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THEUNCROWNEDQUEENOFPALESTINE
APaper
SubmittedtoDr.R.D.Cole
ofthe
NewOrleansBaptistTheologicalSeminary
InPartialFulfillment
oftheRequirementsfortheM.Div.Course
EncounteringtheBiblicalWorldBBBW5200
intheDivisionofBiblicalStudies
by
ElizabethJ.Raver
B.S.,LibertyUniversity,2016
0
Dec.8,2016
Introduction
ThevillageofShechem(Hebrew:em),orNablus(Arabic:),ismentioned
sixtytimesintheOldTestament,insinuatingitsimportancetothebiblicalnarrative,andis
regardedtodayasoneoftheleadingculturalheritagesitesoftheWestBankyetits
significanceisnotconfinedtothebiblicaltexts.Shechemsstrategiclocationandplentiful
suppliesofbothfoodandwaterexplainwhyitwasinhabitedforthousandsofyears,datingback
toaperiodbeforethearrivaloftheIsraelites.Shechemislocatedattheverycenterofthe
countryofIsrael,advantageouslysituatedonthemajorNorthSouthandEastWestpassages,
fortymilesnorthofJerusalemandsevenmilessoutheastofSamariaintheHashemiteKingdom
ofJordan.1Thiscityinthehighlandswasakeysite,duenotonlytoitspositiononthetrade
routes,butbecauseofitsarable,agriculturallandsripewithvegetablegardensandfruitorchards,
itswatersupplybelievedtohavecomebymeansofaconduitfromacaveinMt.Gerizim2
anditsrich,religiousheritage.ThisworkwillexploreShechemshistoryastoldinthebiblical
andhistoricaltexts,itsgeographicimportance,andthearchaeologicaldiscoveriesatShechem,
highlightingitseverchangingrolethroughouttheHebrewandhistoricnarrativesandits
continuedreligiousandgeopoliticalentanglementasancienthistoryandmodernturmoil
collides.
TelIdentificationHistory&Archaeology
Wright,G.Ernest.Shechem.London:GeraldDuckworth&Co.LTD,1965,xv.
2
Ibid,215.
1
TheHebrewwordshekemmeansbackorshoulder,probablybecauseofitslocation
inthevalleybetweenthemountainsGerizimandEbal.Disputescontinuedovertheexact
locationofShechemuntil1903,whenGermanscholarHermannTheirshdiscoveredtheruinson
theoutskirtsofmoderndayNablus,nearthesamelocationthatthechurchhistorian,Eusebius,
hadplaceditwhenhevisitedtheareain333A.D.3ArcheologicalevidencesuggeststhatTel
BalatawentthroughfourmajorperiodsofsettlementbeginningintheChalcolithicperiod
throughtheHellenisticperiodinthesecondcenturyB.C.4Remainsofheavilyfortifiedwalls
indicatesthatithadnonaturaldefensesagainstitsenemiesandevidencerevealsthatithasbeen
destroyedatleasttwentytwotimesthroughoutitslonghistory.5Wrightelaborates:
Aroundthewesternandeasternedgesofthismound,aresomeofthelargestextant
fortificationsfromancientPalestineanimportantancientcitywasoncelocatedhere
createdasagreatfortforcontrolofthemainroadsinnorthcentralPalestine.Itwasmade
strongenoughtoguardthepassbehinditandthegreatplainwhichsupplieditsfood
directlyeastandsouthofit...judgingfromthestrengthofitsfortificationstherecanbe
nodoubtthattheancientcitywhichoncestoodherecontrolledacitystatethatbordered
onthoseofJerusalemandGezertothesouthandMegiddotothenorththedateofthe
remainsshowsShechemtohavebeeninexistencethroughmostofthesecond
millenniumB.C.6
ThereareremainsofthefirstTempleoftheLord(Judges9)atShechem,whereErnstSellin
(19261928)alsodiscoveredstandingstones,ormatzevot,signifyingthepresenceofthe
divine.7ItispossiblethatthesewereplacedherebyJoshua,butthereisnotangibleevidenceto
3
Ibid,6.
4
TellBalataArchaeologicalPark.AccessedSept.10,2016,113.http://www.tellbalata.com
5
Hansen.Shechem.
6
Wright,6.
7
Langfur,Stephen.Nablus(Shechem).AccessedOct.15,2016.
http://www.netours.com/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=113&pop=1&page=0&Iem=35.
2
supportthis.Otherfindingsincludeanaltarandgreatpillarswherethetemplesremainsnow
lay.TheWellofJacobalsosupportsthelocationofTelBalataasancientShechem,becauseitis
theonlywellintheregion,andwellsarestationaryfeatures.JohnplacesthewellatSychar,
whosenameispreservedinthevillageofAskar,akilometertothenorth,8andtheMishnah
callsitEinSychar,thespringofSychar.9
Geography&Topography
Geographyaffectshistory.10Whentracedbacktoitsorigins,everycivilizationis
subjecttoitsgeographiclocationbeitformilitarystrategy,accesstoacleanwatersupplyand
arablelands,oraccessibleroads.11ThecityofNablus(Shechem)islocated69kilometersnorth
ofJerusalemand42kilometerseastoftheMediterraneanSea.Israelsgeographyandtopology
aresuchthatShechemliesinthecentralportionofSamaria,knownastheHillCountryof
Ephraim,restingbetweenamountainrangethatextentstoabout1,600feetattheGilboan
Mountainsandclimbstomorethan3,300feetatBethel,stretchingfromtheGalileeinthenorth
toBeershevainthesouth,withJerusalemsituatedatthehalfwaypoint.12Thecrossroadsat
ShechemleadinthreedirectionsfromtheRidgeRoute,orTheWayofthePatriarchs,
throughthecityandsouthtothePlainofSharon,connectingtotheInternationalHighway(the
8
Ibid.
9
Ibid.
10
Stiles,Wayne.TheGeographical,Historical,&SpiritualSignificanceofShechem.AccessedSept.5,
2016.https://bible.org/geographicalhistoricalspritualsignificanceshechem
11
Ibid.
12
Schlegel,William.TheLandandtheBible:AHistoricalGeographicalCompaniontotheSatelliteBible
Atlas.Copyright@2013byBillSchlegel,Map21.
3
ViaMaris),atSocoh.13ThethirdroadfromShechemleadsnortheastalongtheWadiBeidanto
Tirzah,descendingeasttotheJordanValleybywayoftheWadiFaria.Oncetheroadpassed
throughtheJabbokValley,itreachedtheTransjordanianHighway.14Oneofthemajor
distinctionsofthePalestinianterrainisitsruggedness,butevenwiththeadvantagesofitscentral
locationbetweenMt.GerizimandMt.Ebal,Shechemwaslowandvulnerable.Thisisprobably
thereasonthatrulerssuchasJeroboamleftShechemandinhabitedothercitiesthatweremore
easilydefended.ThisvulnerabilitylikelyledtothebuildingofaCyclopeanwall,solargethat
itmusthavetakenagiantliketheCyclopstomovethehugestones15Othermajor
fortificationscanbefoundinthissameperiod,whentheHyksoshadtakenoverEgyptataround
1650B.C.16ThecentralspineoftheWesternMountains,whichrangefrom1,500to4,000feet
inaltitude,spanningwesternPalestine,isinterruptedonlybytheJezreelValley.17Theyconsist
ofsoft,sedimentaryrock,scoredbyrainfallformingwadisthatpenetratethemountainsfrom
easttowest.18Awadiisagullyorditchformedbyrunofferosion,andinaheavyraincan
rapidlyswellwithfastmovingwaters.Somewadisareeasilynavigated,whileotherscanbe
narrowanddeepandprovideadefensiblepositionfortravelers.OneofSamariasroadsthe
13
Stiles.
14
Ibid.
15
Langfur,Stephen.Nablus(Shechem).AccessedOct.15,2016.
http://www.netours.com/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=113&pop=1&page=0&Iem=35
16
Edersheim,Alfred.BibleHistoryOldTestament,Peabody,MA;HendricksonPublishers,Inc.,142.
17
Brisco,Thomas.HolmanBibleAtlas:ACompleteGuidetotheExpansiveGeographyofBiblicalHistory.
Nashville:B&HPublishingGroup,1998,1618.
18
Ibid.
4
previouslymentionedRidgeRoadfollowsthiswatershedandconnectsSamariawithJudah.19
AnotherkeygeographicfeatureisthemountainrangeitselftheoppositesidesoftheWestern
Mountainsaremarkedlydifferent.ThewesternsidecatchestherainfromtheMediterraneanSea
whiletheareatotheeastisdesertlike,especiallytothesouth,duetotheRiftonthatsidewhich
retainsverylittleprecipitation.20Tothenorth,Samariaislowerandmoreeasilyaccessibleas
comparedtothesouthernportionoftheregion.
TheJewishRootsofShechem:BiblicalEvents
Themodernnameforthetell,balata,mostlikelycomesfromtheArabicbalut,meaning
oak.21AbrahamsfirstdestinationwhenhetravelledfromHaranandenteredthepromisedland
wastotheplain,ortheoakofMoreh(eilonmoreh)(Gen.12:6),22inthevalleyofSichem.
ThisisthefirstcitymentionedintheBible,wheretheLordappearedtoAbrahamandmadethe
promiseofthelandtohisoffspring(Gen12:57),andAbrahamrespondedbyconstructingan
altarandofferingsacrificestoYahweh.TherelationshipofthepeopleofIsrael(Abrahams
descendants)withthelandofIsraelwoulddemonstratetotheworldthetranscendentsovereignty
oftheonetrueGod.23AftertwentyyearsofexileinParamAram,Abrahamsgrandson,Jacob,
crossedtheJordanoncemoreandarrivedsafely(Gen.33:19)atShechemhisfirststopwhen
19
Ibid.
20
Ibid.
21
Finegan,Jack.HandbookofBiblicalChronology.RevisedEdition.Peabody,MA:HendricksonPublishers
Marketing,LLC,194.
22
Unlessotherwisenoted,allscripturereferenceswillbefromtheHolmanChristianStandardBible.
23
Schlegel,Bill.TheLandandtheBible.
5
heenteredCanaan.Jacobpurchasedaplotoflandoutsidethecityforonehundredkesitahs,24
becausehedidnotwanttoliveamongtheidolworshippers,andhehonoredtheLordbybuilding
analtar,callingitEleloheIsrael,God,theGodofIsrael(v.1820).Thelandwasnotasithad
beeninthetimeofAbraham;itwastilledandplantedandacitynowexistedthere,mostlikely
builtbyHamortheHivite,(Gen.34)thefatherofShechem,whoseillfatedliaisonwithDinah
wouldbecomeapainfultrialbetweenJacobandhissons.However,beforetheseevents
unfolded,Jacobdugawell,whichmanycenturieslaterwouldbethesettingofanencounterwith
DavidsgreaterSon,25andasinningSamaritanwomanwhobecamethefirstnonJewtotaste
thewaterofthewellofeverlastinglife(John4:14).AftermanyyearspassedandJoseph
becamevizieroverallofEgypt,hebroughthisfamilytosettleinGoshen,andJacobblessedhis
belovedsonoverandabovewhatIamgivingyourbrothers(Gen.48:22),bygivinghimthe
deedtothecityofShechemtheveryplacethattheenemysolongagosetasideforJosephs
destruction(Gen.37:3135).ThisiswhereMosesandtheIsraelitesfulfilledtheirpromiseto
carryJosephsbonesoutofEgypttobeburiedandwherehistombremainstoday(Josh.24:32).
WhenterritoriesinthePromisedLandwereassigned,thetribeofMenashe,oneofJosephssons,
receivedthelandthatincludedShechem(Josh.17:7).26
Nearlytwomillennialater,scripturecontinuestoacknowledgeShechem(Sychar)asa
pivotallocationinthelivesoftheJewsandSamaritansthroughthestoryofJesusandthe
24
_____.AncientJewishHistory:Weights,Measures&CoinsoftheBiblicalandTalmudicPeriods.
AccessedOct.6,2016.www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/source/History/weightsandmeasures.html
25
Edersheim,97.
26
Loewenberg,F.M.TheJewishRootsofShechem.AccessedOct.25,2016.
https://www.academia.edu/25396337/The_Jewish_Roots_of_Nablus_Shechem
6
womanatthewell(John4).WhenJesusaddressedherasshecametodrawwaterfromJacobs
Wellsheretorted,Sir,IseeyouareaProphet.Ourfathersworshippedonthismountain,yet
youJewssaythattheplaceofworshipisinJerusalem(v.1920).ShewasreferringtoMount
Gerizim,thegatheringplaceforSamaritanworshipsincetheeighthcenturyB.C.MountGerizim
ismentionedintheOldTestamentfromtheonsetoftheIsraeliteexperienceinthelandof
Canaan,whereGodcommandedtheIsraelitestoproclaimtheblessingatMountGerizimand
thecurseatMountEbalafterenteringthelandofIsrael(Deut.11:2632).27UnderJoshuas
leadership,aftertheIsraeliteshadcrossedtheJordanriverfollowingtheconquestofAi,they
builtanaltarofuncutstones,accordingtothelawofMoses,andthentheyofferedburnt
offeringstotheLordandsacrificedfellowshipofferingsonit(Josh.8:3035).Althoughthetext
makesnomentionofthenameofthisplace,Joshua8:33identifiesbothMt.GerizimandMt.
Ebal.Thecitywouldlaterbecomearefuge,whereIsraelitesorforeignerscouldcomeiftheyhad
unintentionallykilledsomeoneandnotbemurderedasretributionuntiltheyhadtheirdayin
court(Josh.20:79),andoneofthecitiesthatGodcommandedthroughMosesbesetasidefor
theLeviticalfamilies,providingpasturelandsfortheirstock(Josh.21).Duringthetimeofthe
Judges,Gideonsson,Abimelech,persuadedtheShechemitestoelecthimkingfollowinghis
fathersdeath(Judg.9:13).Threeyearslater,hispeoplerejectedhimandAbimelechburned
Shechemtotheground(Judg.9:2230).EvenduringtheUnitedMonarchy,Shechemplayeda
majorrole,andafterSolomonsdeath,thetwelvetribesgatheredtheretocrownhisson,
Rehoboam.ButRehoboamhadnopoliticalexperienceandthetennortherntribessplitfromthe
UnitedKingdom,andelectedJeroboamastheking(1Kings12:122),andhemadeShechemhis
27
Magen,Yitzhak.TheSacredPrecinctonMountGerizim.BibleandSpade14,3(2001).AccessedNov.
20,2016.http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2015/01/31/TheSacredPrecinctonMountGerizim.aspx#
7
capital.Thisdidnotlast,however,andShechemlostmostofitsimportancewhenJeroboam
abandoneditandmovedtoPenielinTransjordan(1Kings12:122),andlatertoTizrah,seven
milestothenorthofShechem.28ShechemcontinuedtoplayakeyrolefromtheTalmudicperiod
allthewaythroughtheArabConquestsandtheOttomanEra,butitsbiblicalsignificanceisput
asideuntilthe1stcenturyA.D.
Historical(nonbiblical)Records
Thestudyofbiblicalchronologynecessitatesthatwesearchasfarbackaspossibleto
correlatethebiblicalrecordwiththefindingsofancienthistoryandarchaeology.29Theruinsat
Shechemreveal4,000yearsofhumanoccupationanditismentionedinseveralEgyptiantexts
thatmaywithreasonableconfidencebetakentorefertoShechem.30Thefirstofthese
referencesisatextofexecrationpublishedbyPosener.Writtenonthebodiesofclayfigurines
representingboundcaptivesofthePharaoh,31thetextslistthenamesofoverseventyAsiatic
cities,manyinPalestine.ScholarssuchasAlbrightdatethetextstothemidnineteenthcentury,
whileAltdatesthemaround1800B.C.,andPosenerplacesthemattheendoftheTwelfth
Dynasty(19911778B.C.).32TheallegedreferencetoShecheminthetextreads:Theprince
(orruler)ofSkmimi,Ibshddw.33AlbrightbelievesthatthisshouldbepronouncedSakamior
28
Loewenberg,F.M.TheJewishRootsofShechem.
29
Finegan,Jack.HandbookofBiblicalChronology.RevisedEdition.Peabody,MA:HendricksonPublishers
Marketing,LLC,194.
30
Harrelson,Walter.ShecheminExtraBiblicalReferences.TheBiblicalArchaeologist20,1(1957):
210.
31
Ibid,3.
32
Ibid.
33
8
Sakemi,34meaningthetwoshoulders.ThisfitswellwiththeregionofbiblicalShechemquite
wellthecityflankedbytwomountains,GerizimandEbal.Thesetextsdonotofferany
informationonthescaleorsignificanceofthecityandnodataonthepresenceorlackofa
militaryforceoritspoliticalstanding,butdoesacknowledgeitsexistenceearlyinthehistorical
record.
TheSebekkhuStelehonorsamancalledKhusobekandwasdiscoveredatAbydosby
JohnGarstangin1901.Itdatestothe12thDynastyreignofSensuretIII(18801840B.C.)and
tellsastoryofthekingsailingdowntheNiletooverthrowtheMentuofSetet.35Linetwoof
theinscriptiontranslatesashismajestyarrivedatadistrictcalledSekmem.36Thissteleis
devotedmainlytoaccountsofKhusobekslife,andisconsideredoneofthemostimportant
historicaldocumentseverfoundinEgypt,37becauseitrecordstheearliestknownEgyptian
militarycampaigninCanaan.38
TheAmarnaletters,whichcontainonlyasinglereferencetoShechem,stillhold
importancebecausetheyprovidethenamenotonlyofthecityofShechem,buttheprince
(Labayu)whoruledthecity.TheseletterswereapleatoPharaohAkhenatonforassistance
againsttheenemiesthatwereattackingthePharaohslands.TheymentionbothShechemandthe
Ibid.
34
Ibid.
35
T.EricPeet.TheStelaofSebekkhu:TheEarliestRecordofanEgyptianCampaigninAsia.Manchester:
Sherratt&Hughes,1914,8.
36
Ibid.
37
Ibid,3.
38
Clayton,Peter.ChroniclesofthePharaohs:TheReignbyReignRecordoftheRulersandDynastiesof
AncientEgypt.NewYork:Thames&HudsonLtd.,1994,85.
9
`Apiru,39sowecansurmisethistoindicatethecityandtheadjoiningterritoryunderitscontrol.
DuringtheAmarnaPeriod,(theendofthe15thandbeginningofthe14thcenturyB.C.),Shechem
wasacityofsizeableimportanceandamajorcenterofoppositiontothePharaohsauthorityon
thepartbothofitsprincesandthe`Apiru.40
OtherhistoricaltextsthatmentionthecityofShechemaretheEblatablets,whichdateto
thethirdmillenniumB.C.,41thewritingsofJosephus,whichspeakofMosesandthemountains
ofblessingsandcursings,42andthePapyrusAnastiI,43asatiricallettermostlikelyusedtotrain
apprenticescribes.
ThePeopleandtheLand:ModerndayConflict
Peopleacrosstheworldbegantodistinguishthemselvesasnationsandtopetitionfor
nationalrightsearlyinthenineteenthcentury,specificallytherighttoselfruleinastateoftheir
own(selfdeterminationandsovereignty).44BothPalestiniansandJewsdevelopedasimilar
awarenessandralliedtoachievenationalrights,sotheZionistmovementdevelopedin1882
withthefirstsurgeofEuropeanJewishimmigrationtoPalestine.45And,althoughtheypractice
39
Harrelson,Walter.ShecheminExtraBiblicalReferences.TheBiblicalArchaeologist20,1(1957),6.
40
Ibid,8.
41
Kessler.ExcavationsDoneatFormerIsraeliteCapitalShechem.
42
Whiston,William,Trans.Josephus:TheCompleteWorks.Nashville:NelsonPublishers,1998,(5.1.19):
6870.
43
Harrelson,45.
44
Beinin,JoelandLisaHajjar.PrimeronPalestine,Israel,andtheArabIsraeliConflict.(Feb.2014)The
MiddleEastResearchandInformationProject.AccessedNov.20,2016.http://www.merip.org/primerpalestine
israelarabisraeliconflictnew
45
Ibid.
10
differentreligions,thetensionsbetweenthemisnottheresultofreligiousconflict.Thestruggles
theyfaceperpetuallyrevolvearoundthelandtheyeachmaintainbelongstothem.TheJews
upholdthatthelandclaimwasguaranteedtoIsraelwhenGodmadeHiscovenantwithAbraham
andhisdescendants(Gen.17:8),whilethePalestinianArabsassertionisbasedontheir
continuousresidenceinthecountryforhundredsofyearsandthattheyrepresentedthe
demographicmajorityuntil1948.46Theydonotacceptthatabiblicalerakingdomsupportsa
validclaiminmoderntimesandcitethatIshmael,Abrahamssonandtheforefatherofthe
Arabs,hasasmuchrighttothelandastheJews.47
In1913,aGermanteamledbyErnstSellin,beganworkatthesitewhileNabluswas
undertheauthorityoftheOttomanTurks,however,theyweresooninterruptedbyWorldWar
I.48Theyreturnedafterthewarendedandcontinuedtoexcavateintermittentlyupuntilthe
1930sunderBritishrule,butmostofthosedigrecordsweredestroyedintheAlliedbombings
duringWorldWarII.49UnderJordanianrule,Americanteamsexcavatedatthesiteinthe1950s
and60s,andsoonafterward,IsraelconqueredNablus,alongwiththerestoftheWestBank,in
the1967Mideastwar.50Inthelate1980s,afterdecadesofneglect,thefirstPalestinianuprising
causedfurtherdamagewhenthesitebecameacenterforresistanceforIsraelicontrol.51In
46
Ibid.
47
Ibid.
48
Hansen,DavidG.Shechem:ItsArchaeologicalandContextualSignificance.
49
Kessler,Oren.ExcavationsDoneatFormerIsraeliteCapitalShechem.(2011)AccessedNov.16,2016.
http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/ExationsdoneatformerIsraelitecapitalShechem
50
Beinin,andHajjar.PrimeronPalestine,Israel,andtheArabIsraeliConflict.
51
Ibid.
11
2011,archaeologistsfromLeidenUniversityintheNetherlandsexcavatedatShechem,where
contemporaryscholarsarewritingthelatestchapterina100yearoldexcavationthathasbeen
interruptedbytwoworldwarsandnumerousroundsofMideastupheaval,52andthisrenewed
effortrevitalizedthePalestinianDepartmentofAntiquities,whichceasedtoexistin1948.53
ShechemiscurrentlyunderthesupervisionofthePalestinianAuthority,withapopulationof
130,000ArabsnoJewsareallowedthere,yetitisstillthesouloftheJewishpeople.Attacks
onthesitefrombothsidesIsraeliandPalestinianhascausedgreatdamagetoJosephsTomb
anditsYeshivasincetheearlydaysofthealAqsaIntifadain1987,undertheprotectionofthe
UnitedNationalLeadershipoftheUprising.54Overtheyears,thetombhasbeenrepeatedly
besiegedbygunfire,stones,andfirebombs,andIsraeliforcescontinuetostruggleagainst
Palestinianoccupationtothisday.
Conclusion
ThisworkrevisitedtheancientcityofShechemanditshistorical,archaeological,and
biblicalsignificancethroughoutmuchofits4,000yearexistence.Archaeologicaldiscoveries
continuetorevealarichpastanditremainsacitysteepedinculturalimportance,frombeforethe
timeoftheSamaritansofJesusday,tomoderndayprincipalitieswhocontinuetodisagree
aboutwhoshouldpossesstheland.Ithasendurednumerousoccupationsbymanyconquering
nations,butvisitorscontinuetogathertheredespitethedangersthatyetremain.Covetedby
pharaohsandkings,Shechemremainsastudyoftheexploitsoftheancients,especiallythe
52
Kessler.ExcavationsDoneatFormerIsraeliteCapitalShechem.
53
Ibid.
54
BeininandHajjar.PrimeronPalestine,Israel,andtheArabIsraeliConflict.
12
biblicalPatriarchs,whoindeliblylefttheirmarksontheMountainsofGerizimandEbal,aswell
astheirenemieswhopursueditsdestruction.Thistimelesscitycontinuestofascinatetothisday,
andonecannotpredicthowmanymorenarrativesmayyetarisefromitsancientruins.
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14