of the parabola at the bottom of the vessel.
Height of imaginary parabola 12cm~l
= 72.40 - 30 = 42.40 cm. T " Ii "F t
Volume of water left in the vessel
= Volume of water in portions ABC and DEF 30cm i
- Initial volume of water I B \C i_ rDlC
- Volume of paraboloid AOF I\ i T4 72.4cm
+ Volume of paraboloid COD. I \\ i // I
Now volume of paraboloid 42.4cmj \ i / I
I \ I / I
AOF k x D2 x Height of parabola I \ ' L I
4 I gt _\:Y L,/ 1\ _ IH v
_ n x 12' ;<724' 4094.12 cm' |MAG|LRY jO IMAGINARY

4 2 CYLINDER PARABOLA

For the imaginary parabola (COD), (d = 62.82 rad/sec Fig. 5.17

Z = 42.4 cm

r = Radius at the bottom of vessel

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200 Fluid Mechanics

Z = (t)'r' , we get42.4 = 62.822 x r2

Using the relation
2g 2 x981

,2 = 2x98lx42.40 =21.079
62.82 X 62.82

0
0
0
r = ,/21.079 = 4.59 cm
.'. Volume of paraboloid COD
= : x Area at the top of the imaginary parabola x Height of parabola

- : xnr2x42.4-: xnx4.592x42.4=1403.89cm3

.'. Volume of water left = 3392.9 - 4094.12 + 1403.89 = 702.67 cmZ Ans.
Problem 5.24 An open circular cylinder of 15 cm diameter and lOO cm long contains water upto

a height of 70 cm. Find the speed at which the cylinder is to be rotated about its vertical axis, so that
the axial depth becomes Zero.
i
Solution. Given :

Diameter of cylinder = 15 cm i

"' "'""" "" '2' """ r%|' t ilcm

"'"''""""'
Initial height of water = ''"
= 70 cm. [m ''"
When axial depth is zero, the depth of paraboloid = 100 cm. llll|ll||| " |||l!|lll,|| j :

Z = CD'R'
Using the relation, ~ 15cm I
2 g ' we get
Fig. 5.18

100= (D' X7.5'

2 x9.8l

(02 lOOx2x9.8l
7.5 X 7.5

lOOx2x9.81 _ 442.92
"=y 7.5X7.5 " 7,5 = 59.05 rad/s

2irH
.'. Speed, N is given by (d =
60
60X (d 60x59.05
or N= = = 563.88 r.p.m. Ans.
211 2k
Problem 5.25 For the problem (5.24), jind the difference in total pressure force (i) at the bottom
of cylinder, and (ii) at the sides of the cylinder due to rotation.

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 Kinematics of Flow and Ideal Flow 201

Solution. (i) The data is given in Problein 5.24. The difference in total pressure force at the
bottom of cylinder is obtained by finding total hydrostatic force at the bottom before rotation and after
rotation.
Before rotation, force = pgAh

where p - 1000 kg/m3, A Area of bottom - : D2 - : x (0.15)2 m2, R 70 cm - 0.70 m

0
0
0
Force-l000x9.81xnx(0.l5)2xO.7N=121.35N
4
After rotation, the depth of water at the bottom is not constant and hence pressure force due to the
height of water, will not be constant. Consider a circular ring of radius r and width dr as shown in
Fig. 5.19. Let the height of water from the bottom of the tank upto free surface of water at a radius
r= Z = (D2r2 A

2g '
Hydrostatic force on rin8 at the bottom, ,
-A /
dF=pgxAreaofringxZ
= 1000 X9.81 x2nrdrx (d',' E i E, '0cm
t
2g
(D2r2
-'F'\l/ti V

=981Ox2xnrx X dr
2g p15 cm
.'. Total pressure force at the bottom
dr ,,,,""" , "" "fm
- JdF C98lOx2xnrx(o::2 dr w' [i
wE'm
7
fO.O75 (D" 3
= j, 19620xnx2g ' dr
Fig. 5.19
From Problem 5.24, (d = 59.05 rad/s
R=7.5cm=.075m.
Substituting these values, we get total pressure force

_ 19620 : : :. ::9.05)' ['4' i,:"

19620 X II X (59.05)' X (075)' _ 86.62 N

2 X9.81 4

.'. Difference in pressure forces at the bottom

121.35 - 86.62 = 34.73 N. Ans.
(ii) Forces on the sides of the cylinder
Before rotation = pgAR
where A = Surface area of the sides of the cylinder upto height of water
= nO x Heightof water= n x .15 x 0.70 m2= 0.33 m2

T
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 202 Fluid Mechanics

R = C.G. of the wetted area of the sides

- 1 x height of water - 070 0.35 m
2 2
.'. Force on the sides before rotation = 1000 x 9.81 x 0.33 x 0.35 = 1133 N
After rotation, the water is upto the top of the cylinder and hence force on the sides
= 1000 x 9.81 x Wetted area of the sides x I x Height of water
2

=981OxnDxl.Ox: xl.0=981Oxnx.15x:=23]1.43N

.". Difference in pressure on the sides

2311.43 - 1133 = 1178.43 N. Ans.

5.10.5 Closed Cylindrical Vessels. If a cylindrical vessel is closed at the top, which contains
some liquid, the shape of paraboloid formed due to rotation of the vessel will be as shown in Fig. 5.20
for different speed of rotations.
Fig. 5.20 (a) shows the initial stage of the cylinder, when it is not rotated. Fig. 5.20 (b) shows the
shape of the paraboloid formed when the speed of rotation is (Uj. If the speed is increased further say
@2, the shape of paraboloid formed will be as shown in Fig. 5.20 (c). In this case the radius of the
parabola at the top of the vessel is unknown. Also the height of the paraboloid formed corresponding
to angular speed qj2 is unknown. Thus to solve the two unknown, we should have two equations. One
equation is
Z = (D:r2
2g
The second equation is obtained from the fact that for closed vessel, volume of air before rotation
is equal to the volume of air after rotation.
Volume of air before rotation = Volume of closed vessel - Volume of liquid in vessel

Volume of air after rotation Volume of paraboloid formed nr2 x Z.

2

iaiN
(a) (b)
Fig. 5.20
U

(C)

Problem 5.26 A vessel, cylindrical in shape and closed at the top and bottom, contains water upto
a height of BO cm. The diameter of the vessel is 20 cm and length of vessel is 120 cm. The vessel is
rotated at a speed of 400 r.p.m. about its vertical axis. Find the height of paraboloid formed.

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 Kinematics of Flow and Ideal Flow 203

Solution. Given : r F"

Initial height of water = 80 cm
A

lit
Diameter of vessel = 20 cm
.'. Radius, R= lOcm
Length of vessel = 120 cm 120 T
Speed, N= 400 r.p.m.
80
0
2nN 2nx400
g W
(d = - = 41.88 rad/s , I
60 60
When the vessel is rotated, let Z 2 :,j 2
= Height of paraboloid formed
F 20 "
r = Radius of paraboloid at the top of the vessel
This is the case of closed vessel. Fig. 5.21
:. Volume of air before rotation = Volume of air after rotation

or KD2xL_KD2x80=nr2xZ
4 4 2
where Z = Height of paraboloid, r = Radius of parabola.

o, n D2x 120 rD2x80 nr2xZ

4 4 2

or
:xD2x(]20 BO) :D2x40 nr2x:

nx202x40-400Oxn-nr2xZ
or
4 2

Fx Z 400Oxnx2 _8000 ...(i)

7C

Using relation Z (D2r2 , we get Z = 41.882 X ,2 41.882 X ,2 = 0.894 r'

2g 2g " 2 x981

0
0
0
,2 = Z jR d
0.894
Substituting this value of r2 in (i), we get
Z
X Z = 8000
: 7, i T
0.894

gill:
P
0
P
Z' = 8000 X 0.894 = 7152
Z = J7152 = 84.56 cm. Ans.
.0 0

[Ind Method
Let Zj = Height of paraboloid, if the vessel would not have been
closed at the top, corresponding to speed,
N = 400 r.p.m. Fig. 5.22
or (d = 41.88 rad/s
Z, = CO'R' _ 41.88' xl02
Then = 89.34 cm.
2g " 2 X981

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 204 Fluid Mechanics

Half of Zj will be below the initial height of water in the vessel

i.e., A O = ;i_ = 89;34 = 44.67 cm

But height of paraboloid for closed vessel
= CO = CA + AO = (120 - BO) + 44.67 cm
= 40 + 44.67 = 84.67 cm. Ans.
Problem 5.27 For the data given in Problem 5.26, find the speed of rotation of the vessel, when
axial depth of water is Zero. h-r-q "T
Solution. Given :
A
Diameter of vessel = 20 cm
.'. Radius, R=l0cm -
"l_ i "
Initial height of water = 80 cm 1 T ryl<z;i
Length of vessel = 120 cin 20 _ - mF 1 60
Let (D is the angular speed, when axial depth is zero. 80 >:E"-%, '
When axial depth is zero, the height of paraboloid is 120 cm and , I Z-=q@ jz!
radius of the parabola at the top of the vessel is r. " E:" tl -L
? ? ?

.'. Using the relation, Z _ orr" or 120 _ (02 xr" Fig 5.23
2g 2 x980

P
0

0
(D'r' = 2 X 980 X 120 = 235200 . .(i)
.

Volume of air before rotation = Volume of air after paraboloid

.. KR2 x (120 - IBO) = Volume of paraboloid
_ nr2 x Z
2
nr2 x Z nr2
or xxlO'x40= 2 - X 120
2

or ,2 nxlO'x40x2 8000 66.67

n X120 " 120
Substituting the value of r2 in equation (i), we get
(D' X 66.67 = 235200

(d - 1 235200 59.4 rad/s

, 66.67

2nN
.'. Speed N is given by (d =
60

60 X (D 60 X59.4
or N= = 567.22 r.p.m. Ans.
2n 2n
Problem 5.28 The cylindrical vessel of the problem 5.26 is rotated at 700 r.p.m. about its vertical
axis. Find the area uncovered at the bottom of the tank.
Solution. Given :
Initial height of water = 80 cm
.'. Diameter of vessel = 20 cm
.". Radius, R= lOcm
Length of vessel = 120 cm

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~ Kinematics of Flow and Ideal Flow 205

Speed, N = 700 r.p.m.

2rn 2xnx700
0

0 0 (d = - = 73.30 rad/s.
60 " 60
If the tank is not closed at the top and also is very long, then the height of parabola corresponding
to (d = 73.3 will be ! f
(d' xr' 73.3' xlO' 5""""1""""c f
= 274.12 cm :: i ;: X,
" 2xg " 2 X980 :: Lr,-j; i
I
From Fig. 5.24, a |K ! -D
X, + 120+x, = 274.12
E 120
or Xj + x2 = 274.12 - 120 = 154.12 cin ...(i)
From the parabola, KOM, we have

(D'r,' 73.3' x r,'

(120 + x,)= =
2g 2X980 (ii) , =-\t i , -, !, "
For the parabola, LON, we have

x] = (D2r22 _ 73.32 x r2 2 , ,(iii)

-;i- 2
t
2g " 2x980 Fig. 5.24

Now, volume of air before rotation = Volume of air after rotation

Volume of air before rotation = nR2 x (120 - BO) = a x 102 x 40 = 12566.3 cln3 ...(iv)

Volume of air after rotation = Volume of paraboloid KOM - volume of paraboloid LON

- nrl2 x (1202+ Xj) nr,2 x ;i

(V)

Equating (iv) and (v), we get

12566,3 n'j'(120+x,) nr,' x x, ...(vi)

2 2
Substituting the value of rl2 from (ii) in (vi), we get

(120+x,)x2x980 (l20+x,) Rr2' + X,

12566.3 = A X X
73.3' 2 2

{'. From (il)9 i" =

. ,? 2x980xQ20+xj}
(73.3)'

or 12566.3 = 0.573 (120 + X,)2 _ 1'"2' 2X "I

Substituting the value of Xj from (iii) in the above equation

12566 3 0.573 (120+ 73.3' X r," :' nr: X 73.3' r,'

2 X980 2 2 X980
0573(120+2.74r22)2 4.3xr22xr22
-0.573[1202+2742,2'+2Xl20x274r22] 43r2'

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 206 Fluid Mechanics
= 0.573 [14400 + 7.506 r,' + 657.6 r2'] - 4.3 r,'

125663 = 21930 = 14400 + 7.506 r,' + 657.6 r,' - 4.3 r,'

0.573
r,' (7.506 - 4.3) + 657.6 r,' + 14400 - 21930 - 0
or
or 3.206 r,' + 657.6 r,' - 7530 = 0

, -657.6 jj657.6' - 4 x(-7530)x(3.206)

"= 2 X3.206

-657.6 ,/432437.76 + 96564.72

6.412

_ -657.6 727.32 _ _ 215.98 or 10.87

" 6.412 "

Negative value is not possible

0 r, 2= 10.87 cm2
P P

.'. Area uncovered at the base - nr22 - n x 10.87 - 34.149 cm2 Ans.

Problem 5.29 A closed cylindrical vessel of diameter 30 cm and height /00 cm contains water
upto a depth of BO cm. The air above the water surface is at a pressure Qf 5.886 N/cm2. The vessel is

rotated at a speed of 250 r.p.m. about its vertical axis. Find the pressure head at the bottom of the

vessel : (a) at the centre, and (b) at the edge.

a, _ _J_ ___p
Solution. Given :
T Bii,E
" L!i _ riji
ir
Diameter of vessel = 30 cm

.'. Radius, R= 15cm

Initial height of water, H= 80 cm '1 I " =F "t 1|

Length of cylinder, L = 100 cm I " Z_E" a , 00
Pressure of air above water = 5.886 N/cm2 I " T , 80

o' p=''"x'0Gt 1% L
Head due to pressure, h= p/pg

N30 crr~l
_ 5.886 x 10' _ 6 in of water
Fig. 5.25
" 1000 X9.81 "

Speed, N= 250 r.p.in.

2nN 2n X250
(d = - = 26.18 rad/s
60 60
Let Xj = Height of paraboloid formed, if the vessel is assumed open at the top and it is very long.
CD'R' _ 26.18' XIS'
Then we have x] = - = 78.60 cm ...(i)
2g 2 x98l
Let rj is the radius of the actual parabola of height x2

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Kinematics of Flow and Ideal Flow 207

CD'rj' = 26J8'X'} =0.35 rj'

Then "' = 2g 2 x981 ...(ii)
The volume of air before rotation
= nR'(l0O - BO) = n x 152 x 20 = 14137 cm'

Volume of air after rotation = Volume of paraboloid EOF

= : xnrl2xx2

But volume of air before and after rotation is same.

14137= I xnrl2xx2
8
0 0

2
But from (ii), x2 = 0.35 rl2

0
14137= I xnr2xO.35r12
0 P

2 I

,,, _ 2 xl4137 = 25714

.
" K X 0.35
0 P

r, = (25714)1" = 12.66 cm

Substituting the value of rj in (ii), we get

X2 = 0.35 X 12.662 = 56.1 cm

Pressure head at the bottom of the vessel

(a) At the centre. The pressure head at the centre, i.e., at H = Pressure head due to air + OH
= 6.0 + (HL - LO) {". OH = LH- LO}

LO==100
{'.' HL X2 =
cm56.1
= 1cm
m = .561 m}
= 6.0 + (1.0 - 0.561)

= 6.439 m of water. Ans.

(b) At the edge, i.e., at G = Pressure head due to air + height of water above G
=6.0+AG=6.0+(GM+MA)=6.0+(HO+x,)
=6.0+HO+0.786 {".' X, = 78.6 cm = 0.786 m}

{: HO = LH - LO = 100 - 56.1}
=6.0+0.439+0.786 = 439 cm = 0.439m

= 7.225 m of water. Ans.

Problem 5.30 A closed cylinder of radius R and height H is completely jilled with water. It is
rotated about its vertical axis with a speed of (d radians/s. Determine the total pressure exerted by
water on the top and bottom of the cylinder.
Solution. Given :
Radius of cylinder =R
Height of cylinder =H
Angular speed = (U

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 208 Fluid Mechanics

As the cylinder is closed and completely filled with water, the rise of water level at the ends and
depression of water at the centre due to rotation of the vessel, will be prevented. Thus the water will
exert force on the complete top of the vessel. Also the pressure will be exerted at the bottom of the
cylinder. k Rj
Total Pressure exerted on the top of cylinder. The top of cylinder
is in contact with water and is in horizontal plane. The pressure variation
at any radius in horizontal plane is given by equation (5.21) = } n i!
dp _ pV2 p(D2r2
or = p(D2r { '." V (D X r ]
dr r r
Integrating, we get

Jdp - J pcu'rdr or P P"2"' : (U'i' ], d'

Consider an elementary circular ring of radius r and width dr on the top :_>~"
of the cylinder as shown in Fig. 5.26.
Area of circular ring = 2nrdr Fig. 5.26
.". Force on the elementary ring = Intensity of pressure x Area of ring
= p x 2nrdr

= : (D2r2 x 2nrdr. {': P = : (D2r2}

.'. Total force on the top of the cylinder is obtained by integrating the above equation between the
limits 0 and R.

'. Total force or Ft - J; : (02,' x 2nrdr - : (d' x 2k Jor r'dr

= :(D'X2K j-':-j;_ :(D'x2nx4

_ p(D2 X nR' ..(5.25)
" 4
Total pressure force on the bottom of cylinder, Fb
= Weight of water in cylinder + total force on the top of cylinder

=pgxnR2xH+ P(,)2xrR'=p9xkR2xH+F, ...(5.26)

4
p = Density of water.
Problem 5.31 A closed cylinder of diameter 200 mm and height /50 mm is completely jilled with
water. Calculate the total pressure force exerted by water on the top and bottom of the cylinder, if it
is rotated about its vertical axis at 200 r.p.m.
Solution. Given :
Ola. of cylinder = 200 mm = 0.20 m
Radius, R= 0.1 m
Height of cylinder, H= 150mm=O.15m
Speed, N = 200 r.p.m.

21HV 2n x 200
.". Angular speed, (d = = = 20.94 rad/s
60 60

IT
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 Kinematics of Flow and Ideal Flow 209
Total pressure force on the top of the cylinder is given by equation (5.25)

F,-:x(u'xkxR4 io;o x20.94'xnx(O.l)' 34.44N.Ans.

Now total pressure force on the bottom of the cylinder is given by equation (5.26) as
fb=p9xxr'xh+ft
=l0x9.8lxxx(0.l)'x0.l5+34.44

= 46.22 + 34.44 = 80.66 n. Ans.

5.10.6 Equation of Free Vortex Flow. For the free vortex, froin equation (5.20), we have
v x r = Constant = say c

c
or v=
r
Substituting the value of v in equation (5.23), we get
2 2

dp p", dr pgdz-px ,,':, dr pgdz Px:, dr pgdz

Consider two points I and 2 in the fluid having radius rj and r2 from the central axis respectively as
shown in Fig. 5.27. The heights of the points from bottom of the vessel is Zj and z2.
Integrating the above equation for the points 1 and 2, we get

j,'dp _ J,' P,",' dr - J,'pgdz

P2 -P, = pc' J,' ,-' dr - pg J,'dz

or

= pg,2 jr ;i i: _ pg Iz2 - Zlj = !:c22 [r2"2- rj"2j - pg Iz2 - Zlj

_ -4'-[ ,:, - ,:, j -pg[z7 - Z,] = - : I'; - :,: j- pg[z7 - Cl]

{': Y2 " : Vj " : }

= - :[v: - v;j- pgk _ Zl]

= : [V: - V:]- pg [Z2 _ Zl]

Dividing by pg, we get
P2 _ Pi _ V; " V; _ [Z2 Zl] A
_"A
'2 ,2IE
- ^ -- --
pg 2g ---A
Em 'i'/-j :z
2 2
ma ---
or .P.L+" -FZ,- P'-+YL+Z,
pg 2g pg 2g
..(5 27)

Equation (5.27) is Bernoulli's equation. Hence in case of free vortex

-"_""-1
-|"-"u%.j
-|T^r4
-jK67jj
l!}fiij
flow, Bernoulli's equation is applicable.
Fig. 5.27

T
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 L-
210 Fluid Mechanics

Problem 5.32 In a free cylindrical vortex flow, at a point in the fluid at a radius of 200 mm and
at a height of 100 mm, the velocity and pressures are IQ nils and 117.72 kN/m2 absolute. Find the
pressure at a radius of 400 mm and at a height of 200 mm. The fluid is air having density equal to
1.24 kg/m3.
Solution. At Point I : Given :
Radius, rj = 200 mm = 0.20 m
Height, z, = 100 mm = 0.10 m
Velocity, yi = 10 mis
Pressure, p, = 117.72 kN/m2 = 117.72 x 103 N/m2
At Point 2 : r2=40Omm=0.4m
z, = 200 mm = 0.2 m
P2 = pressure at point 2
p = 1.24 kg/m3
For the free vortex from equation (5.20), we have
v x r = constant or Vjrj = v2r2
v, x r, 10 x 0.2
y2 = = 5 mis
r, " 0.4
Now using equation (5.27), we get
PL-l-v? +Zl=-P.2-+V: +z2

pg 2g pg 2g
But p = 1.24 kg/m'

", 1.24x9.81 + 2 x10'

l17.72xlO' 9.81 , 0.1 = P'-+ 5'
pg 2x9.81 + 0.2

p,, _ 117.72 xlO' 10' , 0.1 - 5' - 0.2

or +
pg l.24x9.8l 2X9.81 2 X9.81
= 9677.4 + 5.096 + 0.1 - ].274 - 0.2 = 9676.22
p, = 9676.22 x pg = 9676.22 x 1.24 x 9.81
117705 N/m' ll7.705x lO'N/m'
= 117.705 kN/m' (abs.) = 117.705 kN/m'. Ans.

(B) IDEAL FLOW (POTENTIAL FLOW)

P 5.11 INTRODUCTION

Ideal fluid is a fluid which is incompressible and inviscid. Incompressible fluid is a fluid for which
density (p)remains constant. Inviscid fluid is a fluid for which viscosity () is zero. Hence a fluid for
which density is constant and viscosity is zero, is known as an idea] fluid.
The shear stress is given by, t = {:. Hence for ideal fluid the shear stress will be zero as = 0

for ideal fluid. Also the shear force (which is equal to shear stress multiplied by area) will be zero in

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