Individual Doc of PSEA 2

CE00603-3-Power System engineering and Analysis 2 Individual Assignment Page 1 of 22
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Gratitude cannot be expressed in words. Its a deep reception that flows from ones inner heart. I,
Nitin Gautam (PT1284422), would like to thank Asia Pacific Institute of Information
Technology for giving us an opportunity to carry out the exquisite assignment under module
Power System engineering and Analysis-2 effectively and moreover on time. I wish to express
my sincere gratitude to my module lecturer Mr. RAMAN SAINI of APIIT SD INDIA College.
It was really a wonderful experience for me to work under such a dynamic and helping personality.
He gave us the knowledge of each and everything related and beyond the module in order to
enhance our skills and this assignment has been made possible due to him expertise and
knowledge. He had been very kind and patient while suggesting the outlines of this assignment
and correcting our doubts time to time. I thank him for his overall supports.
I also would like to say thanks the director of APIIT SD INDIA who provide me opportunity to
do the assignment.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank my friends who helped me a lot in gathering different
information and data and guiding me from time to time in completing this assignment. Despite of
their busy schedules, they gave us different ideas in making this unique.
NITIN GAUTAM
PT1284422
Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2017

Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................ 1
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 4
EXPERIMENT: - 1 ....................................................................................................................... 5
Aim: ............................................................................................................................................ 5
Objective: ................................................................................................................................... 5
Statement: .................................................................................................................................. 5
Theory: ....................................................................................................................................... 5
Manual calculations:................................................................................................................. 8
Algorithm: - ............................................................................................................................. 10
Flow chart ................................................................................................................................ 11
MATLAB program: - ............................................................................................................. 11
Results: - .................................................................................................................................. 14
Critical analysis and conclusion: - ......................................................................................... 16
EXPERIMENT: 2 .................................................................................................................... 17
Aim: .......................................................................................................................................... 17
Objective: ................................................................................................................................. 17
Statement: -.............................................................................................................................. 17
Theory: - .................................................................................................................................. 17
Algorithm: - ............................................................................................................................. 20
Simulink model: - .................................................................................................................... 20
Results: - .................................................................................................................................. 21
Critical analysis and conclusion ............................................................................................ 21
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................ 22

List of figure
Figure 1 image of SMIB system ..................................................................................................... 5
Figure 2 image of power system stability and its type.................................................................... 6
Figure 3- Single machine infinite bus system ................................................................................. 7
Figure 4- swing curve ..................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 5- image of angular position of swing equation .................................................................. 8
Figure 6 Flow chart of calculation of SMIB system ..................................................................... 11
Figure 7 result at time interval 0.5 ................................................................................................ 14
Figure 8- result at time interval 0.6s ............................................................................................. 15
Figure 9 Swing curve at time interval of 0.6 s ............................................................................. 16
Figure 10- Block diagram of single area power system ............................................................... 18
Figure 11 - Block diagram of load frequency control................................................................... 20
Figure 12 Simulink model for single area power system ............................................................. 20
Figure 13- graph form for single area power system .................................................................... 21

INTRODUCTION
Power system consists some synchronous machines operating in synchronism. For the continuity
of the power system, it is necessary that they should maintain perfect synchronism under all steady
state conditions. When the disturbance occurs in the system, the system develops a force due to
which it becomes normal or stable. The ability of the power system to return to its normal or stable
conditions after being disturbed is called stability. Disturbances of the system may be of various
types like sudden changes of load, the sudden short circuit between line and ground, line-to-line
fault, all three line faults, switching, etc. when subjected to a transient disturbance, the stability of
the system depends on the nature of the disturbance as well as the initial operating condition. The
disturbance may be small or large. Small disturbances in the form of load changes occur
continually, and the system adjusts to the changing conditions. The system must be able to operate
satisfactorily under these conditions and successfully meet the load demand. It must also be able
to survive numerous disturbances of a severe nature, such as short-circuit on a transmission line
or loss of a large generator. Following a transient disturbance, if the power system is stable, it will
reach a new equilibrium states with practically the entire system intact; the actions of automatic
controls and possibly human operators will eventually restore the system to normal state. On the
other hand, if the system is unstable, it will result in a run-away or run-down situation; for example,
a progressive increase in angular separation of generator rotors, or a progressive decrease in bus
voltages.

EXPERIMENT: - 1
Aim: -
Analyze a single machine to infinite bus system through manual calculations and through
MATLAB program.
Objective: -
The main objective of this experiment is we able to learn about various aspects of the transient and
small signal stability analysis of Single-Machine-Infinite Bus system and also we able to do the
stability analysis by using the matlab software as well as theoretically by solving the numerical
with the help of swing equation.
Statement: -
A 30 MVA, 50 Hz generator delivers 35 MW over a double circuit line to an infinite bus. The
generator has kinetic energy of 2.32 MJ/MVA at rated speed. The generator transient reactance is
Xd = 0.5 pu. Each transmission circuit has R = 0.1 and a reactance of 0.5 pu on a 30 MVA base.
|E| = 1.4 pu and infinite bus voltage V = 1.00. A three-phase short circuit occurs at the midpoint
of one of the transmission lines. Plot the swing curve with fault cleared by simultaneous opening
of breakers at both ends of the line at 2 cycles after the occurrence of fault over a period of 0.5 s.
Figure 1 image of SMIB system
Theory: -
The stability of a system refers to the ability of a system to return back to its steady state when
subjected to a disturbance. As mentioned before, power is generated by synchronous generators
that operate in synchronism with the rest of the system. A generator is synchronized with a bus
when both of them have same frequency, voltage and phase sequence. We can thus define the

power system stability as the ability of the power system to return to steady state without losing
synchronism.
Power system stability is also referred to as synchronous stability and is defined as the ability of
the system to return to synchronism after having undergone some disturbance due to switching on
and off of load or due to line transience. To understand stability, another factor that is to be taken
into consideration is the stability limit of the system. The stability limit defines the maximum
power permissible to flow through a particular point or a part of the system during which it is
subjected to line disturbances or faulty flow of power. Usually power system stability is
categorized into Steady State, Transient and Dynamic Stability.
Figure 2 image of power system stability and its type
Steady State Stability Studies are restricted to small and gradual changes in the system operating
conditions. In this we basically concentrate on restricting the bus voltages close to their nominal
values. We also ensure that phase angles between two buses are not too large and check for the
overloading of the power equipment and transmission lines. These checks are usually done using
power flow studies.
Transient Stability involves the study of the power system following a major disturbance.
Following a large disturbance the synchronous alternator the machine power (load) angle changes
due to sudden acceleration of the rotor shaft. The objective of the transient stability study is to
ascertain whether the load angle returns to a steady value following the clearance of the disturbance
Dynamic Stability
Dynamic stability is like transient stability but here help of an external device is taken to regain
the stability whereas in transient stability the stability was attained within the power system itself
without the help of any external device. The ability of a power system to maintain stability under
continuous small disturbances is investigated under the name of Dynamic Stability also known as
small-signal stability. These small disturbances occur due random fluctuations in loads and

generation levels. In an interconnected power system, these random variations can lead
catastrophic failure as this may force the rotor angle to increase steadily.
Single-Machine-Infinite Bus (SMIB) system
Characteristics for the single machine infinite bus system which is shown in fig 2 is shown below.
Initial operating point A is on the pre fault characteristic. Occurrence of fault reduces Pe to 0. The
power generation imbalance accelerates generator and hence its (power angle) increases. At
point C the fault is cleared by tripping the faulted line and the system moves to post fault
characteristics. The power output jumps to point D. Now Pe > Pm and the machine decelerates.
Figure 3- Single machine infinite bus system
At point E, is equal to zero and the extreme point of swing is reached. As Pe > Pm,
the deceleration continues and hence the rotor starts retarding. At point O, Pe = Pm the acceleration
is zero, but machine speed is lower than nominal speed. Consequently, the angle continues to fall
back.
However, as reduces further, Pe also reduces, therefore Pm - Pe > 0 and the generator starts
accelerating. This arrests the drop in at point F and the swing reverses, again a consequence of
acceleration. In absence of damping, these oscillations will recur just like oscillation of a simple
pendulum. However, because of damping provided by generator, the oscillations reduce in
magnitude and finally system settles to equilibrium at point O
Figure 4- swing curve

Swing Equation
We can say that the Swing Equation it is an equation used to express the modeling of synchronous
machine. Swing equation is a rotational inertia equation describing the effect of unbalance between
the electromagnetic torque and the mechanical torque of the individual machines. Under normal
operating conditions, the relative position of the rotor axis and the resultant magnetic field axis is
fixed. The angle between the two axes is known as the power angle or torque angle. During any
disturbance, rotor will decelerate or accelerate with respect to the synchronously rotating air gap
mmf and thereby developing relative motion. The equation describing this relative motion is
known as swing equation. After this oscillatory period, the rotor locks back into synchronous
speed, the generator will maintain its stability. If the disturbance does not involve any net change
in power, the rotor returns to its original position. If the disturbance is created by a change in
generation, load, or in network conditions, the rotor comes to a new operating power angle relative
to the synchronously revolving field. Or we can say that the transient stability of the system can
be determined by the help of the swing equation. Let be the angular position of the rotor at any
instant t. is continuously changing with time, and it is convenient to measure it with respect to
the reference axis shown in the figure below. The angular position of the rotor is given by the
equation
Figure 5- image of angular position of swing equation
Manual calculations: -
The Inertia constant, M is computed for the calculation of power system as follows:
GH
M=
180 f
Where G is the Base value of the generator i.e. 30 MVA and H is the kinetic energy of the generator
i.e. 2.32 MJ/MVA
30 2.32
M= = 7.733 103 MJ/elect deg
180 50

Pre-fault values are calculations:

0.5
XI = 0.5 + = 0.75
2
EV
PmaxI =
XI
Where Generator voltage is denoted as G and is given 1.4 p.u. in the question itself, V is the infinite
bus voltage i.e. also given 1 p.u.
For calculating maximum power
1.4 1
Pmax = = 1.866
0.75
Power angle curve for the pre fault system is given by;
Pangle = Pmax sin
= 1.866 sin
The pre-fault power transfer is defined by the ratio of power delivered to the load and the base
power of the generator.
It is expressed as,
Power delivered to the load 35
Pt = = = 1.166
Base power of the generator 30
Initial power angle is expressed as
1.866 sin 0 = 1.166
0 = 38.682
During Fault Calculations:
It is needed to convert the power system from star network to delta network by using the following
equation.
0.5 0.1 + 0.5 0.2 + 0.5 0.1
X2 = = 2 pu
0.1
1.4 1
Pmax 2 =
2
= 0.7
The power angle curve of the system during fault is given by
Pe3 = Pmax 3 sin = 0.7 sin
Calculations for Post fault

X3 = 0.5 + 0.2
= 0.7
1.4 1
Pmax3 =
0.7
=2
Power angle curve of the post fault system is as follows;
Pe3 = Pmax3 sin = 2 sin
Frequency of the signal is given by, f = 50 Hz
50 cycles = 1 second
Therefore,
2
2 cycles = 1
50
= 0.04 seconds
Pa = Pm Pmax sin
t 2
n = (n1) + P
M a
n = + n
Therefore, the power angle is calculated for other conditions in the same manner and the swing
curve is plotted.
Algorithm: -
The following steps will takes place for plotting the swing curve in matlab
Step 1: enter the command window of the MATLAB.
Step 2: Create a new M file by selecting File - New M File
Step 3: Type and save the program in the editor window.
Step 4: Execute the program by pressing Tools Run.
Step 5: Finally View the results.

Flow chart
Start
Enter value of MVA, pd,

Xt,f, H, Xd,
Determine Time =c/f
Abbreviations:
Calculate inertia
M=(G*H)/(180*f) Xd=transient
reactance of
generator
Xt=transmission
Display the
line reactance
moment of
Constant
inertia
f= frequency
MVA= base
Calculate value of MVA(pd)
X_1=X_d+(X_t/2) Pd= power
delivered by
generator
Determine H= kinetic energy
Power_max X_1= Pre vault
value
Power_max=
Maximum power
Calculate X_2= during fault
X_2 and X_3 X_3= post faults
Compute Pe
Yes Compute
power angle
Calculated
value of t^2/
M
Display
No the
Tinitial < Stop
power
Tfinal
angle
Figure 6 Flow chart of calculation of SMIB system
MATLAB program: -
clc
clear all

close all
p_b = input(' Input the MVA value of generator i.e.(P_b): '); % used to enter the value of base
MVAc
freq = input('Enter the frequency of the system in hertz- freq: '); % used to enter the value of
frequency of the system
p_d = input('Enter the value of power delivered by the generator (P_d): '); % used to enter the
value of delivered power in MWatts
H = input ('Enter the valu of kinetic energy in MJ/MVA (H): '); % used to input the value of kinetic
energy
G_b = input('Enter the base value of generator (G_b): '); % used to input the value of generator
base
X_d = input('Enter transient reactance of generator, (X_d): '); % used to input the value of transient
reactance of generator
X_t = input('Enter the reactance of the transmission line, X_t: '); % value of reactance
E = input('Enter the value of generator voltage, E(p.u): '); % used to input the value of generator
voltage
V = input('Enter the value of infinite bus voltage, V(p.u): '); % used to enter the value of infinite
bus voltage
initial_time = input('Enter initial time, initial_time: '); % used to enter the intial time
final_time = input('Enter final time, final_time: '); % used to enter the intial time
step_size = input('Enter time interval,step_size: '); % used to enter the final time
cycles = input('Enter no. of cycles, cycles: '); % used to enter the number of cycles
t_c=cycles/freq; % used to calcultate time for clearance
fprintf('Time to clear fault in %g cycles is %g \n',cycles,t_c); % used to display time %Moment of
Inertia
M = (G_b*H)/(180*freq); % used to compute moment of inertia
fprintf('The value of inertia constant H = %g s2/elec.deg \n',M); % display moment of inertia
%Pre fault
X_1 = X_d+(X_t/2); % used to caluclate the value of pre fault
Max_p_1 = (E*V)/X_1; % used to calculate the maximum power
p_t = p_d/p_b; % used to calculate the power tranfer for pre fault

del_deg = (asin(p_t/Max_p_1))*(180/pi); % used to compute the value of delta in degrees

del_rad = (del_deg*pi)/180; % used to compute the value of delta in radians
fprintf('pmax1 = %.2g\n',Max_p_1); % used to display the maximum power
fprintf('Pre-fault power trasfer, pt = %g\n',p_t); % used to display power transfer
fprintf('Initial power angle, del = %g\n',del_deg); % used to display the value of delta in degrees
%During fault
X_t1 = X_t/2; % used to conver star into delta connection
X_2 = ((X_d*X_t1)+(X_t*X_t1)+(X_d*X_t)/X_t1); % used to calculate the value during fault
Max_p_2 = (V*E)/X_2; % used to calculate the maximum power
fprintf('Power_max2 = %.2g\n',Max_p_2);% used to display the maximum power
%Post fault
X_3 = X_d+X_t; % used to compute the total reactance of the system after fault
Max_p_3 = (V*E)/X_3; % used to compute maximum power after fault
fprintf('Power_max3=%.2g\n',Max_p_3);
%Calculatation of Power angle curve
p_n = p_t-(Max_p_1*sin(del_rad)); %Power acceleration for pre fault is computed
p_p = p_t-(Max_p_2*sin(del_rad)); %Power acceleration during fault is computed
p = (p_n+p_p)/2; % Power angle curve post fault is computed
del_deg = (step_size*step_size*p)/M; % used to express power angle in degrees
del_rad = del_rad+(del_deg*pi/180); % used to convert power angle from degrees to radian
time(1) = initial_time; % used to define power angle at time (x) axis
angle(1) = del_deg; % used to define power angle at angle (y) axis
tinitial = initial_time+step_size; % suming the initial time with the step size
i = 2;
while(initial_time<final_time) % while loop will execute till inital time is less than the final time
if(initial_time<t_c) % if loop will execute till initial time is less thsn the clearance time
p_n = p_t-(Max_p_1*sin(del_rad)); %Power acceleration for pre fault is computed
end
if(initial_time==t_c)% if loop will execute till initial time is less thsn the clearance time
p_n = p_t-(Max_p_2*sin(del_rad));%Power acceleration for during fault is computed
p_p = p_t-(Max_p_3*sin(del_rad));%Power acceleration for post fault is computed

p = (p_n+p_p)/2; % Power angle curve post fault is computed

end
if(initial_time>t_c) % this loop will execute when initial time is greater than time clearance
p = p_t-(Max_p_3*sin(del_rad)); % Power angle curve post fault is computed
end
del_deg = del_deg+(step_size*step_size*p)/M; % used to express power angle in degrees
del_rad = del_rad+(del_deg*pi/180);% used to convert power angle from degrees to radian
del_d = del_rad*(180/pi); % used to calculte the value of delta
t(i) = initial_time; % used to set time to initial time
angle(i) = del_deg; % used to set angle to delta
initial_time = initial_time+step_size; % suming the initial time with the step siz
i = i+1; % loop is incremented
end
plot(t,angle,'ko-'); % used to plot the value of time and angle
grid on; % to display the bar graph
xlabel('time') % denotes x axis
ylabel('angle') % denotes y axis
title ('Swing curve') % denotes the title of the curve
Results: -
We got following result on the different time intervals
When time interval is 0.5s
Figure 7 result at time interval 0.5

Swing graph form on the value 0.5s
Figure 8 Swing curve at time interval of 0.5 s

When time interval is 0.6s
Figure 8- result at time interval 0.6s

Swing graph form on the value 0.6s
Figure 9 Swing curve at time interval of 0.6 s
Critical analysis and conclusion: -

After writing the matlab code for analysis of transient stability of single machine infinite bus
system simulation has been done and found both method i.e. result of simulation and manual
calculation is almost same. Also it is found that when we reduce the step size, the swing curve will
be more clear and accurate. So in the last graph when the step size has been taken as 0.5s, swing
curve is more accurate because its step size is very less i.e. 0.6s and remaining graphs are not
accurate of swing curve as compared to last graph. By comparing the calculated values manually
and simulated values verified that both values are approximately equal in every parameter.

EXPERIMENT: 2
Aim: -
We have to simulate the single area power system using MATLAB-SIMULINK.
Objective: -
The main objectives of this experiment is to become familiar with various aspects of single area
power system and we able do the load frequency control of single area power system by using the
matlab software.
Statement: -
An isolated power station has the following parameters
Turbine time constant, T = 0.8 sec
Governor time constant, g = 0.5 sec
Generator inertia constant, H = 60 sec
Governor speed regulation = R per unit
The load varies by 0.8 percent for a 1.6 percent change in frequency, i.e., D = 0.8
The governor speed regulation is set to R = 0.05 per unit. The turbine rated output is 260MW
At nominal frequency of 50 Hz. A sudden load change of 65 MW (PL = 0.3 per unit) occurs
Theory: -
Single area power system an isolated electric area, where one generating unit or bunch of
generating units, is placed in close vicinity to distribute the electricity in the same area is called
single area system. There is no other generating unit which is distant apart is placed. Only the
generating unit(s) present in that area is responsible to maintain the desired frequency in normal
and abnormal conditions Single area power system an isolated electric area, where one generating
unit or bunch of generating units, is placed in close vicinity to distribute the electricity in the same
area is called single area system. There is no other generating unit which is distant apart is placed.
Only the generating unit(s) present in that area is responsible to maintain the desired frequency in
normal and abnormal conditions. For Load frequency control scheme of single generating unit has
basically three parts:
Turbine speed governing system

Turbine
Generator and load

Figure 10- Block diagram of single area power system

Mathematical expression for Governing system
Electric power exceeds the input mechanical power when electric load increases suddenly. This
deficiency in speed is compensated by increasing the speed of the prime mover.
1
Pg = Pref R f
In s domain;
1
Pv = P (s)
1 + g s g
Mathematical expression for Turbine
Power is generated by the prime mover; the model of turbine relates the change in mechanical
power output Pm to the change in steam valve position Pv.
Pm(s) 1
GT = =
Pv(s) 1 + s
Where is the turbine constant that ranges from 0.2 to 2 sec.
Mathematical Expression for Generator
Using the swing equation of synchronous machine;
2H 2
= Pm Pe
t 2

d s 1
= [Pm (s) Pe (s)]
dt 2H
Laplace transformation gives;
1
(s) = [Pm (s) Pe (s)]
2Hs
Mathematical expression for load
The load speed is characterized by the following equation;
Pe = PL + D

Where, D = change in load i.e. frequency sensitive and

PL = Non- frequency sensitivity change in load
D is expressed as the ratio of percentage change in load to the change in frequency.
Load frequency control
Modern day power systems are divided into various areas. For example in India, there are five
regional grids, e.g., Eastern Region, Western Region etc. Each of these areas is generally
interconnected to its neighboring areas. The transmission lines that connect an area to its
neighboring area are called tie-lines. Power sharing between two areas occurs through these tie-
lines. Load frequency control, as the name signifies, regulates the power flow between different
areas while holding the frequency constant.
We can therefore state that the load frequency control (LFC) has the following two objectives:
Hold the frequency constant ( f = 0) against any load change. Each area must contribute to
absorb any load change such that frequency does not deviate.
Each area must maintain the tie-line power flow to its pre-specified value.
The first step in the LFC is to form the area control error that is defined as
where Ptie and Psch are tie-line power and scheduled power through tie-line respectively and the
constant Bf is called the frequency bias constant .The change in the reference of the power
setting Pref, i , of the area- i is then obtained by the feedback of the ACE through an integral
controller of the form
where Ki is the integral gain. The ACE is negative if the net power flow out of an area is low or if
the frequency has dropped or both. In this case the generation must be increased. This can be
achieved by increasing Pref, i . This negative sign accounts for this inverse relation between Pref,
i and ACE. The tie-line power flow and frequency of each area are monitored in its control center.
Once the ACE is computed and Pref, i is obtained from euqation, commands are given to various
turbine-generator controls to adjust their reference power settings.

Figure 11 - Block diagram of load frequency control
Algorithm: -
Step 1: Open the Simulink icon and choose the component blocks for simulating a new single area
power system.
Step 2: after that add the block of step input signal to the power system.
Step 3: Now add all the transfer functions for governor, turbine, inertia load and generator of
single area power system.
Step 4: then after give a value of feedback using the governor speed regulator and integrator to
system.
Step 5: Attach the gain as negative feedback to the single area power system.
Step 6: Finally we will choose scope from Simulink library to obtain the graph for load frequency
control of single area power system.
Simulink model: -
Figure 12 Simulink model for single area power system

Results: - After designing the Simulink model run this model and after double click on the scope
we got following graph form.
Figure 13- graph form for single area power system
Critical analysis and conclusion

After going through the all above the experiment researcher concluded that the when researcher
running the Simulink model the graph has been obtained that shows the frequency deviations of
isolated system and it shows the system where ripple is present in it. It clearly shows that the time
taken for settling by the step response is more and then it reaches to the equilibrium state. It can
be visualize that the ripples has been settle down slowly and attains the state of equilibrium at
maximum. Finally the load frequency response for the single area power system is obtained and
became familiar with modeling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow dynamics of a
power system without and with load frequency controllers (LFC) and to design better controllers
for getting better responses.

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Individual Doc of PSEA 2

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CE00603-3-Power System engineering and Analysis 2 Individual Assignment Page 1 of 22

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2017

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2017

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2017

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2017

Figure 1 image of SMIB system

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2017

Figure 2 image of power system stability and its type

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2017

Figure 3- Single machine infinite bus system

Figure 4- swing curve

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2017

Figure 5- image of angular position of swing equation

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2017

Pre-fault values are calculations:

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2017

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2017

Enter value of MVA, pd,

Determine Time =c/f

Figure 6 Flow chart of calculation of SMIB system

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2017

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2017

del_deg = (asin(p_t/Max_p_1))*(180/pi); % used to compute the value of delta in degrees

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2017

p = (p_n+p_p)/2; % Power angle curve post fault is computed

Figure 7 result at time interval 0.5

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2017

Swing graph form on the value 0.5s

Figure 8 Swing curve at time interval of 0.5 s

Figure 8- result at time interval 0.6s

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2017

Swing graph form on the value 0.6s

Figure 9 Swing curve at time interval of 0.6 s

Critical analysis and conclusion: -

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2017

Turbine speed governing system

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2017

Figure 10- Block diagram of single area power system

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2017

Where, D = change in load i.e. frequency sensitive and

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2017

Figure 11 - Block diagram of load frequency control

Figure 12 Simulink model for single area power system

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2017

Figure 13- graph form for single area power system

Critical analysis and conclusion

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2017

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2017

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