NAME : HANIZA BINTI SAHUDI

NO.MATRIK : DN140126
QUIZ 2

Q1: Explain the importance of softening process to water treatment.

- The removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water.
- To removal of ions that cause hardness.

Q2: Differentiate between carbonate hardness and non carbonate hardness.

Carbonated hardness (CH)
- associated with HCO3-, CO32-
- CH = TH or Total alkalinity, whichever is less
- Often called "temporary hardness" because heating the water will remove it. When
the water is heated, the insoluble carbonates will precipitate and tend to form
bottom deposits in water heaters.
- Due to anions like carbonates and bicarbonates

Non carbonate hardness (NCH)

- NCH = TH - CH
- If Alkalinity, Total hardness, then NCH = 0
- Called permanent hardness because it is not removed when the water is heated. It is
much more expensive to remove non-carbonate hardness than carbonate hardness.
- Ca2+, Mg2+ associated with other ions, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-
- Amount of hardness in excess of carbonate hardness

How to remove carbonate hardness and non carbonate hardness

- Neutralization of carbonic acid
- Precipitation of carbonate hardness due to magnesium
- Removal of noncarbonated hardness due to calcium

Q3:State THREE (3) chemical coagulants which are commonly use in coagulation-flocculation
process
- NaCl
- Al
- Fe
Q4: Illustrates with explanation the coagulation-flocculation process in water treatment

Coagulation :
- Colloids are stable due to their small size and negative charge
- It cause water particles will be repel each other upon collision
- It have two negative charge molecule, it common contact each other
- Then, added NaCl- (salts), Na+ will be attract the negative ion and Cl- will be
remain
- Then, added Al3+ and Fe3+, it will be attract each other ( positive charge and
negative charge)
- From attract, it will be together and it will be neutral particle (charge) to destabilize

Flocculation :
- Particles collide and link together through weak bonds and form big clump called
flocs
- Al(OH)3and Fe(OH)3 it will be down
- Lastly, it will be settle down at the bottom of the flocculation tank

Q5: Explain how does alum works in water with sufficient alkalinity (HCO3- =bicarbonate).
In sufficient alkalinity in the water.
1Al2(SO4)314H2O + 6HCO3-2Al(OH) 3 3H2O(s) + 6CO2 +8H2O + 3SO42-

1 mole of alum added uses 6 moles of alkalinity and produces 6 moles of CO2
The above reaction shifts the bicarbonate equilibrium and decreases the Ph
HCO + H = HCO (Acid carbonic)

However, as long as sufficient alkalinity is present and CO2 (g) is allowed to evolve, the pH
is not drastically reduced and is generally not an operational problem.
Q6: Why trivalent cations considered as good coagulant?
1. Cations such as Fe3+ has a higher molecular weight, easy to settle
2. It removes turbidity effectively even a small dose was used.