A PROJECT REPORT ON

HOW PAPER, METAL, GLASS AND PLASTICS ARE RECYCLED

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements

For the award of the degree of
Master of Business Administration (MBA)
To
GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY, DELHI

UNDER THE GUDANCE OF

Dr. Rohtash kumar

SUBMITTED BY
CHIRAG-02117003916
ABHISHEK S KUMAR-005
MBA-II SEM, MORNING SHIFT
DIV-A

TECNIA INSTITUTE OF ADVANCE STUDIES

AFFILIATED TO GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY, DELHI
 To Whom It May Concern

I CHIRAG CHAUHAN Enrolment No. 02117003916 From MBA-II

Sem, Shift 1st of the Tecnia Institute of Advanced Studies, Delhi
hereby declare that the Project Report (MS-116) entitled Study of
How Paper, Metal, Glass and Plastic are Recycled and has not been
submitted to any other Institute for the award of any other degree. A
presentation of the Project report of MSD was made and the
suggestions as approved by the faculty were duly incorporated.

Date: Signature of Student

Certified that the Project Report submitted in partial fulfilment of Master

of Business Administration (MBA) to be awarded by G.G.S.I.P.
University, Delhi by CHIRAG CHAUHAN, Enrolment No. 02117003916
has been completed under my guidance and is Satisfactory.

Date: Signature of the Guide

AKNOWLEGDEMENT
 INTRODUCTION
Introduction:-
Recycling is the process of collecting used materials, commonly known as
waste, and creating new products to prevent the waste of potentially useful
materials.
In addition, the following associated benefits can also be noted:
Less consumption of fresh raw materials to produce new products,
Less energy consumption than that required to produce new products,
Less air pollution (from incineration), and
Less water pollution (from landfilling).
These addition benefits can be see when reducing the need for conventional
waste disposal
Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, metal, plastic, waste
cooking oil and electronics.
Within Gibraltar, glass, cans, paper, oil and small waste electrical and electronic
items are picked up from strategically placed recycling bins around Gibraltar.
All these collected materials are than sorted and send to recycling plants in
Spain. At the recycling plant, all materials collected are reprocessed into new
materials bound for manufacturing.
Plastic items such as bottles of water, yoghurt pots, tetra brick packaging and
plastic bags can be deposited in the existing yellow containers. They can also be
used to deposit all types of tins, cans, aluminium foil and foil trays, as before.
Blue containers are available for the recycling of paper and cardboard.

Pink containers have been introduced throughout Gibraltar to cater for small
waste Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in addition to our civic Amenities site at
Europa Advance Road.
Government hopes that this extension to the recycling services on offer will
encourage more people to take up the challenge and help Gibraltar to meet its
target of recycling 50% of all household waste by 2020. A full list of the
existing recycling disposal points can be found here. In addition, a map of all
available waste cooking oil recycling bins can be found here.
Objectives of Recycling of PAPER, METAL, GLASS AND
PLASTICS: -
Electrical and Electronic Wastes (e-Wastes) Management System as
recommended by the team of Consultants from the European Union in their
report on e-Waste Management. E-Wastes are classified as hazardous wastes
under the Basel Convention to which Mauritius is a party. It should be noted
that Mauritius generates about 8,000 tons of e-wastes annually, and the presence
of heavy metals, including lead, mercury, arsenic and cadmium make them
hazardous. The Mauritian industrial landscape already has a number of plastic
recycling and paper converting factories. However, due to the absence of a
structured nationwide network of collection of used plastic and paper, these
factories face huge difficulties in obtaining the critical mass of recyclable inputs
to operate at optimum capacity. Waste segregation is not yet a common practice
among householders. Recyclable waste still finds its way to landfill sites.
The most glaring example is the sight of municipal scavenging trucks collecting
used carton boxes every evening in our towns and sending them to landfill
stations! In the meantime, paper recycling plants such as Etch Elle Papers
situated at Cluny are unable to operate at full capacity because of lack of used
paper. Even used newspaper collection is almost inexistent and the high
volumes of newspapers sold daily eventually end up at Mare Chicopee! Plastic
is not the only pollutant. Living in a highly consumerism society, we are
producing a variety of wastes, most of which tend to be hazardous to our
environment. Not all types of waste are being recycled and not the totality of
each type of waste is recycled. Yet, recycling is a booming industry across the
world. Its success depends largely on awareness on two fronts: Being aware of
the need to recycle and being aware of the recycling processed available today
thanks to technological breakthrough.
Glass is a widely recycled material and one of the few that can be recycled
infinitely without losing its qualities. Glass is a wonderful resource for recycling
since it can be transformed in various ways. Glass is already used in Mauritius
hay enterprises such as the Mauritius Glass Gallery to produce crafts and
objects of art, but the current enterprises cannot absorb the totality of glass
waste produced. Used glass has many other uses not yet tapped. Glass halt, for
example, is asphalt containing glass culets as an aggregate and has been widely
tried as a means to dispose of surplus waste glass since the 1960s. Glass halt is
basically the same as conventional hot-mix asphalt, except that 5% to 40% of
the rock and/or sand aggregate is replaced by crushed glass.
Scrap metal business is popular in Mauritius such that it even led to acts of
vandalism on public and private property, with the disappearance of sewer
covers, electric pylons and hand rails. Most of the scrap metals collected in
Mauritius used to be exported until the government came with new regulations
to ban export in order to protect domestic enterprises. Another profitable metal
for recycling is aluminium and some small enterprises are involved in the
collection of aluminium cans.
Used tyres are among the largest and most problematic sources of waste today,
due to the large volume produced and their durability. Recycled tyre chips have
many uses: They can be used for equestrian (i.e. rubber mixed with sand or
sawdust used in the horse industry as ground in the stable or at the tracks).
Rubber granulate is reused in e.g. sports fields, artificial turfs, rubber mats and
moulded products. Rubber powder can be reused in rubber paved asphalt. The
recovered steel can be melted and reused just like non-recovered steel.
Recycling consists in the first place in ensuring a reliable (in quantity and
quality) supply, which is not always possible due to the variations in the
productions of goods and namely their packaging and because the potential for
recycling of products made of recycled material (products of second generation)
decrease at each generation of recycled products.

However, nowadays a certain number of consumer goods, products and

equipment are being designed according to the recycling options for their end of
life. It is the case for cars and other vehicles, numerous packaging and
containers and even more complex equipment such as batteries and electronic
material, as well as electrical and electronic equipment.

Another major constraint associated to recycling lies on the need to acquire

technologies which evolve very rapidly, requiring that technical investment is
made regularly and that real time adaptation in terms of competency transfer is
ensured.

Finally if the demand for recycled raw material is qualitatively stable, even if it
follows an increasing trend, the range of recycled products which benefit from a
structured commercial demand is low and very volatile.
Scope of Recycling of PAPER, METAL, GLASS AND
PLASTICS: -
Table A and B should be used in conjunction with each other to help you
understand what is included in the standard municipal solid waste (MSW)
recycling rate and what is excluded. First, use Table A, Scope of Materials
Included in the Standard MSW Recycling Rate, to identify which materials are
defined as MSW (Column 2, What Is MSW) and which materials are defined as
Other Solid Waste (Column 3, What Is Not MSW). The materials outlined in
column 2, What Is MSW, are included in both the recycling and waste
generation totals of the standard recycling rate. After you have determined
which materials are included in the standard recycling rate, use Table B, Scope
of Activities Included in the Standard MSW Recycling Rate, to further refine
the scope based on whether the recycling of the materials defined in Table a
meets the standard definition of recycling outlined in Table B. As an example,
tires from automobiles are defined as MSW according to Table A, so the
disposal of such tires may be included in your waste generation total. If these
tires are retreated, however, they may not be included in your recycling total
since retreating is considered reuse rather than recycling according to Table B.
TABLE-A
Material What is MSW What is MSW2
Food scraps Uneaten food Food processing waste
preparation waste from from agricultural and
residences and industrial operations.
commercial
establishments,
institutional source and
industrial sources.
Glass containers Containers, packaging Glass from
and glass found in transportation
appliances furniture and equipment and
consumer electronics. construction and
demolition debris
Paper Old corrugated Paper manufacturing
containers, old waste (mill broke) and
magazines, old converting scrap not
newspaper, office paper, recovered for recycling.
Telephone directories,
third class mail,
 Printing, paper towels,
and paper plates and
cups.
Plastic Containers, packaging, Plastic from
bags and wraps and transportation
plastic found in Equipment.
appliances, furnitures,
and sporting and
recreational equipment.
Textiles Fibber from apparel Textiles waste generated
furniture, linens (sheet during manufacturing
and towels) carpets and processes (mill scrap)
rugs, and footwear. C&D Project.
Tires Tires from automobile Tires from motorcycles,
and trucks buses and heavy farm
and construction
equipment.
Wood Pallets, crates, barrels Wood from C&D debris
and wood found in (lumber and tree stump)
furniture and consumer and industrial process
electronics. waste.
Aluminium cans and Aluminium cans, Nonferrous metals from
other nonferrous nonferrous metals from industrial applications
metals appliances, furniture, and C&D debris
and consumer electronic (Aluminium siding,
and other aluminium wiring, and piping).
Items
Yard Trimmings Grass, leaves, brush and Yard trimmings from
branches, and tree C&D debris.
stumps.
Other Household hazardous Abatement debris,
waste, oil filters, agricultural waste,
fluorescent tubes, combustion ash, C&D
mattresses, and debris, industrial
consumer electronics. process waste, medical
waste
TABLE-B
Recycling material What counts As What does not
recycling count as recycling
Food scraps Composting of food Backyard composting of
 scraps from grocery food scraps, and the use
stores, restaurants, of food items for human
cafeterias, Lunchroom, consumption.
and private residences,
and the use of food
scraps to feed farm
animals.
Glass Recycling of containers Recycling of glass
and packaging glass and found in transportation
recycling of glass found equipment and
in furniture, appliances construction and
and consumer demolition (C&D)
electronics into new debris, recycling of
glass products. preconsumer glass from
industrial process.
Metals Recycling of aluminium Reuse of metal
and tin/steel cans, and containers, packaging,
recycling of metals furniture, or consumer
found in appliances and electronics, and
packaging into metal recycling of metals
products. found in transportation
equipment (auto bodies)
and C&D debris
Paper Recycling of paper Reuse of paper products,
products (old recycling of
newspapers and office preconsumer or
papers) into new paper manufacturing waste
products (tissue, (trimmings, mill broke,
paperboard, hydro print overruns, and over
mulch, animal bedding, issue publications), and
or insulation materials) combustion of paper for
energy recovery
Plastic Recycling of plastic Reuse of plastic
products (containers, products, recycling of
bags, and wraps), and preconsumer plastic
recycling of plastic from waste or industrial
furniture and consumer process waste, and
electronics into new combustion of plastics
plastic products. for energy recovery.
Textiles Recycling of textiles Reuse of apparel.
 into wiper rags, and
recycling of apparel and
carpet fibre into new
products such as linen
paper or carpet padding.
Tires Recycling of automobile Recycling of tires from
and truck tires into new motorcycles, buses, and
products containing heavy farm and
rubber, and rubberized construction equipment,
asphalt), and use of retreating of tires, and
whole tires for combustion of tire chips
playground and reef for energy recovery.
construction.
Wood Recycling of wood Repair and reuse of
products (pallets and pallets, combustion of
crates) into mulch, wood for energy
compost, or similar recovery, recycling of
uses. industrial process waste,
and recycling of wood
from C&D debris.
Yard trimmings Offsite recycling of Mulching of tree
grass, leaves, brush or stumps4 from C&D
branches, and tree debris, backyard (onsite)
stumps into compost, composting, grass
mulch, or similar uses; cycling, land spreading
and land spreading of of leaves5, and
leaves. combustion of yard
trimmings for energy
recovery.
Others Household hazardous Recycling of used oil,
waste (HHW), oil C&D debris (asphalt,
filters, fluorescent tubes, concrete, and natural
mattresses, circuit disaster debris),
boards, and consumer transportation
electronics. equipment (auto
bodies), municipal
sewage sludge, and
agricultural, industrial,
mining, and food
processing waste.
Company profile: -
The Reclaim Vision

Waste is an integral part of life; it cannot be ignored. We all have an obligation

to dispose of waste responsibly and contribute towards a better environment for
future generations.

While we are all responsible for maintaining our quality of life, New Zealand
needs someone from the recycling industry to lead the way. Reclaim aspires to
become the champion of business waste recycling, regarded as the industry
expert and recognised as the leading recycling brand.
We want to shift attitudes about waste. It should no longer be treated as rubbish
and dismissed as worthless, it should be valued and re-used as a future resource.
We want to ensure these resources are processed properly at dedicated recycling
centres, rather than be buried in a landfill.

Our goal is to extend our tailored services to all businesses so they are able to
achieve their waste reduction and sustainability goals. Our mission is to provide
recycling assurance, by recovering as many valuable recyclable resources as
possible, ensuring more recycled products are manufactured.

Ultimately, our recycling passion, industry expertise, tailored recycling

solutions and dedicated people will all play a key role in achieving future zero-
waste status for the Auckland region.

Reclaim is serious about recycling.

Industry profile: -
Commercial recycling, as distinct from industrial recycling, tends to be reported
as part MSW which EPA defines as consisting of residential, commercial, and
institutional sources. Commercial operations in which bulk packaging is
routinely handled have always routinely collected corrugated board for sale to
waste paper dealers: it is the highest grade of waste paper available and demand
for it tends to be fairly steady. With the rise of environmental consciousness,
offices have also participated in occasional programs of collecting waste paper
used in business operations. These programs have had a mixed history
intensifying in times of high waste paper prices and slacking off in others.
Unlike corrugated collection systems which are strongly institutionalized and
integrated into operations, employee programs in which two separate waste cans
are used, one for paper, one for all other waste, require constant management
attention. Such attention is rarely sustained, with the result that programs fade
away until once more reinstituted with a new initiative.
Like cardboard recovery in retail and warehousing operations, industrial
recycling is strongly supported by economic motives and is hence both routine
and well-managed. In industry recycling takes three basic forms: 1) reuse of
production wastes in the course of normal operations, 2) use of scrap as the
principal or only raw material input, and 3) the reuse of post-consumption waste
products.
In the first case, reusing production wastes, the waste may be trimmings or
residues from production runs which are simply collected and reintroduced at
the beginning of the process. An example might be a forging operation in which
defective forgings are simply remitted. Another distinct instance is an operation
which uses a portion of its raw materials, namely a waste product, as a fuel. An
example is a saw mill that collects wood bark in debarking operations and uses
it, with other wood-wastes, as fuel to power a boiler house which runs the
sawing operations.
Electric steel mills that convert scrap metal into new steel products are the best-
known example of an industry which runs exclusively on scrap. Waste-oil
refineries are another example: they receive spent lubricants, filter out
impurities, and blend the results into various low-end products.
The steel, paper, and glass industries are examples of operations which use both
"virgin" materials and waste to make new products. Certain paper mills that
produce paperboard (used in folding boxes, as backings for writing pads, and in
other stiffening applicationssome-times coated on one or both sides by virgin
sheets) and some mills that make newsprint also rely exclusively on waste
paper. Others blend in portions of waste paper with new fibber. In glass, cullet is
segregated by colour and if clean enough is used in clear glass; if of dark colour,
cullet is used in dark-coloured glass.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
RECYCLING: -
During your lifetime, youll produce 600 times your own weight in trash
enough to fill a good few trucks. That staggering statistic might not be such a
problem if we didn't have to live on a relatively small, overcrowded planet.
Pretty much all the resources we have on Earthall the raw materials and an
awful lot of the energy are limited: once we've used them up, we won't get any
more. So it makes sense to use things as wisely as we can.
The best way to use Earth's resources more sensibly is to reduce the amount of
things that we use (for example, less packaging on food in shops) and to reuse
things instead of throwing them away (reusing carrier bags at the grocery store
makes a lot of sense). If we can't reduce or reuse, and we have to throw things
away, recycling them is far better than simply tossing them out in the trash. Let's
take a closer look at recycling and how it works.
Why is recycling important?
When you throw stuff away, you might be very glad to get rid of it: into the
trash it goes, never to be seen again! Unfortunately, that's not the end of the
story. The things we throw away have to go somewhere usually they go off to be
bulldozed underground in a landfill or burnt in an incinerator. Landfills can be
horribly polluting. They look awful, they stink, they take up space that could be
used for better things, and they sometimes create toxic soil and water
pollution that can kill fish in our rivers and seas.
One of the worst things about landfills is that they're wasting a huge amount of
potentially useful material. It takes a lot of energy and a lot of resources to make
things and when we throw those things in a landfill, at the end of their lives,
we're also saying goodbye to all the energy and resources they contain. Some
authorities like to burn their trash in giant incinerators instead of burying it in
landfills. That certainly has advantages: it reduces the amount of waste that has
to be buried and it can generate useful energy. But it can also produce toxic air
pollution and burning almost anything (except plants that have grown very
recently) adds to the problem of global warming and climate change.
The trouble is, we're all in the habit of throwing stuff away. In the early part of
the 20th century, people used materials much more wisely especially in World
War II (19391945), when many raw materials were in short supply. But in
recent decades we've become a very disposable society. We tend to buy new
things instead of getting old ones repaired. A lot of men use disposable razors,
for example, instead of buying reusable ones, while a lot of women wear
disposable nylon stockings. Partly this is to do with the sheer convenience of
throwaway items. It's also because they're cheap: artificial plastics, made from
petroleum-based materials, became extremely inexpensive and widely available
after the end of World War II. But that wasteful period in our history is coming
to an end.
We're finally starting to realize that our live-now, pay-later lifestyle is storing up
problems for future generations. Earth is soon going to be running on empty if
we carry on as we are. Americans live in much greater affluence than virtually
anyone else on Earth. What happens when people in developing countries such
as India and China decide they want to live the same way as us? According to
the environmentalists Paul Hawken, Amory Lovins, and Hunter Lovins, we'd
need two Earths to satisfy all their needs. If everyone on Earth doubles their
standard of living in the next 40 years, we'll need 12 Earths to satisfy them.
Recycling basically involves turning used materials that are labelled as
recyclable over to your local waste facility designated in a disposal container as
recyclable materials to be taken and reused as material for a new purpose. A
recyclable product is turned back into a raw form that can be used to create a
new and different product. Not only are natural resources limited, but recycling
efforts can significantly reduce additional waste that will not only harm the
planet today, but future generations as well. The natural resources on our planet
earth are limited so we must make the most to conserve, recycle and reuse
whenever possible.
Youre no doubt aware by now why this is so important. However, the effort
involves not only recycling existing products, but purchasing products that have
already been recycled. Today, thanks to a strong push in the green movement
recently, youll notice more and more products made from recycled materials.
To purchase products made from reused materials, simply look for a recycling
symbol and language on the products packaging. Every day manufacturers are
finding new ways to create items that are recyclable including paper towels,
cardboard boxes, plastic containers, crayons, ink cartridges, paint, garden
supplies such as hoses, furniture, wallpaper, and even garbage cans. And dont
forget the packaging. It is often too big for the product inside and uses non-
recycled materials. This is wasteful and should be minimized as well when
making a purchase decision. Voting with your wallet is one of the best ways to
make an impact while sending a clear message to the companies that make these
products as to your desire for more attention to recycle-friendly products.
There are many good reasons for adding recycling to your routine, ranging from
a personal level to a global advantage.

Recycling your waste makes you more responsible in the way you use and
dispose of it. It is evident from studies that people who do this instinctively cut
down on buying unwanted things from the supermarket. They think of how to
dispose of the packaging or the product after use before even buying it. As a
result, people end up saving a considerable amount of money while also saving
the planet.

Individuals, governing bodies and companies can take pride in minimizing their
waste as they are helping to reduce global environmental damage and making
this earth a better place on which to live. It is a direct contribution that everyone
can take price in.

Why should you recycle?

If everyone reduced, reused, and recycled, we could make Earth's resources go
an awful lot further. Recycling saves materials, reduces the need to landfill and
incinerate, cuts down pollution, and helps to make the environment more
attractive. It also creates jobs, because recycling things takes a bit more effort
than making new things. Recycling doesn't just save materials: it saves energy
too. Manufacturing things uses a lot of energy from power plantsand hungry
power plants generally make global warming worse. We can save a surprising
amount of energy by recycling. If you recycle a single aluminium can you save
about 95 percent of the energy it would take to make a brand new one? That's
enough energy saved to power your television for about 3 hours! Over half the
trash we throw away can be recycled. Just imagine if everyone were
recycling most of their garbage: together, we'd be making a tremendous
reduction in the amount of raw materials and energy we use and doing a lot of
good for the planet.
Apart from the environmental benefits, think of the employment that it can
generate. When you put your waste in different bins for paper, plastics, glass
and so on, the contents of each are further segregated and taken to recycling
plants. The man power involved in the logistics and processing of your waste is
considerable and thus you are helping to keep them in jobs and aid in welfare of
their families. What could be more appropriate in tough economic times as now
to create and keep people employed?

The danger of global climate change has forced us to take drastic measures to
cut down on pollution levels to slow down if not eradicate this phenomenon. In
view of this, ambitious but necessary targets for recycling are also being set by
governments around the world.

To meet these targets, more and more people must take action regularly. As a
result, the amount of waste reaching the landfill sites is reduced and the quantity
of land fill sites is reduced. Hence better land use for other constructive
purposes is ensured.

What are the different ways of recycling?

Throwing things away is a bad habit; recycling them is a good habit. Recycling
isn't all that difficult: it's simply a matter of changing your habit. Practically
speaking, recycling happens in one of two ways. Either your local government
authority arranges a door-to-door collection (this is sometimes called curb side
recycling) or you take your recycled items along to a local recycling centre and
place them in separate containers.
The essential difference between a bag of trash and a bag of valuable, recyclable
waste is that the trash is all mixed up together and the recyclable waste is sorted
out and separated. If you have a curb side recycling scheme, you may be given a
recycling box into which you can place certain types of waste (perhaps metal
cans, glass bottles, plastics, and newspapers) but not others. When the box is
collected, it might be sorted out at the curb. People on the truck will take time to
sort through your box and put different items into different large boxes inside
the truck. So, when the truck arrives at the recycling station, the waste will
already be sorted.
Alternatively, you may see your whole box being tipped into the truck without
any kind of sorting. The truck then takes your waste to a different kind of
recycling station called a MURF, which stands for Materials Recycling Facility
(MRF), where it is sorted partly by hand and partly by machine (this type of
recycling is also called single-stream or comingled). If you don't have curb side
recycling, it helps to sort out your waste and store it in separate bags or boxes
before you take it to the recycling centre. (For example, you could wash out
food tins and glass bottles and keep them in separate plastic bags.)
Which materials can be recycled?
Most things that you throw away can be
recycled and turned into new products
although some are easier to recycle than others.
Kitchen and garden waste
You can recycle up to half your kitchen and
garden waste by making your own composta
rich, crumbly, earth like material that forms when organic (carbon-based)
materials biodegrade (are broken down by worms and bacteria). Compost is
great for using on your garden: it returns nutrients to the soil that help your
plants to grow. Making your own is much cheaper than buying compost at a
garden centre; it's also better for the environment than using peat, which is a
threatened habitat. To make compost, you will need a compost heap or a large
container of some kind in your garden or yard. Composting is obviously much
easier if you have a garden than if you have an apartment on the 23rd floor of a
skyscraper! But even in cities, some authorities arrange collections of
biodegradable waste and make compost at a central location. It can take
anything from a few months to a year or more for waste to rot down and turn
into compost. Generally, you need to add an equal mixture of "greens"
(vegetable scraps, dead flowers, grass cuttings, and so on) and "browns" (torn
up cardboard, small twigs, shredded paper, and that kind of thing).

Paper and cardboard

 In the early 1970s, photocopier manufacturers got
scared that we would stop using paper and turn into
a "paperless society." Not much chance of that!
Forty years later, the bad news is that we're
producing more paper than ever before. But the
good news is that we're recycling more as well.
Unlike some materials, paper can be recycled only
so many times. That's because it's made from plant fibres that become shorter
during paper-making. When they're too short, they no longer make decent paper.
In practice, this means some new paper always has to be added during the
papermaking process.
(Photo: Shredded paper, bagged up and awaiting recycling. Photo by Ron Fontaine courtesy of US Navy.)

One problem with recycling paper is that not all paper is the same. White office
printer paper is made of much higher quality raw material than the paper towels
you'll find in a factory washroom. The higher the quality of paper waste, the
better the quality of recycled products it can be used to make. So high-grade
white paper collected from offices can be used to make more high-grade white
recycled paper. But a mixture of old newspapers, office paper, junk mail, and
cardboard can generally be used only to make lower-grade paper products such
as "newsprint" (the low-grade paper on which newspapers are printed).
Corrugated cardboard (which is held together with glue) is harder to recycle
than the thin cardboard used to package groceries.

Waste documents are usually covered in ink, which has to be removed before
paper can be recycled. Using bleach to de-ink papers can be an environmentally
harmful process and it produces toxic ink wastes that have to be disposed of
somehow. So, although recycling paper has many benefits, it comes with
environmental costs as well.

Every day, enormous amounts of paper and cardboard are discarded. Not only
household waste paper, such as newspapers, magazines and packaging, but also
paper and cardboard from printers, offices and other companies. Think how
much of this paper and cardboard is reusable and how significant amounts of
money can be saved, not to underestimate the environmental benefits which are
involved. This is when Stallman Paper recycling plays its part, since waste
paper and cardboard recycling is what we focus on.
We purchase waste paper and cardboard in Europe and the United States. After
having sorted it out and, if necessary, after processing it we sell it back to the
paper and cardboard industry in the form of environmentally conscious raw
material for the production of new paper and cardboard. Due to the experience
built up over the years, our excellent know-how, and our numerous International
connections, we are able to offer many kinds of qualities of waste paper and
cardboard in a fast and efficient way worldwide. We can also provide you with
good advice. For example, we can give you information regarding which
qualities of paper and cardboard are more appropriate for your production
requirements. Our goal is for us to get together with our customers to create the
best possible end product.

Metal

Most of the metal we throw away at home comes from

food and drink cans and aerosols. Typically food cans are
made from steel, which can be melted down and turned
into new food cans. Drinks cans are generally thinner and
lighter and made from aluminium, which can also be
recycled very easily. Mining aluminium is a very energy-
intensive and environmentally harmful process. That's
why waste aluminium cans have a relatively high value and why recycling them
is such a good thing to do.

Photo: Collecting aluminium cans for recycling. (It's generally better to squash them, because they take up much
less room.) Photo by Ron Fontaine courtesy of US Navy and Defence Imagery.

Wood: -

People have been reusing this traditional, sustainable material for as long as
human history. Waste wood is often turned into new wooden productssuch as
recycled wooden flooring or garden decking. Old wooden railroad sleepers
(now widely replaced by concrete) are sometimes used as building timbers in
homes and gardens. Waste wood can also be shredded and stuck together
with adhesives to make composite woods such as laminates. It can also be
composted or burned as a fuel.

Wood and Timber recycling Process: -

Timber recycling or wood recycling is the process of turning waste timber into
usable products. Recycling timber is a practice that was popularized in the early
1990s as issues such as deforestation and climate change prompted both timber
suppliers and consumers to turn to a more sustainable timber source.

There are tons of waste wood and timber that are disposed every year.
Recycling of these products was started as an initiative to limit the damage done
to the environment. Deforestation was discovered to have a negative impact on
the global climate and recycling was established as a viable source of more
sustainable wood source. Recycling waste wood is highly beneficial and old
timber can be used without felling of more trees. There are different sources of
waste wood and the condition in which it is collected will vary. Improper
disposal of old wood and timber is problematic to the community and hazardous
for the environment.

The Recycling Process Waste wood and timber is usually divided into
recycling plants for processing. The pieces are then loaded into a powerful
wood shredder that breaks the pieces through a variety of processes. The
product varies in size and the vibrating screener performs well in sorting out the
products. Various sizes of the results are applied to different uses. The oversized
pieces are re-circulated and the fine material is used as animal beddings. The
size in between the two is used in broad mills. The process is efficient in
ensuring that the products are not wasted. Collection of Wood Waste wood and
timber is disposed into landfills if there is no recycling plant available. The
companies that are deal in these recycling processes redirect this into their
plants for processing.

The wood collected comes from different areas. Construction sites are major
contributors of timber. Unfortunately, this wood is usually a mixture of every
variety available in building. Pieces of solid wood will be found mixed with
laminate material, plywood and even treated timber. This poses a big challenge
when recycling because they must all be separated. It is a labour-intensive
process that is also time-consuming. Demolition sites are also a rich source of
waste wood and timber. The decision to demolish buildings depends on the
possibility of getting recyclable materials. Wood is very hard to salvage from
such sites because it is found with other substances.

Because of the nature of the resulting material of this activity, sorting out the
wood from the other more resilient objects is not considered a viable option.
The resulting wood is also of very low quality and it is hard to get recyclable
pieces. Waste wood can also be collected from wood processing factories as
well as the packaging companies. The materials that are not deemed to be
quality enough are disposed of. The lowest quality of wood available is from the
household wastes. People cause eventual accumulation of waste wood from old
and broken furniture as well as home renovation tasks. Benefits of Recycling
There are definite environmental benefits to recycling wood and timber.
Buying recycled timber is safe for the environment and limits the need for
heavy reliance on the forests for fresh raw building materials. As a source of
energy, it gives an alternative to other more unsustainable methods. Recycling is
also more cost-effective. There are a lot of resources allocated to safe waste
disposal and with different use of waste wood, the costs are significantly
reduced. The process is getting more efficient and the major challenge of
dealing with contaminants can be dealt with by educating people on importance
of waste segregation. Check out the video below for more information, this is
just one method of recycling wood and timber.

Glass: -

Glass is very easy to recycle; waste bottles and jars can be melted down and
used again and again. You simply toss old glass into the furnace with the
ingredients you're using to make brand-new glass. Bottle banks (large
containers where waste glass is collected)
were the original examples of community
recycling in many countries.

Glass Recycling Process: -

1. You recycling your glass: - Deposit your glass in an area glass drop-off
bin or your curb side glass bin.
2. Collection & delivery: - Glass is collected and delivered from all over
Utah as far away as jackson Hole, WY. All colour of glass are stored
together. All loads are carefully inspected for contamination and
hazardous materials.
3. Sorting Stations: - The first two stations are dedicated to sorting out
contaminants. Common contaminants include ceramics, pyrex,
aluminium cans, light bulbs, cardboard, window frames, and mirrors. The
remaining stations are dedicated to sorting out non-brown glass. Which is
batch processed.
 4. Glass Breaking: - 24 hammers, each the size of a forearm. Spin quickly
around an axle, breaking the glass into crude particles for future optical
sorting. A slight water must is applied when necessary to control airborne
particular.
5. Trammel: - Broken glass particles are passed through a revolving screen
and sorted into 3/8 and 3/4 sizes. Fans propel the paper labels detached
during breaking through the trammel and into a paper recycling bin.
6. Fluidized bed drier: - A smooth ribbon of glass particles enters the drier
in a 4 bed. Vibratory action moves the particles through the drier.
7. Primary Rotary Screen: - Dried and cleaned glass is screened to cull out
specific sizes. Screens are quickly changed to produce different size
grades for different customers. For example, fiberglass manufacturing
requires all particles to be 12 mesh or smaller.
8. Pulveriser: - Glass particles that are too big to fit through the primary
screen are sent through the pulveriser. Similar to the breaker, the
pulveriser uses 36 hammers inside a small enclosure to aggressively
reduce particles size. All particles recirculate until they finally pass
through the primary screen.
9. Secondary Rotary Screen Size Classifier: - Particles that are small
enough to pass through the primary screen are then processed through the
secondary screen. Particles are separated into four size grades.
10.The final product: - Glass cullet is classified in sizes that can range from
pebbles to sand and even powder.

Oil: -
Waste oil from truck and car engines causes huge environmental problems if
you tip it down the drain. It pollutes our rivers and seas, the wildlife that depend
on them, and even the water we drink. If you take your waste oil along to a
recycling centre, it not only keeps our waterways cleanit can also be
reprocessed into new products such as heating oil. Waste vegetable oils (made
by frying food, for example) can be turned into a useful kind of vehicle fuel
called biodiesel.
Plastic: -
Of all the different materials we toss in the trash, plastics cause by far the
biggest problem. They last a long time in the environment without breaking
downsometimes as much as 500 years. They're very light and they float, so
plastic litter drifts across the oceans and washes up on our beaches, killing
wildlife and scarring the shoreline. The only trouble is, plastics are relatively
hard to recycle. There are many different kinds of plastic and they all have to be
recycled in a different way. There's so much plastic about that waste plastic
material doesn't have much value, so it's not always economic to collect. Plastic
containers also tend to be large and, unless people squash them, quickly fill up
recycling bins.
All told, plastics are a bit of an environmental nightmarebut that's all the
more reason we should make an effort to recycle them! Different plastics can be
recycled in different ways. Plastic drinks bottles are usually made from a type of
clear plastic called PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and can be turned into such
things as textile insulation (for thermal jackets and sleeping bags). Milk bottles
tend to be made from a thicker, opaque plastic called HDPE (high-density
polyethylene) and can be recycled into more durable products like flower pots
and plastic pipes.
Another solution to the problem could be to use bioplastics, which claim to be
more environmentally friendly.

How can we get people to recycle more?

Generally, it's better to recycle things than to trash thembut that's not always
true. What we really need to do is think harder about how we produce waste and
how we dispose of it. It will always be better not to produce waste in the first
place than to recycle it, so reducing the need for things is always the best
option. That means pressurizing manufacturers to use less packaging, for
example. Reusing things is also generally better than recycling them, because
recycling takes energy. (It takes energy to power the truck that collects your
recycled material and energy is also used at the plant where things are recycled.)
So it's better to keep a plastic ice-cream container and reuse it as a storage box
than to send it off to be recycled. You're saving the material you'd use if you
bought a new box, but you're also saving the energy that would be needed to
recycle the old one.
Buying recycled products is another important part of recycling. If no-one's
prepared to buy recycled, it doesn't pay people to recycle things in the first
place. Why do recycled things cost more if they're made of old trash? Recycled
things are often more expensive than non-recycled ones, because they're made
in smaller quantities and it often takes more effort to make them and get them to
the shops. But remember this: although they have a higher cost, they usually
have a lower environmental cost: they are doing less damage to the plane.
That's not always true. Some cynical manufacturers have seized on the public's
enthusiasm for recycled goods. They produce costly, pointless recycled
gimmicks that make little if any difference to the planet. Sometimes recycled
products are made in energy-hungry factories and shipped or (worse still) air-
freighted halfway round the world. Then it's possible they are actually doing
more damage to the planet than the cheap, disposable products they're
pretending to replace. If you're not sure whether a recycled product is all it
seems, contact the manufacturer and ask them to explain exactly how and where
it is made. Ask them to explain exactly how it's helping the environment. A
genuine manufacturer, truly motivated by environmental concern, will always
be pleased and proud to do this.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Reusing and recycling waste can reduce waste material volumes to be disposed
of and discharged into the environment. Direct reuse of waste materials in its
original or slightly altered involves reprocessing of used materials into new
materials. Reusing and recycling construction waste is the best option to be
chosen where reduction is not possible. Although contractual provisions are
found to be effective in clarifying obligations and responsibilities, such means
may not be properly applied to compulsorily require construction waste
management to be established on every site as technical and financial problems
are to be solved. Seven determining factors in the success for recycling
construction and demolition waste include (Peng et al., 1997): i) good site and
site location; ii) proper equipment; iii) experience in construction and
demolition recycling operations; iv) trained supervisors and employees; v)
knowledge of secondary material markets; vi) business and financial capacities;
and vii) knowledge of environmental regulations.
To investigate actual practices on reusing and recycling construction materials
on site activities, five case studies are under investigation on the rates of
reusable and recyclable waste in construction. All case studies are private
housing projects and the data collected are at the construction stage. Six most
common construction materials including: i) plastic; ii) paper; iii) timber; iv)
metal; v) glass; and vi) concrete, are studied in this paper. The rates of reusable
and recyclable waste define as ratios of actual reusable and recyclable materials
over total construction waste, as formulated in Equation (1):
Rate of reusable and recyclable waste = Actual reusable and recyclable
material/Total construction waste
The rates of reusable and recyclable waste indicate that practice of reusing and
recycling construction materials on the measured case studies; 1 indicates that
there is fully reusable and recyclable all construction materials; while 0
indicates that it turns all construction materials into waste for disposal.
Individual structured interviews are arranged with each case study, including
project managers, quantity surveyors, site foremen and on-site workers. The
interviews are intended for gathering further comments, elaboration and
interpretation on the results obtained from the survey.
Quantitative Trends: -
Based on data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), MSW
generation was 236.2 million tons in 2003, of which 176.4 million tons (75
percent) was in the form of potentially recoverable materials. Of this subtotal
31.4 percent was recovered for recycling in 2003, most of it in the form of paper
(72 percent). The bulk of recovered paper was in the form of old newspapers
from households and corrugated cardboard from businesses. About 48 percent
of all paper and board, 36 percent of metals, and 19 percent of glass is
recovered; the lowest recovery rate is associated with plastics (5 percent), the
highest with nonferrous metals, primarily lead batteries (67 percent). The low
rate of plastics recovery is explained both by the many types of plastics on the
market, the difficulties in sorting them, and the fact that some cannot be
remitted.
Of the 60 million tons of organic and miscellaneous wastes not included in
figures above, cities recovered about 17 million tons in 2003, 28.2 percent, the
great bulk of it in the form of composted yard trimmings. For context, it is
worth noting that MSW represents a mere 3 percent of total waste generation in
the United States, which, based on EPA's estimates, stood at around 7.84 billion
tons. The overwhelming mass of this waste, however, is the form of mine
tailings. Industrial waste generation in the major categories like metals, paper,
plastics, and glass is very low because production wastes are immediately
recycled.
Recycling rates appear to have increased since the beginning of the recycling
movement, but reliable numbers are not available. The reason for this is that
waste generation by type of content is not routinely determined; in some
surveys (such as the one cited above) commercial wastes are included, in some
they are left out. Very substantial paperboard recoveries have always been
associated with commercial sourceslong before recycling took hold; and in
the olden days much newsprint was diverted from MSW when demand for
waste paper was high. One source, cited by EPA, Bicycle Magazine, showed
recycling increasing from 19 percent in 1992 to 33 percent in 2000, with
increases in every year in between. Such data, however, are not based on
scientific or census-like measurements and, while no doubt capturing a trend,
are more impressionistic.
Current Trends in recycling: -
In Western Europe, plastic waste generation is growing at approximately 3 per
cent per annum, roughly in line with long-term economic growth, whereas the
amount of mechanical recycling increased strongly at a rate of approximately 7
per cent per annum. In 2003, however, this still amounted to only 14.8 per cent
of the waste plastic generated (from all sources). Together with feedstock
recycling (1.7 per cent) and energy recovery (22.5 per cent), this amounted to a
total recovery rate of approximately 39 per cent from the 21.1 million tonnes of
plastic waste generated in 2003 (figure 3). This trend for both rates of
mechanical recycling and energy recovery to increase is continuing, although so
is the trend for increasing waste generation.
 DATA REDUCTION, PRESENTATION & ANALYSIS
Data: - In 2013, 156.9 kg of packaging waste was generated per inhabitant in
the EU-28. This quantity varied between 46.7 kg per inhabitant in Croatia and
210.4 kg per inhabitant in Germany (see Figure 8). Figure 1 shows that paper
and cardboard, glass, plastic, wood and metal are, in that order, the most
common types of packaging waste in the EU-28. Other materials represent less
than 0.3 % of the total volume of packaging waste generated.

Time series of packaging waste generation and treatment

A summary of the development of packaging waste generated from 2005 to

2013 for the EU-27. The total quantity of the five materials shown in the figure
rose from 79.0 million tonnes in 2005 to 81.5 million tonnes in 2008.
Afterwards the volume dropped to 76.6 million tonnes in 2009 and recovered in
2010 to 78.8 million tonnes and, in 2011, to 80.2 million tonnes. This was the
first time a drop in packaging volume had occurred in the EU-15 since 1998 or
in the EU-27 since 2005. This absolute decline was mostly due to paper and
cardboard, wood and plastic packaging whereas metals and glass did not
experience a significant reduction from 2008 to 2009. This decline of packaging
material might be due to the economic slump in 2009, as the GDP in the EU-27
turned negative in 20082009.
In 2012 there was a second drop in the figures for overall packaging waste: the
EU-27 presented a total of 78.9 million tonnes, which was a decrease of 1.5 %
compared with 2011. Even when the packaging waste figures from Croatia are
taken into account, the reduction amounted to 1.3 %. In 2013, waste generation
recovered slightly, increasing by 0.6 % compared with 2012 to reach 79.4 %.

Over the 9-year period paper and cardboard was the main packaging waste
material generated, contributing with more than 32.2 million tonnes to the total
packaging waste generated in 2013. Amounting to a total of 15.6 million tonnes
in 2013, glass was the second most important packaging material. Plastics
packaging material generated had a volume of 15.0 million tonnes, wood
packaging 11.9 million tonnes and metal packaging 4.5 million tonnes in 2013.
While all packaging materials experienced a sharp decrease of 5.0 million
tonnes ( 6.4 %) from 2008 to 2009, the decline was especially sharp for metal
and wood.
Figure 10 shows the recovery rates of packaging waste in 2013 for each EU Member State and also the target
which needs to be met. The figure shows that
the recovery rates in Croatia, Romania,
Cyprus, Lithuania, Greece and Malta were
below the 2008 target of 60.0 % which
should have been reached.

Bulgaria, whose targets were set in the

future, already had met the recovery rate set
in the 2008 target and showed rates above
60 %

SUMMARY & CONCLUSION

In summary, recycling is one strategy for end-of-life waste management of
plastic products. It makes increasing sense economically as well as
environmentally and recent trends demonstrate a substantial increase in the rate
of recovery and recycling of plastic wastes. These trends are likely to continue,
but some significant challenges still exist from both technological factors and
from economic or social behaviour issues relating to the collection of recyclable
wastes, and substitution for virgin material.

Recycling of a wider range of post-consumer plastic packaging, together with

waste plastics from consumer goods and ELVs will further enable improvement
in recovery rates of plastic waste and diversion from landfills. Coupled with
efforts to increase the use and specification of recycled grades as replacement of
virgin plastic, recycling of waste plastics is an effective way to improve the
environmental performance of the polymer industry.

BIBIOGRAPHY
Davis, Mackenzie L., and Susan J. Masten. Principles of Environmental
Engineering and Sciences. McGraw Hill, 2004

Green, Jen. Waste and Recycling. Chrysalis Books Group, 2004.

"Set Up an Office Recycling System." Business JournalMilwaukee. 11

February 2000.

"Steel Recycling in the U.S. Continues its Record Pace in 2005." Press Release.
Steel Recycling Institute. 25 April 2006.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Municipal Solid Waste Generation,

Recycling, and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for 2003. April
2005.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "Recycling." Available from
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/recycle.htm#Figures. Retrieved
on 15 May 2006.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "Summary of the EPA Municipal Solid
Waste Program." Available from
http://www.epa.gov/reg3wcmd/solidwastesummary.htm. Retrieved on 16 May
2006.