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Because the product of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxyl ions (OH) is constant in any aqueous solution at the same
temperature,Power Systems the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) it is possible to determine the degree of acidity or
by measuring
alkalinity. Generally, pH is defined as:
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pH=-log10 H+
Measurement of pH using a glass electrode makes use of the potential difference developed between the two sides of a
thin glass membrane that separates two solutions with different pH. This potential difference is proportional to the
pH Measure
difference in pH of the two solutions.
As shown in the figure below, container G made of a thin glass membrane is filled with solution B with known pH and
container G is immersed in solution A. Potentials develop on both sides of the glass membrane. By immersing
electrodes E1 and E2 in solutions A and B, respectively, the potential difference between the two electrodes can be
determined with voltmeter V and thus the voltage developed on the glass membrane can be known. Generally, when the
temperature of the solutions is 25 , if the pHs of two solutions differs by 1, an emf of approx. 59 mV is produced.
For general pH measurements, changes in the pH value of a test solution caused by temperature will not be
compensated. However, for deionized water measurement, the temperature of a test solution may be compensated
independently of the temperature compensation of a pH sensor.
The pH sensor for high-purity water measures the temperature using the RTD incorporated in the pH sensor and can
perform the temperature compensation of the emf generated by the sensor and the temperature compensation of a test
solution simultaneously.
In the alkaline region of pH10 or more, the emf of a glass electrode deviates from the linear value on the alkaline side.
This is called the alkaline error.
Because the magnitude of the alkaline error varies depending on the glass membrane compositions, a glass electrode for
high alkalinity should be used if the pH sensor is used in the alkaline region. However,
this does not guarantee that the
alkaline error is eliminated.
The acid error occurring in the region of pH3 or less depends on the glass membrane composition and the types of acids.
Once a glass electrode has acid error, it cannot be restored quickly even by immersing it in a neutral solution; recovery
takes a considerable time. However, the acid error is small compared to the alkaline error and so is unimportant for
practical use.
To perform pH measurement, the pH meter must always be calibrated using the standard solution. The general
calibration method is two-point calibration which is performed using two types of pH standard solution, but the
simple one-point calibration is conducted using one type of pH standard solution.
As it is also called a buffer solution, a pH standard solution has the property (buffer action)
of protecting against the
addition of an acid or base and minimizing pH
changes. The types of pH standard solutions and pH values at each
temperature are specified in Methods of pH Measurement.
The interior of a glass electrode is filled with a pH7 solution. If the glass electrode is immersed in a pH7 solution, the
potential difference should be 0 mV because identical buffer solutions are present on both sides of the membrane of the
glass electrode. In practice, a potential develops due to the strain caused during glass production, shape, glass
compositions, or other factors. This is called the asymmetry potential. The asymmetry potential also occurs due to
contamination of the internal solution of the reference electrode, dryness of or clogging in the liquid junction, etc. in
addition to the glass electrode.To eliminate this asymmetry potential, a pH sensor is zero calibrated using the pH7
standard solution (pH standard solution of neutral phosphate).
Actually, the emf per pH of a glass electrode is not always equal to the value of 2.3026RT/F in the Nernst equation.
Therefore, a pH meter requires compensation for small differences from the theoretical slope of potential, which can be
done by adjustment using a pH 4 or pH 9 standard solution. This is called span adjustment.
Prepared standard solutions should be stored in hermetically sealed, high-quality hard glass or polyethylene containers.
The pH value of the standard solution may change(Note) after
long-term storage. Before using a standard solution that
has been stored for a long time after preparation, compare its pH with that of a freshly prepared standard solution and
ensure that they are the same.
Moreover, a pH standard solution must never be used once it has been left to the atmosphere.
Note: For example, borate and carbonate pH standard solutions may absorb CO2 and other substances in the atmosphere
and their pH values may decrease.
The ranges of test solution temperature and test solution pressure vary depending on the types of pH sensor, holder type,
and holder material.
ORP (Oxidation Reduction Potential) refers to the potential that arises due to electron movement at the time
of
oxidation and reduction. It is also called Redox (Reduction Oxidation Potential). In this process, a variety of chemical
reactions are used for refinement, removal, separation and the like, and oxidation
reduction is one of these reactions.
The ORP value is an effective index for process management such as detecting the end of a reaction. The major
applications include water discharge for plating, removal of chlorine gas, sewage treatment and the like.
pH is a measure of the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance. Modern instruments have made pH measurement
almost as simple as temperature measurement.
pH
There is only one major temperature effect in pH measurement that can cause errors in readings. This is the change in
the electrodes response (or sensitivity) to pH which results from changes in the samples temperature. It is the only
reasonably predictable error due to changes in temperature, and is the only temperature related factor that pH
instruments with temperature compensation can correct for. This temperature error is very close to 0.003 pH/C/pH unit
away from pH 7. If a sample is measured without using an automatic temperature probe, the solutions temperature
needs to
be entered into the meter manually to allow it to account for this error.
Important note: Never store an electrode in distilled or deionised water. This may lead to slow, sluggish response.
A dirty glass membrane is usually indicated by beads of water forming on the bulb when its rinsed with distilled water.
For protein layers, soak in a freshly prepared solution of 1% pepsin in 0.1N HCl for 30 minutes.
For inorganic deposits, wash with a 1M EDTA solution, 2M ammonia, or 2M acid.
For grease and similar films, wash with acetone, methanol, etc.
Prolonged use, excessive alkaline immersion, or high-temperature operation will cause surface leaching of the
membrane glass. The result is extremely noisy and/or sluggish response, which cannot be remedied simply by cleaning
the electrode. If this occurs, the following procedures will often provide stability and pH sensitivity. Always consider
the electrodes materials of construction before using these procedures.
1. Empty the reference chamber, rinse with deionised water, empty and refill with the specified filling solution.
2. Soak the electrode in hot (50C 60C) reference electrolyte for a few minutes.
3. Soak the electrode overnight in pH 4 buffer.
4. Remove any exterior salt deposits with distilled water.
5. If the filling solution does not flow through the junction by this time (generally due to an unusually low junction
porosity), use gentle suction to pull filling solution through the junction and repeat from step 2.
6. Sometimes the material clogging the junction requires more severe action. Should the above fail, proceed as follows:
a. Use a solvent specific to the solution or material plugging the junction, if possible.
b. Soak the membrane overnight in 0.1 M HCI.
c. If measurements have been made in samples containing protein, remove protein deposits by soaking the electrode
bulb in 0.1 M HCl containing 1% pepsin.
d. Repeat from step 1.
If all these fail, the electrode should be discarded safely and replaced.
Note: Above mentioned pH Sensor Values or Parameters may change from vendor to vendor
Author
S Bharadwaj Reddy
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S Bharadwaj Reddy
Kunal
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good one...
S Bharadwaj Reddy
Hello Minesh, Plz search the website & Forum before posting...
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1-What is live zero n dead zero? 2- And what is the out put...
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