10 1016@j Jep 2014 06 042

Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 10931117
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Ethnopharmacology
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep
Hot and cold: Medicinal plant uses in Quechua speaking communities

in the high Andes (Callejn de Huaylas, Ancash, Per)
Mercedes Gonzales de la Cruz a, Severo Balden Malpartida b, Hamilton Beltrn Santiago b,
Valrie Jullian c,d, Genevive Bourdy a,e,n
a
Universidad Ricardo Palma, Av. Benavides 5440, Santiago de Surco, Lima 33, Per
b
Instituto de Etnobiologia, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad San Marcos, Av. Arenales 1256, Jesus Maria, Lima 14, Per
c
Universit de Toulouse, Universit Paul Sabatier, UMR152 Pharma-DEV, Facult de Pharmacie, 35 Chemin des marachers, F-31062
Toulouse cedex 9, France
d
Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement (IRD), UMR 152, Mission IRD, Casilla 18-1209, Lima, Per
e
Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement (IRD), UMR 152 Pharma-DEV, Facult de Pharmacie, 35 Chemin des marachers,
F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Ethno-pharmacological relevance: An ethnopharmacological survey has been set up in high altitude
Received 6 March 2014 Quechua speaking communities dwelling in Callejn de Huaylas (Ancash department, Peru) and in
Received in revised form medicinal plant markets in order to document the medicinal plants use of 178 species within the frame
16 June 2014
of a traditional Andean medicinal system.
Accepted 16 June 2014
Materials and methods: A sound ethnopharmacological survey was performed during the years 2011,
Available online 1 July 2014
2012 and 2013 in different places along Callejn de Huaylas valley in the peruvian Andes, were Quechua
Keywords: speaking communities dwell. Two different methodologies were used: rst, plant uses were recorded
Andes during walks with informants and in medicinal plant markets held on a regular bases in the area (Huaraz,
Traditional medicine
Carhuaz, Yungay). Secondly, traditional healers (curanderas, curanderos) were interviewed about their
Medicinal plants
practices and healing sessions were observed, in order to understand better the traditional medicinal
Peru
Quechua system as a whole (disease aetiology, diagnosis, treatments, healers).
Hot and cold system Results: Altogether, 178 medicinal species were collected. Most of the plants found on the market were
also found in the wild and vice-versa. Medicinal plant trade is exclusively held by women, selling their
merchandise to local people or to big retailer. Plants are classied according their hot or cold virtues, this
in accordance with the local conception of the body physiology and disease aetiology, based on a hot
cold polarity. Main use notied for medicinal plants is (bath) against cold, a prophylactic measure
against diseases of cold nature. Other uses include culture bound illnesses i.e. susto, aire, nervios, or heart
pain, commonly cited in South America. Regarding symptoms, rheumatic/arthritic pain, musculoskeletal
traumas, cough, pulmonary and respiratory problems, gastritis and stomach ache, were the most
frequently cited. Diagnosis and treatment are intrinsically linked together and mainly based upon
divination techniques using egg and cuy (Cavia porcellus L., Caviidae).
Discussion and conclusion: Medicinal plants use and traditional medicinal practices are still very vivid in
Callejn de Huaylas as highlighted by the abundance of medicinal plants traded in the markets. In this
business, women have a key position as healers at the family and community level. Medicinal uses of the
majority of the species presented here are reported for the rst time. Because medicinal plants sold on
the market are collected from the wild and also because high altitude medicinal plants are generally
small herbaceous species pulled out with their roots, there is a serious risk of over exploitation and
extinction of endemic species.
& 2014 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
1. Introduction
n
Corresponding author at: UMR152 Pharma-DEV, Facult de Pharmacie,
Traditional medicine is still widely practiced in Peruvian com-
35 Chemin des marachers, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France. Tel.: 33 676951726. munities, as a health resource of its own, even for people living in
E-mail address: genevieve.bourdy@ird.fr (G. Bourdy). urban settings Albn (1984). Over last years, many studies have
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.06.042
0378-8741/& 2014 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
1094 M. Gonzales de la Cruz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 10931117
been set up to document these non-conventional medicinal (Smith Herbarium, 2012) and fauna. Callejn de Huaylas and other
systems, together with the use of their related pharmacopoeias near-by valleys were the center of much inuent pre-incaic
(Cabieses, 1993). In Peru, most of the published studies have taken cultures, such as Chavin de Huantar (900200 BC), and there is
place in the oriental upper and lowland amazon basin, and in a still remains of archeological evidence of a very ancient human
much lesser degree in the western costal area of Peru (for a presence with beautiful parietal paintings (Cueva del Guitarrero,
complete bibliographical compilation of all studies performed in Hatun Machay), dating back to 10 000 BC. Actually, people living in
Peru, see Bussman and Sharon (2007). Despite a the Andean area this area are Quechua speaking, and most of them live in remote
represent an important bio-geographical area, with the third of villages. They have low income and are mainly devoted to
the overall peruvian population living in this mountainous eco- mountainous agricultural farming, while women also dedicate
system in small peasant villages or in bigger cities (Cajamarca, themselves to medicinal plants cultivation and/or collect. Few
Huancayo, Tarma, la Oroya, Cusco, Arequipa, Abancay, Andahuay- families also raise sheep's, or own bulls for agricultural purposes.
las, Ayacucho, etc.) (INEI, 2014) a part from some scarce publica- High altitude crops are mainly tubers: numerous varieties of
tions there is a striking lack of data on medicinal plants uses in this potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), are cultivated together with oca
area. Therefore, in the course of a program aiming to explore the (Oxalis tuberosa Molina), arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancr.),
pharmacological potential of Andean medicinal plants we undergo mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pav.), papa lisa (Ullucus
an ethnopharmacological eld study in the Callejn de Huaylas, a tuberosus Caldas), maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.). Staple food is
valley located in the central Andes, in the Ancash department. also based on cereals and andean seeds i.e. quinua (Chenopodium
Callejn de Huaylas is the narrow valley of the ro Santa, quinoa Willd.), cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.), yuyo (Amaranthus
running down south to north in the central Andes, marking the deexus L.), kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus L.,) and chocho (Lupinus
separation between the summits of the cordillera blanca and the mutabilis Sweet.). In the sub-tropical lower part of the valley, cash
cordillera negra. It stretches over 180 km in length, starting from crops varieties are cultivated, i.e palta (Persea americana Miller),
the main city of Huaraz at an altitude of 3100 msnm, ending in the melocotn (Prunus persica (L.) Stokes), Citrus spp. fruits, yacn
lower and much smaller Caraz village (alt: 1230 msnm) and is (Smallanthus sonchifolius), tuna (Opuntia cus-indica (L.) Miller)
characterized by a rich ora: last reports counts with 900 species manzana (Malus pumila Miller), tomate de arbol (Solanum betacea
Map 1. Place of study, Ancash department, Peru. nvisited communities.

M. Gonzales de la Cruz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 10931117 1095
Cav.), lucma (Pouteria lucuma R & P Kuntze), maiz (Zea mays L.), few species such as Hepatica, Lichen most plants found in the wild
together with green vegetables. Also, the Rio Santa is the place of were also present in the markets, at least at the genus level, and
trout farming, and two gold mines are an economically important vice-versa with the notable exception of some cultivated plants
source of local development. Most of the inhabitants are Quechua (Borago ofcinalis, Crassula sp., Ambrosia arborescens, Pelargonium
speaking people, and few of them also speak Spanish, especially in sp., Lavatera arborea, Luma chequen, Tagetes lifolia, Krameria
big villages. The average population is estimated around 355,000 lappacea) and some crops, used medicinally (Tokosh, Smallanthus
people (INEI, 2014). A part from Hammond et al. (1998) and sonchifolius, Tropaeolum tuberosum, etc.) that we picked up only in
Gonzales (1992) reporting some medicinal plants uses around markets. Challwa market is an important center of medicinal plant
Huaraz, the work of Neto et al. (2002), evaluating the antibacterial trading held exclusively by women. Very early in the icy cold
potential of some of these species, other studies took place in the far- morning, at 3 o'clock, coming from the valleys and mountains,
northern part of the Andes, near Piura (De Feo, 2003) and in La plants are brought by women, and under the light of oor lamp,
libertad department, where Monigatti et al. (2013), questioned the big square bundle of plants are immediately packed tied and
integration of traditional medicine and biomedicine. De-la-Cruz et al. loaded on trucks by men, driving straight to Lima, the capital. Part
(2007) documented medicinal plants uses in Canta, a village in the of the plants that will be sold locally are arranged in small
occidental lower part of the Andes. Also, Cerrate de Ferreyra (1978, bunches, sold from 50 centavos to 1 Sol according the scarcity of
1980) reported few Andeanmedicinal plants uses. To the best of our the plant. Besides these mono-specic bunches, combining few
knowledge, no other ethnopharmacological study has been per- stems, small bouquets of mixed plants (atados), tied together are
formed in this vast area. The objectives of this study are (i) to also for sale. The plant combination helps to treat a specic health
document medicinal plants uses in this high Andean valley (ii) to problem i.e: baos de frio (baths against cold diseases), susto,
understand the context of utilization of the plants within the frame nervios, cough, pulmonary and respiratory problems, aire (or mal
of this peculiar local traditional medical system. It is the rst time aire, mal de cerro), heart pain, gastritis, stomach ache.
that a study of this kind has been performed in Callejn de Huaylas.
3.2. Hot and cold medicinal system

2. Material and methods
One of the main important features of plants classication in
In order to have a broad spectrum of plants and plants uses in the Andes (De Feo, 2003, Valdizian and Maldonaldo, 1922), is their
Callejn de Huaylas we undergo an extensive ethnopharmacolo- division in 2 groups: cold and hot plants. These hot and
gical survey during 2011, 2012 and 2013, during a 6 months period cold qualities apply to any kind of plant (medicinal or not), are
in small communities spread over the valley and also in medicinal also the base of the Andean body physiology and, consequently,
plant markets held in Huaraz (Challwa mercado), Yungay and disease aetiology. Quechua people from Callejn de Huaylas (and
Carhuaz. Medicinal plant markets are held on a regular base. Andean people in general) consider that the body is the support of
Challwa is on mondays and thursdays, while Carhuaz and Yungay two opposite and complementary forces hot and cold, and that
markets are held on sunday. Visited communities and surround- the body and its environment are strongly interdependent
ings were: Pumarranra and Armapampa (Mancos district, Yungay (Sanchez Parga, 1992). In a healthy body these two forces are
province), Caucus, Willcahuayn, and San Miguel de Recrish (Inde- balanced and the continuous production of heat generated per se
pendencia district, Huaraz province), Mishqui (Tinco district, by the body will replenish its loss during every day activities. Still,
Carhuaz province) (see Map 1). To ascertain a consistent conver- this hot/cold equilibrium is unsteady, subjected to inner changes
gence of medicinal plants uses, we underwent repeated surveys in through the day (it is considered that in the morning the body is
the markets together with walks in the surroundings communities naturally fresher, getting warmer in the evening) and very
accompanied with local informants, after seeking prior informed sensitive to external cold/hot agents able to penetrate inside the
consent from each respondent. People were invited to speak freely body. Indeed during the ongoing days, the physical body suffers
about medicinal plants uses. Each species was collected repeat- the effect of various hot/cold agents, but has the capacity to absorb
edly, at least thrice, in order to crosscheck the information. and regulate them up to a certain point. Nevertheless, drastic
In order to document medicinal plants uses within the context changes or repeated penetration might disrupt the body homeo-
of traditional medicine, we enquired about curanderos or curan- static capacity, leading to an excess of hot or cold, thus the cause of
deras (traditional healers), interviewed them about their art and hot or cold diseases.
whenever possible witnessed healing sessions. Herbarium vou- Cold diseases include pain in the articulations, inammation of
chers corresponding to the species collected were deposited in the joints, rheumatic pain, eventually caused by chronic exposition
USM (Herbario San Marcos del Museo de Historia Natural de la of the hands in the icy cold water running from the high altitude
Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru), and were glacier when washing clothes, or when one has to stay for a long
determined by Andean ora specialists (HB, SB). time or repeatedly in cold humid valleys. Cold diseases might also
occur after long hours of sweating hard physical work under the
sun, followed by a late return home, giving the impression that
3. Results cold winds have penetrated inside the body: this is said to be the
cause of u, common colds, cough, bronchitis or other related
3.1. Plants from the market and plants from the wild pulmonary diseases. Cold is also the cause of back pain, stiff neck,
and because cold can penetrate in the body through natural organs
Hundred and seventy-eight species with medicinal uses were (vagina, anus), it might induce diarrhea, dysentery or gynecological
collected (see Table 1). For each species (alphabetical order by problems. Also, because childbirth is perceived as an opening up of
genus name) the following indications are given: botanical name, the woman's body, the action of penetrating cold is especially
local name, voucher number, the origin of the plant (market or feared during the post-partum period because it can induce life-
wild), its quality (hot or cold), its indications, mode of preparation threatening complications for the mother. The importance of cold
and administration. Main families were Asteraceae, Fabaceae, for women who have recently given birth has also been documen-
Lamiaceae, Solanaceae, this being in accordance with the local ted in a south Andean peruvian community by La Riva Gonzalez
distribution of plants in this area (Cano et al., 2006). A part from (2000) working on reproductive health concerns.
Table 1
Plants uses.
Species, Traditional indication Recipe

Family,
Herbarium number
Vernacular name
n
plant quality (warm/cold)
nn
M (market)/W (wild)
Achyrocline alata (Kunth.) DC. 1. Baths against cold 1. Prepare as a steam bath with other plants
Asteraceae 2. To regulate all organs of the digestive system 2. Leaves, stems, owers in form of a concentrated decoction.
GB3355 (stomach and bowels) Drink twice daily
wilca-wilca, wila waq'ta 3. Rheumatic pain, bruises 3. The entire plant is put to boil in water and administered as
n
hot plant a bath.
nn
M/W
Achyrocline ramosissima Britton 1. Baths against cold 1. Prepare a handful of plant with other plants in form of a
Asteraceae 2. Kidney problems, (stones, pain, inammation) steam bath.
GB3692 2. Place a handful of plant in half a liter of water and prepare as a
hierba del perrito, blancon tea. Drink 3 cups a day.
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Adiantum raddianum C. Presl. 1. Baths against cold 1. Prepare a handful of plant with other plants in form of a
Adiantaceae 2. Food poisoning: vomits, stomach pain. steam bath.
GB3716 3. Female contraceptive 2. Place a handful of fern to boil. Drink by smalls cups
culantrillo, culantrillo de la quebrada 4. Gynecological problem (delayed or irregular 3. Place a handful of fern with Hypericum brevistylum, (and other
n
cold plant menstruations) plants) in water. Put to boil for a while and drink, just after
nn
M/W menstruation.
Agave americana L. Agavaceae Against internal parasites for animals Before killing of the pigs, in order to eliminate all parasites, the
GB3722 base of one leaf is cut and peeled, then place to roast for a while.
cabuya negra When soft, it is given in the pig's food.
n
cold plant
nn
W
Ageratina glechonophylla (Less.) 1. Female menstruations problems, and to expel 1. Mix with Andiantum raddianum and other plants. Put to boil to
R.M. King & H. Rob Asteraceae lochias after birth prepare a concentrated decoction. Drink 3 small cups, for 3 days.
GB3604 2. Bath against cold 2. Mix with other plants. In form of a steam bath.
wallimi, warmi, walmiya rojo
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Alnus acuminata Kunth 1. Teeth pain, abscess 1. The leaves exude a resin, with strong anti-inammatory
Betulaceae 2. Head pain, migraines properties. Place the leaf in animal grease (pig or cuy), and apply
GB3366 3. To avoid sunstroke locally, as a poultice until pain disappears. Said to be a very
huay, aliso effective remedy.
n
(very) cold plant 2. Put to boil for few minutes a handful of leaves to get them soft,
nn
M/W and apply them as a poultice.
3. Put to boil for few minutes a handful of leaves to get them soft
and place in the bottom of a hat. Keep in place when working
outside.
Alonsoa linearis (Jacq.) Ruiz & Pav. 1. Baths against cold 1. Steam bath with this plant and other plants.
Scrophulariaceae 2. Stomach pain 2. Prepare the whole plant in from of a light tea and drink as much
GB3626 as possible.
pillwi pillwi, rinriqora
n
cold plant
nn
W
Alternanthera porrigens (Jacq,) Kunt. Strong susto in children Used in the choq'ma.
Amaranthaceae
GB3726
cruz maq'e
n
warm plant
nn
M/W
Althernathera sp. 1. Teeth pain 1. Place a handful of smashed leaves over the affected part.
Amaranthaceae 2. Bald head 2. Put some leaves in hot boiling water, and wash the head with
GB3400 this preparation.
ukushpa chupan
n
hot plant
nn
W
Ambrosia arborescens Mill. Asteraceae 1. Stomach ache and more generally as a tonic for 1-2. Take few leaves (3-4) of this cultivated plant and put them in
GB3427 the whole digestive system including liver 1l. of cold water for 10 min. Drink 3 small cups
marco 2. Nervios every day.
n
cold plant
nn
M
Table 1 (continued )

Family,
Herbarium number
Vernacular name
n
nn
M (market)/W (wild)
Antennaria linearifolia Wedd. 1. Same use as real Coca leaf : gives energy, calm 1-2.Chew some leaves.
Asteraceae stomach pain, and soroche (altitude sickness)
GB3659 (Huaraz) 2. To calm down teeth ache
coca del inca
n
hot plant
nn
W
Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancr. 1. To relieve liver pain for people who drink too 1-2. Chop down the tuber, fresh or dried, and boil it for 10 min
Apiaceae much and in case of hepatitis (eventually with other medicinal plants). Drink 3 glasses daily.
GB3467 2. To reduce digestive organs swelling, including
arraqacha stomach
n
cold plant (The tuber is a cultivated staple food)
nn
M
Artemisia absinthium L. -Stomach pain and general tonic for digestive -Take 1-2 leaves of this cultivated species and place in 1L of hot
Asteraceae problems when someone cannot digest well his boiling water. Drink 1 cup a day. Do not exceed the dose.
GB3423 food, suffer from dyspepsia and is bloating.
ajenjo
n
hot plant
nn
M
Astragalus garbancillo Cav. Fabaceae 1. Baths against cold 1. Prepare in a steam bath with other plants
GB3694 2. Broken limbs 2. Put the whole plant to boil for a while, and apply as a poultice
garbanzo silvestre 3. Toxic plant for animals 3. Animals who eat this plant turn crazy.
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Baccharis buxifolia (Lam.) Pers. 1. Baths against cold 1. Prepare in a steam bath with other plants
chilca, chilco 2. Rheumatic pain, athritis 2. Steam bath or poultice alone.
GB3572
n
(very) hot plant
nn
M/W
Baccharis caespitosa (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. 1. Baths against cold 1-Prepare in a steam bath with other plants
Asteraceae 2. Stomach ache 2-3-Place the whole plant in water and boil for a while. Drink some
hierba de la puna, jalca romero, chisu 3. Stroke, paralysis cups for stomachache; in case of a stroke, drink for few days as
romero much as possible.
GB3630
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Baccharis genistelloides (Lam.) Pers. 1. Liver problems, hepatitis, when the person has 1-2-Tea: one or 2 stems in boiling water. Let cool down. Also, can
Asteraceae yellow skin color, yellow eye conjunctive be drunk in a concentrated from, or with more water for a diuretic
2. Diuretic and kidney sickness effect.
GB3342 3. Colera and other diarrheic or dysenteric 3-Very efcient remedy: place 2 stems in 1 liter of water, put to
symptoms boil for a while and drink the lot by small quantities.
carqueja, kima esquina, cuchu-cuchu 4. Baths against cold 4-Prepare as a steam bath with other plants.
n
hot plant 5. Diabetes, cholesterol 5-One stem is placed in one liter of water to boil for few minutes.
nn
M/W The lot is drunk over the day. It is said that the bitterness of the
remedies made out of this plant is a sure sign of its activity against
diabetes and high cholesterol.
Baccharis latifolia (R. & P.) Persoon 1. Baths against cold 1. Prepare in a steam bath with other plants.
Asteraceae 2. For gynecological problems (vaginal 2. Prepare a concentrated decoction, and apply as a wash
GB3385 discharge, etc.) 3. Prepare a concentrated decoction with the leaves, and apply on
chilka 3. Arthrtitis, rheumatic pain, bruises, muscle sprains the affected part. In another recipe, leaves are placed to heat and
n
hot plant 4. Eyelid inammation applied as a poultice on the affected part. Said to be very
nn
M/W efcient to low down pain and inammation.
4. Triturate a fresh young leaf, and apply on the eyelid. Keep in
place until leaf drops by itself.
Baccharis uniora (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. 1. Baths against cold 1. Prepare as a steam bath with other plants.
Asteraceae 2. Herpes, or pimple that do not cicatrize, skin 2. Triturate some leaves, and apply the exuding resin from the
GB3433 sickness, dermatosis leaves directly on the affected part.
pirwish 3. Muscle sprains, leg sprains. 3. Rub a handful of leaves on the affected part.
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Barnadesia dombeyana Less. Asteraceae 1. Baths against cold 1. Prepare in a steam bath with other plants.
GB3367 2. Against bad luck 2. Place to boil spiny plants (like this one) and some Ruta
konzi kasha graveolens stems. Use this preparation as a wash to clean the
n
Cold plant house, and also to bath the affected person, and all members of
nn
M/W the family.

Family,
Herbarium number
Vernacular name
n
nn
M (market)/W (wild)
Bidens andicola Kunth Asteraceae -Traumas, broken bones The plant is mashed in form of a poultice applied on the affected
amor seco, chilco-chilco part.
GB3804
n
W
Blechnum loxense 1. Baths against cold 1. Prepare as a steam bath with other plants.
(Kunth) Hook. ex Salomon. 2. Stomach pain 2. Place the whole plant in water, and put to boil for a while. Drink
Blechnaceae the resulting preparation as water.
n
Cold plant
nn
W
Bomarea dulcis (Hook.) Beauverd -Prostate problem. -The tuberous root is boiled. When soft, it is eaten. It is said to be a
Alstroemeriaceae very good remedy.
GB3749
makilin, aquilino
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Borago ofcinalis L. Boraginaceae -Against cough and other pulmonary affections. One stem of this cultivated plant is prepared in form of a tea, mixed
GB3582 with other plants. Then this remedy is drunk.
borraja
n
hot plant
nn
M
Brachyotum guerorae J. F. Macbride 1-Baths against cold. Fatigue, feeling of cold. Use some leaves of any of these plants with other in form of a
Melastomataceae steam bath. Do not put much, because this plant is said to be very
GB3652 hot.
and
Brachyotum naudinii Triana
Melastomataceae
GB3447
kaje lagua (for both plants)
n
hot plant (very)
nn
M/W
Brassica rapa subsp. campestris L. 1. To regulate all the digestive system, to avoid 1-2-Press leaves to extract a teaspoon of juice. Drink small
allergies, as blood purier quantities.
Brassicaceae 2. Warts on skin 2-Crush and reduce one handful of leaves into a paste. Apply
GB3399 during one full day on the affected part. Repeat until complete
chiva itq'a cure.
n
Cold plant
nn
M/W
Buddleja incana Ruiz & Pav. Loganiaceae 1. Baths against cold 1. Some stems of this small tree are combined with other plants
GB3608 2. Carrion disease (an endemic disease caused by and prepared in form of a steam bath.
kiswar Bartonella bacilliformis) 2. Leaves are put to boil in cow milk. Small cups are drunk until
n
hot plant recovery.
nn
M/W
Caesalpinia cassioides Willd. Susto Flowers of this plants are used for choq'ma
Fabaceae
GB3411
q'emnia
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina)Kuntze 1. Infections, inammation of the digestive system 1- Put some pieces of pod or bark to boil for a while, and drink this
2. Pharyngitis decoction by small glasses.
Fabaceae 3. Wounds 2-3-Grind nely the pod, in a ne powder, and sprinkle it over the
tara wound, or make gargle with a decoction of some boiled pod pieces.
JC113
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Cajophora cirsiifolia C. Presl. 4. Cough and respiratory sickness 1. Put a handful of leaves and stem to boil. Drink 3 glasses a day.
Loasaceae 5. Rheumatic pain, arthritis 2. With a handful of this plant, gently beat the affected part.
GB3335 6. Baths against cold 3. Mix with other plants. In form of a steam bath.
puka ortiga, puka chinoa
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Calceolaria incarum Kraenlz. 1. 1 Aire, headache, migrania. 1. Collect the young leaves from the top of the plant. Put them in
Scrophulariaceae 2. Stomachache with a strong feeling of cold all over alcohol for a while, and rub all over the affected part. Other
GB3361 the body (especially the feet). recipe: mix together many plants, put to boil for a while, and

Family,
Herbarium number
Vernacular name
n
nn
M (market)/W (wild)
potoqsha, qakush 3. Baths against cold pass this water over the head. Or place leaves in hot animal
n
hot plant grease and rub allover the body.
nn
M/W 2. Prepare a steam bath with this plant, rub all the body with the
decoction and drink some of it, until feeling better.
3. Mix with other plants. In form of a steam bath.
Calceolaria linearis Ruiz & Pav. Bath against cold Prepare the plant with other plants in form of a steam bath.
Scrophulariaceae
GB3727
jalka romero
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Cestrum auriculatum L'Herit. 1. To avoid sun stroke 1. Put to boil for few minutes a handful of leaves to get them soft
Solanaceae 2. In case of stomach pain, stomach spasms and place in the bottom of a hat. Keep in place when working
GB3368 3. Headache outside. For small children, prepare a bath with the leaves.
hierba santa 4. Dermatosis, infected wounds, pimples on babies, 2. Cover one or two leaves with boiling water, and apply them
n
cold plant insect bites around the navel as a poultice.
nn
M/W 3. Place mashed leaves on the forehead
4. Put some leaves to boil. Get rid of the rst water. Then place
leaves in clean water and squeeze them to obtain a concentrated
juice used as a wash.
Cestrum tomentosum L.f. Solanaceae Legs and muscle sprains. Smash leaves of these plant together with Piper barbatum and
GB3386 Dipsacus fullonum leaves. Put the lot to heat, and rub over the legs.
uparruki
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Cheilanthes pruinata Kaulf. Adiantaceae 1. Empacho (bowel problems, intestinal spasms and 1-2-3-One handful of leaves in 1 liter of water to boil for 15 a
GB3454 pain, resulting in the impossiblity to eat or drink) 20 min. Drink this preparation as water.
yaku palma, palmera 2. Strongly colored urine, with lower back pain.
n
cold plant 3. Stomach pain, burning sensation in the stomach, 4. Prepare in a steam bath with other plants.
nn
M/W gastritis, belching.
4. Bath against cold
Chenopodium ambrosioides L. 1. Liver problems, with bilis (gall bladder trouble). 1. Place one plant with its roots to boil for a while and drink
Amaranthaceae 2. Stomach pain, diarrhea. the lot.
GB3353 2. Put a handful of leaves to boil in 2 cups of water during few
paico macho, cashua paico minutes. Let cool down and drink of a cup.
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Chenopodium murale L. 1. Back pain, kidney pain, rheumatic pain. 1-2-Finely grind a lot of leaves. Place them to heat in a tin, and
Amaranthaceae 2. Bruises, inammation, swelling up. apply as a poultice on the affected part.
GB3403 3. Susto 3-Prepare some leaves of this plant in form of a tea. Drink after the
kinoa angyangya choq'ma.
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Chuquiraga spinosa Less. Asteraceae 1-Kidney pain, kidney inammation, anuria, stones. 1-One stem of this plant is put in one liter of boiling water. When
GB3486 cold, the liquid is drunk all over the day. Said to be a very efcient
huamanpinta remedy for any kidney problem.
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Clinopodium pulchellum (Kunth) 1. Bath against cold 1. In form of a steam bath with other plants.
Govaerts Lamiaceae 2. To have good appetite, to regularize digestive 2. Few stems with leaves are prepared in from of tea.
GB3424 functions
q'oyall, matizado
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Clinopodium sericeum (C.Presl ex 1. Bath against cold 1. In form of a steam bath mixed with other plants. Said to be a
Benth.) Govaerts Lamiaceae 2. Stomach ache, kidney inammation very nice and efcient plant.
GB3760 3. Cold, u 2. Some stems are prepared as a tea. Drink allover the day.
q'oyall 4. As a purier, against bad luck 3. Same recipe as above with some Pisco alcohol.
n
hot plant 4. This plant, mixed with other is placed over burning charcoal,
nn
M/W and the smoke is oriented in the house, or over the person.

Family,
Herbarium number
Vernacular name
n
nn
M (market)/W (wild)
Clinopodium speciosum (Hook.) 1. Bath against cold 1. In form of a steam bath mixed with other plants. Said to be a
Govaerts Lamiaceae 2. Gastritis, stomach ache, to reduce all digestive very good plant.
GB3338 organs inammation. 2. One or two stems put to boil for few minutes in water and drink.
incamua, chungya, anchis To maximize the effect, mix with Otholobium spp. leaves and/or
n
hot plant Minthostachys mollis leaves, and other plants.
nn
M/W
Coreopsis senaria S.F.Blake & Sherff 1-Bath against cold 1-In form of a steam bath mixed with other plants.
GB3635
Asteraceae
jalca chilcu
n
hot plant
nn
W
Crassula sp. Crassulaceae Inammation of all the digestive system. Gastritis, -Squash a handful of leaves of this cultivated species, to squeeze
GB3345 stomach ache. out the juice. Drink by spoonful. Very efcient remedy.
rosa verde
n
cold plant
nn
M
Cronquistianthus determinatus -aire, mal aire, mal de cerro Place the plant to boil, and drink the preparation.
(B.L.Rob.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
GB3666
Asteraceae
q'oyall de la altura
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Cyclanthera brachybotrys (Poepp. & 1. Ear pain. 1. The fruit is heated over the re, until the exudation of a liquid,
Endl,) Cong Cucurbitaceae 2. Stomach pain, bloating, uncomfortable feeling in which is poured in the ear.
q'ewa the stomach. 2. This species is used as a food crop, and prepared in form of
GB3402 picantes. Its ingestion is said to relieve stomach pain.
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Cynanchum formosum N.E. Brown All Cynanchum have the same use. 1. Place a bunch of plant some boiling water for a while. Make
Asclepiadaceae 1. For swellings, bruises, pain in the knee, repeated washes with this preparation. Other recipe: smash the
GB3800 anckles etc. plant to obtain a paste. Apply as a poultice.
Cynanchum tarmense Schl. 2. Teeth abcess 2. Put the plant to boil, and make gargles with the resulting
Asclepiadaceae 3. Stomach ache, ulcers, gastritis, internal infections preparation, and bath of the gum teeth.
GB3470 (with fever), urinary infections. 3. Very efcient remedy, but the dose must be respected: place a
Cynanchum sp. Asclepiadaceae 4. Bath against cold piece of 30 cm of the liana in half a liter of cold water. Set up to
GB3420 5. Nervios boil for 2 min. Then drink 3 small cups a day (150 ml each),
Yuraqaurinsho, lechero, chiwa chiwa during 3 days, no more.
n
(very) cold plant 4. In form of a steam bath with other plants. Do not put much of
nn
M/W the plant.
5. Same recipe as n13, mixing with other plant that have the same
use. Prepare in form of a bath.
Dalea sp. Fabaceae Traumas, broken limbs. The plant is mashed in a paste, and a poultice is applied on the
(New species for Peru) affected part.
salvia To ensure a good consolidation of the bones, the whole plant is put
GB3769 to boil for a while and the preparation is drunk every day during at
n
cold plant least 3 weeks.
n
W
Dendrophorbium usgorense (Cuatrec.) When children do no obey. Bath the child with the whole plant.
C. Jeffrey Asteraceae
GB3352
roqurye
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Desmodium molliculum (Kunth) DC. 1. Liver problem and pain, hepatitis 1-2-3. Take a handful of the whole plant with its root, and prepare
Fabaceae 2. Kidney problems it as a tea. Can be administered to children.
GB3332 3. Stomach ache, general digestive problems,
manayupa intestinal spasms with diarrhea
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Dicliptera acuminata (R. & P.) A. L. Susto of the children For the choq'ma.
Jussieu Acanthaceae
GB3395

Family,
Herbarium number
Vernacular name
n
nn
M (market)/W (wild)
kewarshu
n
cold plant
nn
W
Dipsacus fullonum L. Pain in legs and in muscles (sprains) Mash leaves from Dipsacus with the ones of Piper barbatum. Heat
Asteraceae the whole and apply as a poultice.
GB3387
cardon
n
(very) hot plant
nn
M/W
Dodonea viscosa Jacq. Sapindaceae 1. Traumas, inammation of the bones, broken 1. This is a widely used plant for all these problems.
tsamana limbs, muscular sprains, athritis, rheumatism. 2. Leaves are mashed and applied as a poultice, or leaves are
n
hot plant 2. Bath against cold placed all over the body, and kept in place with a piece of cloth.
nn
M/W 3. Plant stems, mixed with other plants and prepared in form of a
steam bath.
Elaphoglossum minutum (Pohl. ex Fe) 1. To cool down the digestive system when all 1-2-3-4. Place 40 cm of root (fresh or dried) in 1 L of water. Put to
Moore Lomariopsidaceae digestive organs are swollen up, with a great boil for a large amount of time and drink as tea.
GB3436 sensation of discomfort, inammation and acidity.
kalaguala It is considered to be a very powerful
n
cold plant detoxifying plant
nn
M/W 2. Helps blood circulation
3. Menstrual problems (cramps)
4. As an everyday drink (refresco)
Ephedra americana Humb. & Bonpl. ex. 1. Traumas, broken limbs, to consolidate bones. 1-2 The whole plant is put to boil, and the preparation is drunk
Willd. Ephedraceae 2. Colds, u. every day during few days for a cold, and during a few weeks in
GB3820 3. Bath against cold case of bones consolidation purpose.
Ephedra rupestris Benth. Ephedraceae 3- Mix with other plants and prepared in form of a steam bath.
GB3772
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Epidendrum sp. 1. Nervios, susto 1. Young leaves are boiled for a while. The resulting preparation
GB3686 2. Stroke is drunk
shaka shaka 3. Inamation of the digestive organs, to refresh. 2. Flowers are used in form of a tea.
Orchidaceae 3. The watery bulb is eaten
n
cold plant
nn
W
Escallonia resinosa (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. Bath against cold Prepare in form of a steam bath with other plants.
Escalloniaceae
GB3643
tatcha grande
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Equisetum bogotense Kunth 1. Inamation of digestive organs, liver problem Place a handful of the plant in water and boil. Some leaves of
Equisetaceae (bitterness taste in the mouth, bad breath, and hot Plantago sp. can be added to the preparation. Drink a lot of it.
GB3483 feeling around the navel)
aq'orma, cola de caballo 2. Any kind of kidney affection, or as diuretic
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Euphorbia sp. Euphorbiaceae Food intoxication, general digestive attening Place half a handful of plant for 3 cups of water. Heat water until
GB3475 boiling and drink.
patzaculen
n
cold plant
nn
W
Festuca dolichophylla J.Presl Poaceae - against bad luck, maldad This plant, mixed with other, is placed over some burning charcoal,
GB3812 and the smoke is oriented in the house, or over the affected person.
Q'achi
n
hot plant
nn
W
Fuchsia denticulata Ruiz & Pav. 1. General body pain, strong fatigue. 1. Prepare a bath with Monnina salicifolia and Cajophora cirsiifolia.
Onagraceae 2. Bath against cold 2. Steam bath with other plants.
GB3348
puka weshulu
n
cold plant
nn
M/W

Family,
Herbarium number
Vernacular name
n
nn
M (market)/W (wild)
Furcraea andina Trel. Agavaceae -Carrion wart (an endemic disease caused by Bartonella The person has to stand under a Furcraea plant. The stem shaken
GB3723 bacilliformis) up, until the fruits and owers fall over the head.
cabuya blanca
n
cold plant
n
W
Galinsoga parviora Cav. Asteraceae 1. Head ache 1. Place the leaves over the head.
GB3679 2. Sunstroke 2. Prepare some leaves as a tea.
paku yuyu, pakuyo 3. Diarrhea 3. Prepare some owers as a tea, and add some Pisco (alcohol)
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Galium hypocarpium L. Rubiaceae 1. Against cold 1. Steam bath with other plants.
GB3408 2. Stomach pain, intestinal cramps. 2. Heat some leaves and apply over the belly in form of a poultice.
Auraq maque
n
cold plant
n
W
Gamochaeta americana (Mill.) Wedd. 1. Against cold 1. Steam bath with other plants.
Asteraceae 2. Eye pain, conjunctivitis. 2. Mashed leaf is applied under the eye.
alkupa allung
n
cold palnt
n
M/W
Gentiana sedifolia Kunth Gentianaceae Female menstruation problems, in cases The owers are prepared in from of a tea with Hypericum
GB3696 of ammenorhea. brevistylum, Adiantum raddianum.
penke veta, chichi maying
n
hot plant
nn
W
Gentianella thyrsoidea (Hook) Fabris 1. Liver problems, diabetes, stomach pain. 1. Part a plant in the middle, cover with boiling water. Let cool and
Gentianaceae 2. Bath against cold drink by small glasses (100 ml), 3 times a day during 3 days
GB3334 only. Do not overpass dose (very bitter plant).
apallanlla shakoq 2. Steam bath with other plants.
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Gentianella tristichia (Gilg.) J.S. Pringle Bath against cold Steam bath with other plants.
Gentianaceae
oqpi maq'a
n
hot plant
nn
W
Gynoxys oleifolia Muschl. 1. Bath against cold 1. In form of a steam bath, mixed with other plants.
Asteraceae 2. Aire, mal aire 2. Prepare in form of a bath, with other plants
GB3739 3. Stomach pain 3. Some stem of this plants are boiled with Baccharis genistelloides,
jap'ru 4. To have resistant teeth and in case of Polylepis sp., etc. the resulting preparation is drunk.
n
hot plant bleeding gums. 4. Prepare a strong decoction with the stems of this plant and
nn
M/W make gargle and wash with it.
Halenia mathewsii Gilg. Gentianaceae 1. Teeth problems, bleeding gums 1. Put to boil leaves and owers, and clean teeth and gums with
GB3676 2. Bath against cold this preparation, but not swallow it (very bitter).
hoki maka, puka maqash 2. In form of a steam bath, mixed with other plants. Not very much
n
hot plant in use, because it is very bitter.
nn
M/W
Hepatica sp. Bryophyta 1. Against escorbuto: (inammed gums, gingivitis or 1. Smash this plant with salt, in order to obtain a paste. Apply the
arqanya, karkash ulcers in the mouth, herpetic sores on the lips). paste with a piece of tissue upon the affected part.
GB3725 2. Liver problems, excess of heat in the belly 2. A handful of this plant is put to boil, then ltered when cool. The
n
(very) cold plant resulting liquid is drunk.
n
W
Hesperomeles cuneata Lindl. Rosaceae 1. Bath against cold 1. In form of a steam bath, mixed with other plants.
GB3556 2. Against bad luck (maldad) 2. Place this plant over burning charcoal, and use the smoke to
Paq'lesh (Pumarronra) bath people or rooms.
tuktar, cruz cacha, manzanilla
(Armapampa)
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Hieracium sp. Asteraceae Intestinal cramps, liver trouble, stomach problems. Place to boil roots and leaves, add some lime juice (and alcohol in
GB3674 case of intestinal spasms).
chicorea de la puna
n
hot plant
nn
M/W

Family,
Herbarium number
Vernacular name
n
nn
M (market)/W (wild)
Hypericum brevistylum Choisy Gynecological problems, ammenorrhea, irregular and -Mix the plant with other plants: Adiantum raddianum, Gentiana
Clusiaceae painfull menstruations sedifolia, and put to boil for a while. Drink the lot.
GB3650
chinchin mayin
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Hypericum laricifolium Juss. Sensation of cold, chills, tiredness of all the body, bath Prepare a steam bath with this plant and others.
Clusiaceae against cold
GB3481
cypres, romero de la altura
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Iochroma sp. Solanaceae 1. Bath against cold 1. Do use no more than 5 stems of this plant in bath, because it is a
GB3637 2. Gynecological problems, vaginal discharges very hot plant.
req'ya 2. Use the plant in form of a steam bath and also as vaginal wash.
n
(very) hot plant Very efcient plant for all vaginal discharges.
nn
M/W
Jungia rugosa Less. 1. To treat inammation of the liver and kidneys and 1-2-Prepare a tea with the leaves and drink 3 small cups daily. In
Asteraceae of the digestive system case of bronchitis, mix with other leaves such as Eucalyptus, etc.
GB3320 2. To calm down cough, in case of any pulmonary 3-Prepare a tea with leaves, wash the sore or apply as a poultice.
matico de la sierra problem 4-In form of a steam bath, mixed up with other plants.
karamati, matico blanco 3. To disinfect cuts and wounds 5-Mix leaves of this plant with leaves of Ruta graveolens, Origgnum
n
cold plant 4. Pain in the articulations: knees, back pain due to vulgare, Mentha spp. Put to boil for a long time and apply on the
nn
M/W the cold. To reduce all inammations, swellings affected part. At the same time, drink a little bit of this preparation.
Juglans neotropica Diels Juglandaceae Bronchitis, pulmonary and respiratory problems. Place some leaves in milk, and put to boil, until the milk has a
GB3428 green color. In another recipe, a decoction is prepared with this
nogal plant, mixed up with other plants.
n
hot plant
n
M
Justicia sericea R. & P. In case of any liver and/or kidney problem and Tea: one stem in boiling water. Cool down and drink 3 cups daily.
Acanthaceae inammation.
GB3480
arzobispo
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Krameria lappacea (Dombey) Burdet & 1. Liver, kidney, stomach inammation 1-2-Decoction: put the whole plant to boil for 10 min. Drink 3 cups
B.B. Simpson, 2. Bruises, inammation, inamation of the skin, a day, and in case of bruises, apply this preparation on a cloth on
Krameriaceae bleeding gums the skin.
GB3477
ratania
n
cold plant
Lavatera arborea L. Malvaceae -Vaginal discharges, and gynecological infections This cultivated plant is put to boil for a long time, and is used as a
GB3324 vaginal wash, administrated 2 times a day. Also, when the infection
malva is severe, it is necessary the drink of some glasses of this
n
cold plant preparation, until complete recovery.
Lepechinia meyenii (Walpers) Epling 1. Stomach pain, burning feeling in the stomach, 1-2-Prepare an infusion with the whole plant and drink it.
Lamiaceae gastritis. 3-Mash the plant and apply as a poultice on the affected part.
GB3596 2. Cough
tekoar 3. Pain in the articulations
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Liabum solidagineum (H.B.K.) Lissing Pain of joints, general pain of the body Place the leaves over a source of heat, and apply as a poultice.
Asteraceae
GB3394
yulaq'weyta
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Lichen sp. 1. Nervios z2- Cover a handful of this plant with some water and put to boil.
Parmeliaceae 2. Susto Drink small glasses until feeling better. In case of susto, it is
GB3683 3. Bath against cold necessary to make a choq'ma before.
barba de piedra, puma champa 3-In form of a steam bath, mixed up with other plants.
n
cold plant
nn
W

Family,
Herbarium number
Vernacular name
n
nn
M (market)/W (wild)
Loricaria ferruginea (Ruiz & Pav.) Wedd. Bath against cold In form of a steam bath, mixed up with other plants.
Asteraceae
Huallpapa chakin
GB3587
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Luma chequen (Molina) A.Gray 1. Stomach, ulcer, gastritis 1. One stem of this cultivated shrub prepared in hot boiling water
Myrtaceae 2. To preserve teeth from decay as a tea. Drink 3 glasses a day, untill cure.
GB3620 3. To heat up the body 2. -Chew some leaves after meals. Acts as a disinfectant
arrayan de castilla tooth paste.
n
(very) hot plant 3. As a morning tea.
nn
M
Lupinus mutabilis Sweet Fabaceae 1. Swelling up of the intestines, pain in the stomach, 1. Heat a handful of leaves, mash them and place them on
GB3794 difculty to digest food. the belly.
chocho, tarwi 2. Bath against cold. 2. Steam bath with other plants.
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Lupinus werberbauerii Ulbr Stomach problems or ulcers, diabetes. Place 2 leaves in half liter of boiling water. Leave to cool, and drink
Fabaceae to nish this preparation during the day. Repeat treatment until
GB3823 pain disappears. In case of diabetes, this treatment is done during
jayapan chakor 5 days in a row.
nn
M/W
n
cold plant
Lycopodium clavatum L. Lycopodiaceae -Bath against cold -Steam bath with other plants
GB3641
Pumapa makin
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Margarocarpus sp. Ranunculaceae -Bath against cold Steam bath with other plants.
GB3768
Runtu
n
cold plant
n
W
Marrubium vulgare L. Lamiaceae Legs pain Smash the whole plant in order to obtain a juice.
GB3405 Rub the legs with that, or use the mashed plant as a poultice.
mua macho
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Melilotus albus Medik. Fabaceae Cough and other respiratory problems Place to boil some leaves in milk or water, and drink this.
GB3404 It is also recommended to add some Pisco and honey to the
alfa alfa macho preparation.
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Miconia salicifolia (Bonpland ex -Bath against cold Steam bath with other plants.
Naudin) Naudin Melastomataceae
carrhuaz tsarklia
GB3451
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Mimulus glabratus Kunth Liver pain, or liver problems Leaves are prepared as a tea, which is drunk or leaves are eaten
Scrophulariaceae fresh like salad. Also a juice is expressed from the leaves and drunk
GB3625 by small spoons.
qarwash berro, berro amarillo
n
cold plant
Minthostachys mollis (Benth) Griseb 1. Stomach ulcer, gastritis, stomach and Note : this specie is considered to be a very hot species. Hence all
Lamiaceae intestinal spasm. remedy should be administered in the morning only.
GB3515 2. Flu, cough, 1. The plant is prepared in form of a tea, which is drunk until
Mua, ishmua 3. Headache, soroche (sickness due to the high feeling better. In another recipe, the leaves are put to boil with
n
(very) hot plant altitude) chicha de jora (fermented drink, based on corn germinated
nn
M/W 4. Bath against cold seeds). To calm down intestinal spasms, leaves are heated in a
pan, and rubbed warm over the belly.
2. In case of a strong u, the plant is used in form of a steam bath,
and a tea is prepared with the leaves.
In another remedy it is recommended to place the whole plant
in maceration in some alcohol (Pisco) for few days. The

Family,
Herbarium number
Vernacular name
n
nn
M (market)/W (wild)
preparation has to be rubbed over the skin or administered in

form of a steam bath.
When there is difculties to breeze leaves are crushed and
smelled.
3. Put the leaves in a pan to heat with some animal grease, and
apply as a poultice. At the same time prepare a strong
concentrated tea with sugar, and some Pisco.
4. In form of a steam bath, with other plants.
Monnina salicifolia Ruiz et Pav. 1. Traumas, bruises. 1-2-Prepare a steam bath with this plant, mixed with other plants.
Polygalaceae 2. Bath against cold 3-The fruit is chewed, and placed all over the affected teeth.
upe chukru 3. Tooth decay
GB3792
mochiza (Armapampa), upechukru
(Rek'rish, Willcahuayin,
Armapampa)
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Morella pubescens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex 1. Intestinal spasms, stomach ache 1. One stem is prepared in form of a tea.
Willd.) Wilbur 2. Bath against cold 2. In form of a steam bath.
Myrsinaceae 3. As an herbal spice 3. The leaves are used to cook meat (avor is very much like the
GB3591 true laurel).
laurel
n
Hot plant
nn
M
Muehlenbeckia andina Brandbyge 1. Bath against cold 1. In a steam bath, mixed up with other plants.
Polygonaceae 2. Susto, and against bad luck (maldad) 2. Dried plants are place over a burning charcoal, in order to have
aurinsho hembra, puka aurinsho plenty of smoke, to bath the affected person.
GB3791
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Muehlenbeckia tamnifolia (Kunth) 1. Swellings of any part of the body 1-2-Mash a big amount of plant, and apply as a poultice on the
Meisn. 2. To cure erisipele (strong red inammation of affected part. Change the poultice when drying.
GB3709 the skin) 3-For infected wound, bring to boil some water with plant, and
and 3. Infected wounds. wash the wound repeatedly before applying the poultice.
Muehlenbeckia tiliifolia Wedd. 4. Bath against cold 4-In a steam bath, mixed up with other plants.
Polygonaceae
GB3392
aurinsho hembra, puka aurinsho
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Muehlenbeckia volcanica (Benth.) Endl. 1. Stomach pain, internal wounds with 1-2. The whole plant is boiled for a while, and small cups of this
hemorrhage. this preparation is drunk until feeling better.
Polygonaceae 2. Cough, pulmonary problem 3-In a steam bath, mixed up with other plants.
GB3593 3. Bath against cold
mullaka
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Mutisia acuminata Ruiz & Pavon -Bath against cold -In form of a steam bath, mixed up with other plants.
Asteraceae
GB3370
makilina
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Nasturtium ofcinale R.Br. Brassicaceae -To cure escorbuto. (inammed gums, gingivitis or -The juice from the leaves is rubbed over ulcers and gums,
GB3713 ulcers in the mouth, on the lips, herpetic sore) repeatedly.
berro
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Nicotiana thyrsiora Goodsp.Solanaceae -Against cold sickness -In steam bath with other plant. As it is a very hot plant it is
GB3774 recommended not to put too much.
aceituna
n
(very) hot plant
nn
W
Nostoc sphaericun Vaucher ex Bornet & In case of chirurgical operations, to get strong and to Prepare these small round gelatinous black alga pearls in form of a
Flahault. recover fast dish.

Family,
Herbarium number
Vernacular name
n
nn
M (market)/W (wild)
Nostocaceae
cushuro
n
cold plant
nn
M
Nototriche pinnata (Cav.) A.W. Hill. -General desinamant of the body, depurative. -The dried root of the plant is sold in the market. It has to be
Malvaceae soaked for a while in water, until soft and mucilaginous. Then, it is
GB3328 peeled and grated in a glass of water, left to macerate for a while
raizaltia and the preparation is drunk.
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Onoethera rosea L'herit. ex Aiton 1. Stomach ache, in case of digestive organ 1-2-Put one stem in one cup of hot boiling water. Let cool, and
Onagraceae inammation or internal bruises drink as a tea. Repeat treatment until feeling better.
GB3321 2. Kidney infection 3-4-5-Put a big quantity of plant in boiling water and let simmer
chupasangre, antalaria 3. To cure erisipele due to high exposure to the sun: for a while. When the preparation is concentrated enough, apply
n
cold plant the skin is red, swollen up, and the person on the body.
nn
M/W feels bad. For internal bruises drink few small glass.
4. Feet and legs are swollen up 6. The fresh plant is mashed and applied locally.
5. Internal and external bruises
6. As an hemostatic
Ophryosporus chilca (Kunth) Hieron 1. Broken limb, sprains, knocks 1. Crush a big quantity of leaves and directly apply on the broken
Asteraceae 2. Infected wound part as a poultice, or make leaves soft by soaking them for a
GB3357, (Huaraz) 3. Head ache while in hot boiling water.
cheq'ya 4. Bath against cold 2. Prepare a strongly concentrated decoction with the leaves, and
n
hot plant wash the wound before applying the softened leaves as a
nn
M/W dressing.
3. Crush leaves until soft. Apply has a poultice.
4. Mix with other plants, in form of a steam bath.
Opuntia cus-indica L. Mill. -Liver, kidney inammation Eat 3 raw fruits of the white variety on a regular base, every day
Cactaceae during 3 weeks.
tuna
n
cold plant
nn
M
Oreocallis grandiora (Lam.) R. Br. 1. Flu, strong sensation of cold, after hard work in 1. Part one leaf in 2 and place in a cup of hot boiling water. Drink
Proteaeae the sun. as a tea.
GB3432 2. Liver problem 2. One stem of this plant is put to boil, and the resulting
tzaq'pa 3. Bath against cold preparation is drunk.
n
(very) hot plant 3. Mix with other plants, in form of a steam bath. Do not use much
nn
M/W (very hot plant).
Orthrosanthus chimboracensis (Kunth) Cancer or cysts of the uterus Decoction: put a handful of leaves to boil. Drink 3 small cups a day.
Klatt.Iridaceae
GB3602
pashara, lirio de jalca
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Otholobium mexicanum (L. f.) 1. Diarrea with fever and tenesmus (dysenteria), 3-Tea: 2-3 stems in boiling water. Drink small cups, as hot as
J.W. Grimes Fabaceae intestinal parasites possible, every 3 h until problem stops, or mash a handful of leaves,
GB3551 2. Intestinal infection of children: diarrhea with and pour over boiling water. Leave to cool down, and drink
culen hembra gelatinous feces and intestinal spasms 2 glasses a day, until recovery.
Otholobium pubescens (Poir.) 3. To regulate the digestive system, including
J.W. Grimes Fabaceae stomach and liver after an infection of the
GB3548 digestive tract
culen macho
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Oxalis tuberosa Molina, 1. Liver inammation 1-2-Put some chopped tubers to boil in water and drink.
Oxalidaceae 2. Diabetes 3-Cooked in local dishes
GB3457 3. Tuber are cultivated as a staple food and said to be
occa good for the digestive system
n
cold plant
nn
M
Pelargonium sp. Geraniaceae 1. Nervios pain in the heart, with a feeling of anxiety, 1. Mix this cultivated species with other plants (violeta,
GB3590 stress. Sanguisorba minor, etc), and prepare as a tea.

Family,
Herbarium number
Vernacular name
n
nn
M (market)/W (wild)
malva de olor 2. Intestinal spasms and pain. 2. Place leaves in water and leave over the night. Drink the
n
cold plant following morning.
nn
M
Peperomia congona Sodiro 1. In case of internal wounds 1-2- Squeeze the fresh plant in order to obtain juice. This juice is
Piperaceae 2. Stomach ulcers drunk by spoonful until recovery. It is said to be a very efcient
GB3621 remedy.
congona de olor
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Peperomia galioides Kunth 1. Wounds 1. Mash the fresh plant and apply as a poultice
Piperaceae 2. Stomach ulcers 2. Squeeze the fresh plant in order to obtain juice. This juice is
GB3549 drunk by spoonful until recovery. It is said to be a very efcient
congona remedy.
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Peperomia hartwegiana Miq 1. Stomach ulcers, liver and kidneys problems, 1. Place a handful of this plant in boiling water for some minutes.
Piperaceae 2. Bruises Drink as a tea.
GB3474 2. Mash the fresh plant and apply as a poultice
congona
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Perezia coerulescens Wedd. 1. Heart pain (physically and emotionally) 1-2-One plant is parted in 2 pieces, covered with boiling water and
Asteraceae 2. Nervios let to boil for few minutes. When the preparation is cold, drink
GB3329 and GB3473 (Huaraz) small cups.
patza maki, raiz valeriana, valeriana
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Perezia multiora (Bonpl.) Less. 1. Cough, bronchitis, respiratory sickness 1-2-Tea: one plant (stem and leaves) covered with hot boiling
Asteraceae 2. Diuretic, febrifuge, sudoric water. When cool, drink small cups, do not over pass dose as it is a
GB3339 (Huaraz) very bitter plant.
escorzonera
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Persea americana Mill. Lauraceae 1. Traumas, sprains, bruises 1. Put some leaves in maceration in alcohol, and apply as a
GB3398 2. Intestinal infection with fever. dressing on the affected part of the body. Change the dressing
palta until recovery.
n
hot plant 2. One seed is nely gratted, and put to boil for a while, until the
nn
M obtention of a concentrated decoction. Small cups (100 ml) are
drunk, until feeling better.
Phacelia secunda J.F.Gmel. Boraginaceae 1. Stomach pain 1. The whole plant in from of a tea.
GB3783 2. Against cold sickness 2. In form of a steam bath, with other plants
malva macho
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Phoradendron sp. Loranthaceae 1. To calm down inammation and pain after a 1. Bring to boil some stems of this plant together with some
suelda con suelda trauma, a broken limb, a sprain, etc. Peperomia sp. plants, and add one grated seed of Persea
GB3595 2. -Bath against cold americana, and alcohol. Rub the affected part of the body with
n
cold plant this preparation.
nn
M/W 2. In form of a steam bath, with other plants
Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. Post partum haemmorrhage, metrorragias. Squeeze the plant to obtain a juice. Drink by spoonful.
Urticaceae
GB3594
wamllatzin
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Piper barbatum H.B.K 1. Arthritis, rheumatic pain, muscular pain, sprains 1. Place some leaves over a re with Dipsacus fullonum leaves untill
Piperaceae 2. Carrion disease (an endemic disease caused by warm, then rub the affected place, and keep the leaves in place.
GB3606 (Huaraz) Bartonella bacilliformis) Do not rub too much as it is a very hot plant.
Moqo moqo 2. Rub the oral spike of this plant, previously heated over a re
n
(very) hot plant upon the wart.
nn
M/W

Family,
Herbarium number
Vernacular name
n
nn
M (market)/W (wild)
Polylepis incana H.B.K -Bath against cold Make a steam bath with some stems of this tree, mixed with other
Rosaceae plants.
GB3455
and
Polylepis weberbaueri Pilg. Rosaceae
GB3697
queua de altura, queua
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Polypodium pycnocarpum C. Chr. 1. Kidney problem, colored yellow urine, with lower 1-2-A handful of leaves is placed to boil during 20 min.The
Polypodiaceae back pain. resulting preparation is drunk as water.
GB3746 2. When the intestines are blocked, and the person 3-Some leaves are mashed, and placed in water to boil. The
and cannot eat and cannot drink (empacho). resulting liquid is passed over the head.
Polystichum cochleanum 3. Headache
Dryopteridaceae
GB3452
for both plant :
yaku palma, palma q'ora
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Polystichium orbiculatum Desv. J. Remy Against maldad, bad luck The whole plant, mixed or not with other plants is placed over a
& Fe Dryopteridaceae re and the person (or the room) is bathed with the smoke.
GB3813
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Prunus serotina Ehrh. Rosaceae -Reumatic pain, bone pain, u. When the tree is owering, leaves are placed to boil, and the
GB3577 person should bathe with the preparation.
capuli
n
hot plant
n
W
Ranunculus weberbaueri (Ulbr.) 1. When the children do not speak. 1. This plan is very well known for the use, and the name itself
Lourteig Ranunculaceae 2. Legs pain. means talk talk. The mouth of the children is lighltly patted
GB3340 with some owering stems.
rima rima 2. Rub softly the stem on the legs.
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Ribes cuneifolium R. & 1. Bath against cold 1. Mix with other plants, and prepare a steam bath.
P. Grossulariaceae 2. Painful teeth and gums. 2. Chew some leaves, or apply the juice of the leaves on the gums
GB3640 and teeth.
pia pia
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Rubus adenothallus Focke Rosaceae 1. Cough, u. 1. Mix some leaves with Perezia multiora, and Senecio calvus,
GB3351 2. Bath against cold Jungia rugosa, Eucalyptus sp., etc. leaves, and boil for a while.
and 3. Throat pain, throat inammation. In another recipe, the owers are prepared in form of a tea.
Rubus oribundus Kunth Rosaceae 4. Headache due of blood high pressure. 2. Mix with other plants and prepare as a steam bath (poorly used)
shirapoq, chilaca, chiraka 5. Susto 3. Chew the young leaves from the stem apex.
GB3802 6. Stomach ache 4. Place the plant over burning charcoal.
n
cold plant When leaves are hot, place them around the head with a blue or
nn
M/W black cloth, and keep in place until cold.
5. After the choq'ma put some owers in hot boiling water
and drink.
6. Flowers as tea and drink.
Rumex crispus L. Polygonaceae 1. Inammation of the parotid glands. 1. Leaves are mashed, and applied as a poultice. To help to reduce
GB3708 2. Headache, due to the sun. the inamation, the cold blade of a knife is passed on the
Rumex obtusufolius L. Polygonaceae 3. Tooth pain, inamation fo the gums, swellings and affected part.
GB3401 abcess. 2. Leaves are slightly crushed in the hand, and rubbed over the
Rumex pulcher L. Polygalaceae 4. Bath against cold head (or placed in a hat).
GB3578 3. Mash the leaves, and apply as a poultice. In another recipe,
chuchu q'ora, lengua de vaca leaves are softened in hot boiling water, then used as a dressing.
n
cold plant 4. Mix with plants and prepare as a steam bath (but not much
n
W in use).
Ruta chalapensis L Rutaceae 1. Aire, mal aire 1. Before the blooming of the plant, pick up some small new
GB3396 2. Against bad luck maldad leaves, and prepare a bath with that. Can be mixed with Jungia

Family,
Herbarium number
Vernacular name
n
nn
M (market)/W (wild)
ruda 3. Sharp pain in the knee rugosa, Piper barbatum. Also take some leaves, put them in hot
n
hot plant animal grease, rub the whole body wit them.
nn
M/W 2. Eat 5 small fruits without chewing them (but only the one with
5 carpels). (This plant has numerous uses linked with
good luck).
3. A handfull of leaves is placed to boil, and the lot is applied as a
poultice.
Salix humboldtiana Willd. Salicaceae -Bath against cold Mix with other plants, in steam bath
sauce
GB3429
n
cold plant
Salvia sagittata Ruiz & Pav. Lamiaceae -Bath against cold Mix with other plants, in steam bath. Also prepared in form of tea.
GB3766
salvia macho
n
hot plant
nn
W
Sambucus peruviana Kunth Adoxaceae 1. Pulmonary sickness, bronchitis, u, cough. 1-2-Prepare leaves or owers in form of a tea.
GB3393 2. Nervios 3-Place some leaves in hot chicken (or cuy) grease for a while, and
sambuco, sauco 3. Aire, mal aire rub them all over the body. Leaves can be also previously soaked in
4. Susto alcohol.
n
cold plant 4-Leaves as a tea, to drink after the choq'ma session
nn
M/W
Sanguisorba minor Scop. Rosaceae 1. Nervios 1. Mix this plants with other that have the same use (Pelargonium
GB3343 2. Heart pain (physical) sp., violeta etc.,) prepare as a strongly concentrated tea and
pinpinella drink every morning before breakfast.
n
hot plant 2. in form of a tea, with other plants.
n
M
Schinus molle L. Anacardiaceae -Rheumatic pain, arthritis Heat the leaves over a re, and apply as a warm dressing on the
kullash affected part. The exuding resin will clam down pain very quickly,
GB3430 it is a very efcient remedy.
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Schkuria pinnata Cabrera 1. Liver problem 1-2-As a tea: one stem in hot boiling water. Let cool down and
2. To purify blood in case of chronic dermatosis or drink small glasses (100 ml) 3 times a day.
Asteraceae other problem related with liver dysfunction 3-Place one stem in 1 l. of water, and bring to boil for 2 min. Drink
GB3472 3. To regulate high blood pressure this preparation all day long. (One month treatment).
kanchalagua, pitzana
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Senecio breviscapus DC. 1. Liver problem 1. A tea is made out of the plant.
Asteraceae 2. Artritis, rheumatic pain 2. Rub the leaves previously heated on the affected part.
GB3622 3. Bath against cold 3. As a steam bath, mixed up with other plants
escorzonera de agua
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Senecio calvus Cuatrec. 1. Cough, respiratory sickness 1. Tea: few leaves covered with boiling water, mixed up (or not)
Asteraceae 2. Bath against cold with Eucaliptus sp., Juglans neotropica, Borago ofcinalis, etc.
GB3341 When cool, drink small cups.
huamanripa 2. As a steam bath, mixed up with other plants
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Senecio ferreyrae Cabrera Bath against cold As a steam bath, mixed up with other plants
GB3682
Asteraceae
wiscacha
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Senna birostris var. helveola (J.F.Macbr.) 1. To cure erisipele, (red swelling inammation fo the 1. Mashed leaves are applied as a dressing on te skin
H.S.Irwin & Barneby Fabaceae skin and headache) 2. A tea is made out of some leaves and drunk.
GB3757 2. Stomach infection 3. Very popular use for this plant: apply mashed leaves in form of a
and 3. Bruises, traumas, broken limbs, hernias poultice, keep in place with a cloth.
Senna birostris (Dombey ex. Vogel) 4. Bath against cold 4. Mix with other plants and prepare in form of a steam bath
HS. Irwin & Barneby
Fabaceae

Family,
Herbarium number
Vernacular name
n
nn
M (market)/W (wild)
GB3616
wishliak
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp.) -Diabetes and helps to regulate the digestive system in -Tubers are cultivated, and eaten on a regular bases.
H. Rob. general
Asteraceae
GB3485
yacon
n
cold plant
nn
M
Solanum glutinosum Dunal Solanaceae 1. Spider bites 1. Mash some fruits in form of a paste, and apply on the bite.
GB3756 2. To speed up birth delivery Replace until pain has disappeared.
royorshu, ahui pashtaq 3. To make cheese 2. Soften some leaves over a re, then place the leaves as a carpet
n
hot plant on the ground. The pregnant women must stand up and walk on
nn
M/W these leaves.
3. Few drops from the fruits are placed in milk, and this induces
instant coagulation.
Solanum tuberosum L. To help digestion, to restore digestive system. Dried potatoes are cultivated staple food, and they are prepared
Solanaceae cooked in soups or in local other dishes: this is said to be very good
GB3460 for digestive fonctions.
papa seca
n
cold plant
nnn
M
Solanum tuberosum L. 1. Said to be excellent for the whole digestive system 1-2-3-4-Potatoes of different varieties are buried in a big hole, near
Solanaceae and inammation for any organ (stomach, liver, a river in high altitude (3000 m) covered with straw. One or two
GB3462 intestines), months after, the hole is opened up, and tokosh (transformed
tokosh-papa auki 2. Enhance immunity of old people or in case of potato) is ready for sale. Its texture is creamy, it has a very strong
tokosh-papa ikash infectious disease. (unpleasant) smell and it cooked and prepared in form of a soup or
tokosh-papa blanca 3. To recover faster, in case of sickness, chirurgical other local delicacy. It has many highly valued medicinal
tokosh-papa peruanita operations. properties.
n
cold plant 4. Chronic rheumatic pains, arthritis and all chronic
nn
M inammatory disorders of the body
Solanum polytrichostylum Bitter -Inammation of the parotid glands -Leaves are mashed, and applied as a dressing on the swollen place.
Solanaceae Also, the cold blade of a knife is rubbed over place.
GB3710
n
cold plant
nn
W
Sonchus oleraceus L. Asteraceae 1. Intestinal colics, bloatting, spasms. Few stems are put to boil for a while, in a cup of water. Drink and
GB3707 2. Liver problem and bilis o colera (gall bladder repeat treatment until feeling better. In another recipe, owers of
kashaqaa trouble) this plant are mixed with owers of Chamaemelum nobile
n
cold plant 3. To increase milk production (for the cuy) (manzanilla), Sanguisorba, prepared in form of a tea.
nn
M Leaves are mixed with Chenopodium ambrosioides, leaves and
prepared as a tea.
Leaves as fodder helps to increase milk production of female cuy.
Spartium junceum L. Fabaceae 1. Bath against cold 1. In form of a steam bath, mixed up with other plants.
GB3567 2. Liver problem (hepatitis) 2. Flowers as a tea. Drink 3 cups durig 2 days. Do not
retama overpass dose.
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Stangea heinrici Graebn. -Aire, mal aire, heart pain, with nauseas Place one whole plant (with roots) in a cup of boiling water. Let
Valerianaceae cool down, and drink.
GB3824
valeriana
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Stipa ichu (Ruiz & Pav) Kunth Poaceae 1. Bath against cold 1. In form of a steam bath, the whole plant with its roots, mixed up
GB3790 2. General pain of the body, or sharp pain in with other plants.
oq'sha the body 2. Because the leaves have the same strong acute indentation as a
n
cold plant saw, they are used to calm down pain. In form of a decoction,
nn
M/W together with the administration of a bath with the same plant.

Family,
Herbarium number
Vernacular name
n
nn
M (market)/W (wild)
Tagetes elliptica Sm. 1. Used in dressing to soak meat, before cooking. 1. Leaves are mashed, and mixed with aji amarillo and salt. Meat is
Asteraceae 2. Rheumatic pain, arthritis marinated in the mixture for some hours, then cooked as a
GB3326 3. Stomach ache traditional dish: seco or pachamanca.
chincho, yacu chincho 2. Leaves are mashed and applied as a poultice.
n
hot plant 3. Leaves in form of a tea.
nn
M
Tagetes lifolia Lag. 1. Help to restore digestive functionality in case of 1. Tea: can be mixed with other plants for refresco
Asteraceae stomach ache, acidity, dyspepsia, intestinal colics 2. In form of a hot infusion, drunk with the main meal.
GB3418 2. To prepare an everyday drink (refresco)
anis
n
hot plant
nn
M
Tagetes minuta L. To prepare a sauce used as a condiment for meat, Leaves are mixed with other ingredients (grated cheese, piment
Asteraeae potatoes, etc., said to be good for digestive well being. rocoto, Capsicum pubescens, aji amarillo, milk, water and grated
GB3466 biscuits) in order to obtain a strong perfumed green liquid sauce.
wakatay
n
hot plant
nn
M
Tanacetum parthemium (L.) Schu-Bip 1. Intestinal spasms 1. The leaves of this cultivated species is used in form of a tea. It is
Asteraceae 2. Against cold sickness a very efcient remedy.
GB3471 2. Steam bath with other plants
agua de banda
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Taraxacum ofcinale L. Liver problem, liver pain, depurative (skin affection) The whole plant, with roots, in form of a light tea. Drink small cups.
Asteraceae (very bitter plant)
GB3296
diente de leon, achicorea
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex H. B. K. -Bath against cold -Combine this plant preferably with Hesperomeles cuneata and
Bignoniaceae prepare as a steam bath.
GB3558
waroma
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Tillandsia sp. Bromeliaceae -Bath against cold -Mix with other plants, in form of a steam bath.
GB3569
weria, werlia veta
n
hot plant
n
W
Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pav. -Prostatic problems -Dried tubers of this cultivated plant are placed in water and boiled
Tropaeolaceae for 15 min. Resulting water is drunk.
GB3456
mashua
n
cold plant
nn
M
Ullucus tuberosus Caldas 1. For the whole digestive system, have a soothing 1-3- Boil the tuber until it is soft. Eat as a soup or plain.
Basellaceae effect against intestine/liver/stomach 2- Tubers are prepared in decoction, to drink.
GB3458 inammations
papa lisa 2. Diuretic effect, stomach ache
n
hot plant 3. Staple food (cultivated plants)
nn
M
Urtica urens L. Urticaeae 1. Broken lims, sprains, traumas. To 1. Place a big quantity of the plant in water, bring to boil, and lter.
GB3758 consolidate bones. Place the resulting liquid in a bottle, and drink 3 cups a day,
ortiga hembra, ortiga negra 2. Bronchitis during 1 month.
n
hot plant 2. Few stems in hot boiling water. Drink when hot.
nn
M/W
Vaccinum oribundum Ericaceae -Stomach pain -Boil the whole plant and drink 3 glasses. Only one day of
GB3639 treatment, no more.
macha macha
n
hot plant
nn
M/W

Family,
Herbarium number
Vernacular name
n
nn
M (market)/W (wild)
Vallea stipularis L.f. Elaeocarpaceae -Bath against cold -Mix with other plants, in form of a steam bath.
GB3777
tuna manzana, manzana silvestre
n
hot plant
nn
M/W
Verbena litoralis Kunth. 1. Ulcers, or white spot in the mouth. 1. Mash the plan, and apply the juice on the affected part.
Verbenaceae 2. Food intoxication. 2. Bring to boil few leaves and add a lime juice. Drink the lot.
GB3557 Repeat treatment if necessary.
Verbena
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Verbesina sp. Asteraceae 1. Respiratory problems, bronchitis 1-2-3-Leaves are placed in boiling water until soft. Then they are
GB3354 2. Fever, sunstroke carefully mixed with hot cuy grease, and applied in the back of the
putaq'ka, 3. cancer neck, as a poultice.
matu (Armapampa)
n
hot plant
nn
W
Villadia reniformis H. Jacobsen -Abscess of the skin, furunculosis -The whole plant is mashed, mixed with some grease or oil, and
Crassulaceae applied as a dressing.
GB3788
ashpa ashpa
n
cold plant
nn
M/W
Werneria nubigena Kunth. Asteraceae 1. Bath against cold 1. In form of steam bath, mixed up with other plants.
GB3631 2. Diarrhea 2. Part the plant in 2 and place in boiling water. Let cool down and
yekish koda, patza maki 3. For the children, to walk. drink. Repeat treatment 3 times a day until feeling better.
n
hot plant 3. Rubb the plant over children legs, every day, during 4-5 months.
nn
M/W
Zea mays L. Poaceae 1. Said to be excellent for the whole digestive system 2-3-4-Corn seeds from the variety mais blanca are buried in a big
GB3465 (Huaraz) and inammation for any organ (stomach, liver, hole near a river in high altitude (4000 m) and covered with straw.
tokosh maiz blanca intestines), One or two months after, the hole is opened up, and tokosh
n
cold food 2. Enhance immunity of old people or in case of (transformed corn seeds) is ready for sale. Its texture is creamy and
nn
M infectious sickness. it is cooked as a cream or other local delicacy.
3. To recover faster, in case of sickness, chirurgical
operations.
4. Chronic rheumatic pains, arthritis and all chronic
inammatory disorders of the body
Zea mays L. -To help digestive function -Fresh corn seeds are left to germinate. When sprouting, seeds are
Poaceae dried in the sun. Germinated seeds are boiled with other
GB3459 (Huaraz) ingredients (spices, sugar) and fermented, in order to prepare an
maiz germinado, chicha de jora everyday beverage.
n
cold food
nn
M
Hot diseases are said to be produced by internal heat accumu- In fact, a close by study of the geographical repartition of wild
lation, affecting digestive organs, and source of inammation plants from these 2 categories reveals that hot wild plants are
(inamacin): therefore, gastritis, stomach ache, bowel problems generally species growing at high altitude or in open places
are said to be hot, the same for kidney, and liver disorders. directly exposed to the sun. Contrarily, cold wild species are
Headache, conjunctivitis, red inamed eyes, and dermatological mainly species growing in humid places, in the bottom of small
affections are due to an over exposition to the sun radiation and creeks, or in some wet place, or where the sun cannot penetrate
classied as hot diseases. This is the case for erisipele, character- much, because of the topography of the place. Regarding culti-
ized by a deep red inammation of the skin and a feeling of vated species, edible tubers or roots (potatoes, aracacha, mashua,
dizziness, escorbuto, mainly found in children under 12 years old, oca, yacon, tokosh preparations etc.) are generally considered as
suffering of inamed gums or ulcers or herpetic sores in the cold, the same for all preparations with corn and germinated corns
mouth and on the lips, and mumps. All are considered to be hot (chicha de jora), yuyo (Amaranthus deexus), kiwicha (Amaranthus
diseases. caudatus), quinua (Chenopodium quinoa), chocho (Lupinus mut-
abilis), tuna (Opuntia cus-indica), lucma (Pouteria lucuma), limon
(Citrus limon). Fish and sh grease are also considered to be cold.
3.2.1. Hot and cold plants Maca (Lepidium meyenii), tomate de rbol (Cyphomandra beta-
Plants are classied as hot (or warm) or cold (or fresh), cea), apples, aromatic herbs i.e. hierba buena (Mentha spp.),
ranging from very hot or very cold to averagely hot or cold. oregano (Oreganum sp.), and all other animal grease used for
therapeutical purposes. Cuy (or guinea pig, Cavia porcellus, Cavii- that rst inquiry in case of discomfort is always about the hotcold
dae), snake, chicken grease are considered to be hot. quality of food intake in previous meals. As a matter of fact, every-
Regarding wild plants, this bond between the plant quality and day lunch is served with a refresco, a mucilaginous herbal drink,
its geographical setting has also been mentioned in Tibet and in made out of selected plants, said to have refreshing properties,
other Asiatic countries (Mercan, 2013). According Bastien (1985) despite served hot. Therefore, tubers, roots, seeds, fruits, edible
and Robin (2008) this topographical metaphor, between plants, leaves, and also meat, and grease can be considered as functional
body and the environment highlight the notion of an extended food, with preventive properties of their own. This is especially
Andean corporality perceived as a living entity of its own, in which true for all Tokosh preparations perceived as panaceas, helping the
all elements are crossed by the same forces and interact in a body to function properly (our data and Rosales Papa (1995)).
relation of reciprocity. Hot diseases are generally treated with cold plants, prepared in
form of an infusion or decoction, taken internally. Sometimes, to
enhance the sensation of cold, the blade of a knife is placed over
3.2.2. Treatments for cold diseases
the affected part of the body, in case of mumps for example.
Consequently, and in coherence with this ethno-physiological
Nevertheless, it has to be pointed out that this correspondence
perception of the body, treatments aim to restore this hot/cold
between hot/cold polarities of plants/diseases is not always
balance with the help of hot plants in case of cold disease and cold
respected, as it might appear that hot plants or very hot plants
plants in case of hot disease.
are used to cure hot affections, the same for cold plants used for
The rst treatment against cold disease is preventive: steam
cold problems. This is the case for example for Minthostachys
baths (bao de frio: bath against cold) are prepared on a regular
mollis and Luma chequen said to be (very) hot plants, but also
base, in order to help the body in its homeostatic function. Once or
strongly recommended against gastritis, and stomach ache or
twice a month, or whenever necessary, if the person feels tired
stomach ulcers etc. In this peculiar case it was only mentioned
and chilly at the end of the day with a persistent sensation of
to us that these remedies should not be taken in the evening,
numbness, or after a hard day of sweating physical work, different
because too hot. The same for Galinsoga parviora, Desmodium
plants species are collected from the wild. Also steam baths are
mollucanum, Otholobium spp. classied as cold, but used against
always prepared during the post-partum period, when the woman
diarrhea, a cold disease.
has just given birth, in order to prevent further complications from
the cold penetrating inside her. Hot and cold plants are mixed
3.3. Susto
up, in order to have the matching combination, depending upon
how cold and chilly the person feels. Indeed, pronounced disparity
Susto, described by many authors as a culture-bound syndrome
between the hot/cold status of the person and the treatment has
(Sanz-Biset et al., 2009, Carey, 1993) has been cited many times by
to be avoided as this would result in a shock, and consequently
our informants as a cause of disease, especially for small children.
high fever. Therefore, very hot (Brachyotum spp. Iochroma sp.,
In Callejn de Huaylas, just as in other Andean places (Frisancho
Minthostachys mollis, Nicotiana thyrsiora, Oreocallis grandiora,
Pinceda, 2009), it is explained that the person is composed of two
Piper barbatum, Luma chequen) and very cold (Alnus acuminata,
different entities: the body, made out of esh, and the anima that
Cynanchum spp., Hepatica sp., Rumex spp., Cestrum spp.) species
gives life to the inanimate body. The anima of a person and
are seldom used, or if so, just a small part is picked up. Selected
especially the one of children is thought to dissociate easily from
plants are put to boil for a while in a big recipient and when the
the body in case of accident or strong emotions such as fright
steam starts to raise, the person stands over the basin, covered by
(susto). This loss of anima makes it easy for an alien anima (from
a blue or black piece of cloth, breezing the steam. Then, the
another person, animal or any invisible entity) to replace the
lukewarm water is poured gently over the person, who then must
original one. So the frightened person has lost part of its own
go straight to sleep, and eat only hot chicken feet (or meat) soups.
anima, and has the persisting imprint of an alien one: this
Feverish sensation, or profuse sweating on the following day is
condition is called susto. When susto is due to a person, it is called
said to be a good sign of the efciency of the treatment.
susto de persona (susto from somebody) and when it is due to an
As a matter of example, a typical bunch of plants sold on the
animal it is called susto de animales (susto from an animal). One
market to prepare a bao de frio will includes stem from Baccharis
might suspect that a person suffers from susto when there is a
latifolia, Baccharis spp., Buddleja incana, Clinopodium spp., Fuchsia
feeling of tiredness, sadness or anxiety for a long period, when the
denticulata, Gynoxis spp., Hypericum laricifolium, Lupinus mutablilis,
person cries with no apparently reason, has insomnias, night-
Morella pubescens, Ophryosporus chilca, Polyepis spp., Onoethera
mares, no energy to do things, feels depressive and has hollows
rosae, and Senna bisrotis.
eyes with long eye lashes. Susto condition is said to be the root of
Possibly, despite the regular administration of steam baths,
other disease, therefore must be treated. Susto is diagnosed using
cold has penetrated deeply in the body resulting in a permanent
specic techniques i.e.: pasar el huevo (rubbing with an egg),
dysfunction, leading to a cold disease. Thus, only hot plants will be
soba del cuy (cuy imposition) (see below). Susto cure is called
used, externally or internally, according the case. To enhance the
choq'ma, a Quechua word meaning the action of rubbing some-
hot qualities of plants, in case of arthritis or rheumatic pains,
thing over the body to take something away: tuesday and thursday
muscular sprains, etc., stems and leaves might be heated over a
are the most auspicious day for treatments. Choq'ma can be
re before previous administration, and applied warm on the
performed with egg, crumpled paper (in case of susto de animal),
affected part.
candle, cuy, white corn seeds, but most case of susto are treated
with ower petals, with a preference for white or bright colored
3.2.3. Treatments for hot diseases roses. Prior the choq'ma the curandero will call for the lost anima of
Choice of food is the rst measure used to regulate heat the person. Then, the choq'ma session consists in rubbing all over
constantly generated by the body. Thus it is a general say in the the body of the sick person owers petals (or paper, egg, candle,
Andes that diet is the base of a healthy body (Sanchez Parga, 1992). cuy, etc.), that will absorb the alien anima, while praying. At the
This is why, when cooking, considerable attention is paid in the end, owers are placed in form of an X, at a crossing road backside
association and choice of the ingredients, as the rst role of the the village: doing so, the foreign anima has been brought back to
alimentation is to regulate properly this inner heat production. where it belongs. Candle or crumpled paper will be burned at the
Many authors (Xesspe, 1978, Montibeller Ardiles, 2010) stress out end of the session, this helping the curandero to read in the smoke
and gives indications about the origin of the problem, and advises back to their place in deep circular movements by the curandero,
for the treatment. After the choq'ma session, it is generally which has rubbed previously his hands in cuy or chicken grease,
recommended to drink some herbal tea, as indicated by the and camphorated ointment.
curandero and also to use perfumed water i.e. agua de los 7
espiritus, agua de carmen, etc., available in local drug stores. 3.7. Other diseases
3.4. Aire, mal aire, mal de cerro Other diseases frequently mentioned are Carrion wart, heart
pain, viral infections as mumps or herpetic sores, traumatic
Aire, mal aire, also called in Huaraz mal de cerro (moutain injuries (sprains, fractures), open wounds (by knife or any tool),
sickness) is another cause of disease widely reported all over latin food intoxication empacho, and also, of course, gynecological
america, and has different interpretations according the place conditions. Carrion wart (veruga) is an endemic disease, due to
(Valadeau et al., 2010; Valdizan and Maldonaldo, 1922; Sanz Barthonella bacilliformis, characterized by the presence around the
Biset et al., 2009). The word aire comes from the Quechua word knees (or any another articulation) of bleeding warts. Carrion
huaira, and in Callejn de Huaylas refers to a strong penetrating disease was sometimes fatal until the widespread use of anti-
energy, of an airy nature, coming from high altitude summits. This biotics. Even if actually its incidence has drop down EhuarcayaI
all pervasive air will force passage through the person violently, et al. (2004), the presence of such disease is still vivid, and people
leaving her exhausted, with nauseas, or blurred vision, heart pain, will remember some of the treatments they used to get rid of
headache, paralysis of the face, neuralgia, intense burning pain in these warts. Heart pain has to be understood in both senses, literal
the muscles, strong migraine, sharp pain in the lungs when and gurate, one having an impact on the other, according healers.
breezing. The specicity of mal aire is the suddenness of its But in most of the case heart pain is associated with nauseas, a
manifestation, the intensity of the pain, and also its seriousness. feeling of dizziness, and fatigue, maybe a body mismatch to
Aire diagnosis and treatment is performed by specialists, with the continuous high altitude living conditions (Garcia et al., 1995).
help of the cuy. Treatment is based upon the administration of Empacho is a condition very common all around the Latin America,
selected plants (i.e. Calceolaria incarum, Gynoxis spp., Ruta chala- especially in the Andes and affects children most of the times
pensis, etc.) previously heated in animal grease (cuy, chicken etc.), (Campos Navarro, 2009). The abdomen is tense, hard, like all
or macerated in alcohol, then rubbed all over the head and body, bowels movements were paralysed, this making impossible to take
and herbal teas. Another way to treat aire, in case of deep strong food or drinks. For pediatricians empacho is a disorder with
muscle burning pain, or sprains, is to maintain over the affected marked reduction of the gastric motility or a severe indigestion.
part a stick of yellow sulfur. The resulting sputtering noise is said Treatment for empacho is mainly an enema, together with the use
to be the sign that the aire has been removed from the body, and of some plants.
that a cure with plants will do good.
3.8. Diagnosis: pasar el huevo and soba del cuy
3.5. Nervios
In the Peruvian traditional medicine, diagnosis methods can be
Some plants, or bunch of selected plants found on the markets roughly parted in two: the ones based on the use of hallucinogenic
are used against nervios. According to our informants nervios is a or modifying state of consciousness herbal mixtures (i.e. Aya-
psychological condition, characterized by strong emotional over- huasca, San Pedro, Tabaco smoking or chewing, moras preparations
whelming, constant nervousness, insomnias, stress, oppression from Brugmansia spp., etc.), ingested by the shaman in order to
feeling, and heart pain. For Urrera Giraldo and Zapata Ortega develop a sensitivity and thus put a name on the cause of illness,
(1992) nervios is the expression of a distorted relation between a and the ones based on the use of animals, mainly cuy and egg,
person and his everyday reality, caused by endless on-going rubbed allover the body of the patient, for diagnosis and cure at
tenseness between family members, neighbors, work relations. the same time. Divination reading is also performed using differ-
It is believed that this condition affects more women than men, as ent supports i.e. coca leaves, smoke, shells, corn seeds, etc. but is
it might take roots into the violence made to them. Whatever the less concerned with health issues. It is interesting to point out that
cause, distemper, feeling of depression, inappropriate reaction to the use of one or another diagnosis technique is denitely bound
external events, anger, loneliness are said to affect the nervous with the geographical area and the ethnic group considered. Thus,
system and the vital functions of the body, especially the pancreas, ayahuasca is mainly found in the lower amazon (Chaumeuil, 1998;
stomach and brain, and make the person more prone to other Odonne et al., 2013, Jauregui et al., 2011, Luna, 1984) San Pedro and
diseases. Sanbucus peruviana, Sanguisorba minor, Pelargonium sp., moras preparation are from the northern part of the country
Perezia coerulescens are amongst the most popular plants, used in (Bussmann and Douglas, 2006) and Andean foot hill groups have
form of herbal teas to treat nervios. notable preference for tobacco preparations (Valadeau, 2010).
In Callejn de Huaylas (and also in big Peruvian cities, like Lima,
3.6. Wuaqllakashqa (Caida) where a high number of Andean immigrants dwell), diagnosis is
mainly performed with the help of egg and cuy. Surprisingly, much
Maybe because of the harsh living condition of farming and has been written on Ayahuasca, San Pedro, Coca leaves, etc., from
agriculture in the Andes, of the strenuous physical work, together an ethnopharmacological and anthropological perspective, but far
with long walks in the mountain carrying heavy load, musculos- less on the egg et cuy, with the notable exception of (Reyna Pinedo
keletal affections are often mentioned, together with wuaqlla- (2002)) for the cuy. Pasar el huevo, or egg rubbing is done with a
kashqa as health problems. Wuaqllakashqa, a Quechua word fresh egg, gently rubbed allover the entire body, while praying.
meaning falling down, is used when the stomach is not in its Then the egg is broken in a glass of water, and the form and
right position in the body, after a fall or repeated physical efforts. position of the white and yellow give clues about the person
Consequently the person feels constriction and heaviness in the health status. In case of susto, it is said that the susto-energy is
ribs that make her unable to work properly. Wuaqllakashqa is trapped in the egg, thus helping the patient to recover.
treated manually, with the help of a white cloth passed over the Diagnosis and treatment with cuy is basically the same. The cuy
back of the patient, repeatedly and gently pulled at both extre- (male if the person to be treated is a man and vice versa) is rubbed
mities by the healer seated in front. Then, displaced organs are put allover the body by the curandero while praying and appealing.
Finally the cuy is sacriced and its organs are carefully checked by down all kind of internal inammations, if taken regularly over a
the healer. Curanderos explain that the cuy is like an X-ray test: its long period. In fact, kalaguala rhizomes, in Peru, correspond to
organs will reect the exact condition of the person's, thus giving a different ferns species (Phlebodium decumanum (Willd.) J. Sm.,
clear diagnosis. Moreover at the same time, the cuy has the etc.), traded all over the country, because of their strong general
capacity to absorb the illness, helping the person to cure: therefore detoxifying/depurative properties, that make them very appre-
diagnosis and treatment are done in one session. Finally when all ciated for any metabolic disease i.e. cholesterol, diabetes, uric acid
cuy organs have been carefully revised, the dead cuy is covered accumulation, auto-immune diseases, etc. (Tuominen et al., 1991).
with owers and coca leaves, and the curandero might then Regarding stomach problems, Cynanchum species are highly
recommend some medicinal plant preparations or gives general favoured to calm down burning pain, but people are also aware
advises to his patient. Unlike in the lowlands (Odonne et al., 2013; of the possible toxicity of these species (Asclepiadaceae family is
Sanz-Biset and Canigueral, 2011, Tournon, 2006, Valadeau, 2010), known to contain toxic aristolochics acids (Debelle et al., 2008)),
no special food prescription (or diet) is recommended with hence there is a warning for the dose and treatment duration. Also,
medicinal plant treatments. in accordance with Hammond, we noted the use of the fresh juice
of Peperomia spp. for that problem, previously reported in different
places in Peru (Brack Eck, 1999).
4. Discussion and conclusion Eighteen species are said to be useful in case of liver problem,
and liver disorder is associated with diabetic condition for 2 spe-
Traditional medicinal systems based on hotcold polarities cies: Gentianella thyrsoidea and Oxalis tuberosa. A strong conver-
have been described all over Latin America, including the Caribe gence of use, already noted by Hammond et al. (1998) has been
area. First study focused on this aspect of traditional medicine in recorded for Desmodium molliculum, a creeping herb used for liver
South America is from Redeld, working in a Mexican Maya village and kidney problems. In fact Desmodium mollicanum and
(Redeld, 1934). Then questions arose amongst anthropologists D. Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC. are sold allover Peru for that
guring if this hotcold theory was of indigenous Amerindian problems under the name of manayupa.
origin, preceding the Spanish conquest (Logan, 1977; Lopez Austin, Only 6 species were indicated as having a direct action upon
1980) or if it was the result of a syncretism between indigenous the intestines (spasms, intestinal infections), and amongst them
concepts and European Hippocratic medicinal concepts imported famous Otholobium spp. sold and used all over Peru for their
during the XVI and XVII century, or an imported theory forcing its antiparasitic, antidiarreic, antidiabetic properties, due to bakuchiol
ideology (Foster, 1988; Mathews, 1983). The importance of hot and (Krenisky et al., 1999). This use was also reported by Hammond,
cold systems in Latin America for the understanding of disease collecting Otholobium glandulosum L. (Hammond et al., 1998). All
concepts and treatments has also been stressed out by Bastien together this high number of species used to regulate the whole
(1985) in Bolivia, Simmons (1955) in Chile and Peru, Pedersen and gastro-intestinal sphere reect, once again, the importance of the
Coloma (1983) in Ecuador, and Nash (1967) in Guatemala and good functioning of these organs for the general well being of the
Mexico, amongst others. In the peruvian southern Andes (Cusco person, and the necessity to ensure efcient hot/cold homeostasis
and surroundings) anthropologists report the same conceptions of regulation. At this point it would be interesting to draw parallels
diseases aetiology (Sanchez Garrafa and Sanchez Garrafa, 2009), with other medicinal systems based (at least partially) on hotcold
and according Sanchez Parga (1992): in the Andes, health is concepts (i.e. Agni (re) in the ayurveda) also giving high impor-
understood as a balance between forces, and all traditional tance in the digestive and absorption process, presented as the
medicine is a process to recover lost energy or exorcize weakening prime condition of health (Caldecott, 2006). Then, 26 species are
exogenous factors. useful in case of traumas: broken limbs, muscular sprains, bruises,
Regarding Andean plants uses, in our opinion, Girault's work in legs pain, or other dened swellings due to accidents or knocks
Bolivia documenting Kallawayas pharmacopoeias still remains while working or walking. In case of fractures, these species are used
unequaled (Girault, 1984), but unfortunately such compilation is both to lower the inammation and to consolidate the bones. Most of
lacking for Peru. In this study, 178 species have been collected, them are prepared in form of a poultice, but few (Chenopodium
corresponding to 400 medicinal use-reports. We collected most of murale, Ephedra spp.) are also prepared in form of a decoction,
the 33 species already mentioned by Hammond et al. (1998), or at ingested orally on a regular bases. Respiratory ailments (common
least very close-by species, except Culcitium canescens Humb. & cold or u, cough, pulmonary diseases, bronchitis) can be treated
Bonpl. Geranium sessiliorum Cav., Gnaphalium coarctatum Willd. with 18 species, the same number for chronic rheumatic pain or
(syn. Gamochaeta spicata (Lam.) Cabrera), Mentzelia scabra Kunth arthritis, both conditions always related to the action of the cold
(syn. Mentzelia cordifolia Dombey ex Urb. & Gilg), Senecio rhizo- penetrating the body. Plants used against respiratory diseases are
matosus Rusby, Werneria caespitosa Wedd., Senecio comosus var. generally prepared in form of a tea, or a decoction which is drunk,
culcitioides (Sch.Bip.) Cabrera (syn. Senecio culcitioides Sch.Bip.), but Verbesina sp., is mashed with animal (cuy) grease, and applied
Senna multiglandulosa (Jacq.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby (syn. Cassia directly on the chest, while Minthostachys mollis is placed in hot
tomentosa L.f). From our data, 81 species are described as hot, or boiling water and the steam is inhaled. Most popular plants, with a
very hot the rest of being cold or very cold. Main use category high consensus for that use are Perezia multiora, Jungia rugosa,
reported is by far the preventive use of plants in form of steam Senecio calvus, Eucalpytus sp., Borrago ofcinalis sold together in small
bath against cold diseases (80 species) followed by the gastro- bunches in the market. Two close-by Senecio were also mentioned by
intestinal sphere concern. Indeed, a high number of species have Hammond for the same purpose (Hammond et al., 1998).
been reported for stomach pain (38 species used for gastritis, Chronic rheumatic pain is treated with hot plants, directly
sensation of burning inside the stomach, stomach ulcers, etc., applied on skin (stinging Cajophora cirsiifolia) eventually pre-
associated or not with other digestive troubles i.e. bloating, viously heated (Schinus molle), or triturated in form of poultices,
dyspepsia, intestinal spasms, uncomfortable feeling in the sto- or applied as concentrated wash. The use of Cajophora spp. and
mach). Twenty-seven species are used to regulate the digestive Schinus molle against rheumatic pain is quite common anywhere
system as a whole and cool down all internal inammations as these species grow (Girault, 1984; Brack Eck, 1999) and Hammond
explained before (also including the kidneys in a few cases). reported it for Schinus molle (Hammond et al., 1998).
Amongst the plants used, Elaphoglossum minutum, called kala- Seventeen species have been reported for dermatological
guala, is considered to be one of the most efcient species, cooling problems, mainly infected wounds, and 5 species are used for
erisipele, a serious health condition according our informants. For one of the species displaying a high convergence of use to speed
both uses Muehlenbeckia tiliifolia and Muehlenbeckia tamnifolia are up delivery, together with Adiantum raddianum very widely used
the most prized species: damaged skin is bathed with a strongly as a female contraceptive. Still, without any doubt, much more
concentrated wash made out of any of these species, followed by species are used by women, but to know them all, and to
the application of a poultice, replaced until cure. appreciate their context of use would be the object of another
Hammond also reported this use for Muehlenbeckia tamnifolia. study, focussed on reproductive health. From our point of view, a
Headache (or migraine) is said to be due to an excess of sun, so one study of this kind would be really very interesting, as most of the
will try to avoid sunstroke by using softened fresh leaves (Alnus women live in isolated valleys and give birth with the help of a
acuminatus, Cestrum spp.) carefully arranged in the bottom of a hat partera, and because women play a key-role in the management of
when working in the eld or when walking for a long time in health and medicinal plants use.
summer time. Indeed, in the Andes, nobody walks uncovered, with Indeed an important point regarding medicinal plants uses in
the head directly exposed to the high altitude burning sun. Also, Huaraz and Callejn de Huaylas is the importance of women's
headache might be related with aire, and sometimes with heart- place in the overall therapeutical setting and medicinal care:
pain, when it is associated with nauseas, or high blood pressure. women are the only one who sell medicinal plants, and also the
In all cases, plants are crushed, mixed or not with animal grease most knowledgeable regarding traditional medicine and medicinal
(cuy) and applied as a poultice on the forehead, except Rubus plants uses. Moreover as stated by NGO and other ofcial sources
adenothallus placed over burning charcoal, for smoke inhalation. working in this topic, women and especially mothers, are the one
Amongst the 16 species used against headache, profuse large in charge of the health at the family and community level (Fassin,
evergreen fresh Rumex spp. leaves are looked for in priority. 1992; Sanchez Parga, 1992). According the former author, this
Fourteen species are useful in case of kidney problems, includ- noticeable feature has to be linked with the fact that, in the Andes,
ing urinary infections or inammations, stones, anuria, or when it credit to cure is given to people that have experienced illness, and
is necessary to induce a diuretic effect. Chuquiraga speciosa is women are much more prone than men to speak about and
highly prized for urinary infections with pain and high fever, comment their illnesses, very often related with their maternal
together with Equisetum bogotense, while the ferns Polypodium condition. As it has been stated to us, I am an ill woman, I have
pycnocarpum, Polystichum cochleanum are said to be very efcient 5 children, but I am working in medicine (Soy mujer enferma,
in case of stones and anuria. Fifteen species are recommended for tengo 5 nios, pero estoy trabajando en la medicina). The woman
teeth ache, abscess, or gum inammation. Most of them are (very) body is thus referred to as an ill body , this being a grant for a
refreshing plants (Rumex spp., Cynanchum spp. Alnus acuminatus), special ability in healing and medicinal plant uses.
used in form of poultice applied externally or in form of gargle. Finally, as said before, Challwa medicinal plant market is a pool
Also it is said that the everyday use of Luma chequen or Antennaria center for medicinal plants coming from the surrounding valley,
linearifolia leaves chewed after the meal, will avoid tooth decay. exported massively in Lima's markets. A rapid survey, performed
Krameria lappacea better known under its commercial name of by one of us, points out that most frequently traded plants, both in
ratan(h)ia is also amongst the preferred plants used to treat gum terms of quantity and frequency are cultivated or commonly found
inammation, apparently with success as it is also an ingredient of species i. e. Minthostachys mollis, Mentha spp. Jungia rugosa,
toothpastes sold by international pharmaceutical companies. Tagetes spp., Verbena trifoliata, Oreganum sp., Rosmarinus ofcinalis,
Antennaria linearifolia has been presented as the Inca coca, a Matricaria recutica, followed by Ambrosia peruviana, Artemisia
plant of high cultural signicance, thus sharing exactly the same absinthium, Baccharis latifolia, Borago ofcinalis, Onoethera rosae,
properties as the true coca (Erythryxylum coca Lam.), with energiz- Geranium robertianum, Sambucus peruviana, Sanguisorba minor,
ing properties, soothing down feelings of hunger and thirst, as Schinus molle. If there is no threat of extinction for these species,
well as preserving the teeth (Girault, 1984). the panorama is completely different for other wild plants,
Ten species have been reported to be useful in case of susto and especially scarce high altitude herbaceous species, generally pulled
nervios, but we do consider that much more species are used in up with their roots i. e. Stangea spp, Perezia corulescens, Werneria
reality, as the choq'ma can be performed with any kind of ower, spp. Ranunculus weberbaueri, Antennaria linnearis, Krameria spp.,
preferably ornamental cultivated species. (Brokamp et al., 2012) and kalaguala rhizomes (Elaphoglossum
In this study, seven species have been reported for aire. Indeed minutum). Some species (Adiantum raddianum, for example) are
other plants are used for this condition, but as the base of the already said to be difcult to nd, and because Ageratina glecho-
treatment of aire is the cuy, it is difcult to assess before cuy session nophyla, Chuquiraga spinosa, Loricaria ferruginea, Brachyotum nau-
what plant can be useful, hence the relatively low number of species. dinii are considered to be endemic from Peru (Len, 2006),
Inammation of parotid glands (mumps) was mentioned with a conservation effort should take place urgently in order to protect
the use of four species, (including three Rumex species) applied in most vulnerable species.
form of a poultice, in order to reduce the swelling.
Surprisingly, Hammond listed 7 species (over 33) to be used
against cancer (2 Werneria, Alnus acuminatus, Equisetum bogo- Acknowledgments
tense, Geranium sesiliorum, Krameria lappacea, Polylepis race-
mosa Orthrosanthus chimboracensis), and we recorded only 3 Special thanks to Seor Celmi and his family in San Miguel de
(Orthrosanthus chimboracensis, Passiora tripartita and Verbesina Recrish, to Seora Victoria Vargas in Huaraz, and to all the people
sp.). This discrepency raise the question about the pertinency of from Callejn de Huaylas, who were willing to share their knowl-
these data, as it was not clearly understood what cancer means edge with us. Also we would like to honor and recognize the hard
in Callejon de Huaylas. Therefore more information is needed here. work of Callejn de Huaylas ladies, that maintain medicinal plant
Last but not least, 13 species have been recorded to treat uses and traditional medicine still vivid as a part of a living
gynecological problems (irregular menstruations, contraception cheerful culture. We are grateful to Michel Sauvain and to the
purpose, to increase milk in nursing mothers, against post- team of the Laboratorio Mixto Internacional LAVI Laboratorio
partum hemorrhage, to speed up delivery, vaginal infections). Andino Amazonico de Quimica de la Vida, (IRD-UPCH) Institut
To this lot, should be added all the plants used in form of a steam de Recherche pour le Dveloppement Universidad Peruana
bath during the post-partum period, as described previoulsy (see Cayetano Heredia for its on-going support. Last but not least, we
preventive species against cold diseases). Solanum glutinosum is had the chance to work with the artist and photograph Franois
Canard, and we would like to thank him, once again for all the medicinal plant used for the treatment of diabetes. Shaman Pharmaceuticals
wonderful pictures taken in Callejn de Huaylas, and especially Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 22 (10), 11371140.
La Riva Gonzalez, P., 2000. Le Walthana Hampi ou la reconstruction du corps,
the ones placed in the graphical abstract. conception de la grossesse dans les Andes du Sud du Prou. Journal de la
Socit des Amricanistes 86, 169184.
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Hot and cold: Medicinal plant uses in Quechua speaking communities

Map 1. Place of study, Ancash department, Peru. nvisited communities.

3.2. Hot and cold medicinal system

Species, Traditional indication Recipe

Species, Traditional indication Recipe

Species, Traditional indication Recipe

Species, Traditional indication Recipe

Species, Traditional indication Recipe

Species, Traditional indication Recipe

Species, Traditional indication Recipe

Species, Traditional indication Recipe

Species, Traditional indication Recipe

Species, Traditional indication Recipe

preparation has to be rubbed over the skin or administered in

Species, Traditional indication Recipe

Species, Traditional indication Recipe

Species, Traditional indication Recipe

Species, Traditional indication Recipe

Species, Traditional indication Recipe

Species, Traditional indication Recipe

Species, Traditional indication Recipe

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