()t','rlior' -5.

trl'ctrnsljlLrc'l.lt us uell. So. l'or cranrple. te nrght expr-ct to find that lust as
{ rherc art' 'snrall nonrinal phrescs' I '= \-ber) iargt'r than N but srnaller than
\P. so too lh!-rc:trc'snrall 'Atijectiral ['irriises'larger than A but snle]ler than
Other Phrases ,AP: rhat thcrc':rrc"srnall ,\rlverbial Phreses'lerger than r\DV trut smeller than
.AI)\'P: thirl th!'rc arc'srnnll Prcpositit.nal Phrases'larger than P htrt snraller
ihan PP: end limt thc-rc- are 'sntail Vc-rh Phrtises'larger than V but snraller
then VP. Anci irr flct. this is prcc:se'1r u'hal u'e are goirrg ttr claint in this
chaprer. Thll is t,r s:l\'. \\!- shall arprre that all nlitior rvord-lcvel categories likc-
Noun..\d.jectirc-. \drt-rh. Prcpositirrn and Verh hlve not.ltlsl onc. but rather
5.1 Oveniew lrr rr iitlercnt l\ li.( !)!'phrl]sul cr1)un.i,rrt. \,{,r1q' rpc-cificallr'. $c shall argur- thltt
ln the previous chaptcr. *e argtteci that thr'r.'lrc'stlnll'nr-rtltinltl thr. inlernrrl \lnlcturr- (rl-the brrckcl.d \P irr (l | - rfpr-eted ils (3)(a) helori- is
phrases larger than the Noun but slnuller than thr'Noun Phntsc. And.tccortl- par:illc'lc'dhvth:rttritht'lrracketed -\Prn(.lt(lrtbelorr'.ADVPin(l)lc).PPin
. rve arguld that thr're are thrcc tlpcs ol- tronrinal cat!-gor\ in Engiish.
ingl1 (.l) {(1). ilnd Vl) in (.l) (c).
nirmell N. N-brlr. antl N-doublc--bar-. L;rrdcr-thr'rnalrsii nrL'scntL-d thcre. rt
(l i
) lrr .l,.hrt i: [\p :\ rttttlcnr oi-Phr sicsl
Noun Phrasc such as thlit bracketcd ir (l )b!-l(r\\:
(i') Sirc is [.\l'\cr'\ /)/irtl,/(ri-llcf son]
tI ) John is [a srrulcnr ol Pln:,ir.s) (c) Sht'tiisctrretr-d ir [..1p1tpqttite i,'r['/){'/r/(rtllt rr1-nte]
would havc- the structure (l) helou: 1ti1 l-hcthicl-ti1lfppnght,,i//ofth!-uindotl
(c) \'(rlr lttu\l l1'p hc'r/rirr(irrg ol'hell
/rt
-,,/'' \\
-\ --),x Tp p;'c'plrrc thc riaV l,rr.trrr suhsr-tlucnt discusqiott. let's introduc!- solnc'slmple
D"' -.-t ..----..-\
tcnlin()log). In c.rch ol'thc hrlckttt'r] phmscs in (-1). the italicisc'd constitur-nt
--PP
a \'- is th.'llr'cr,/ rrl'thg b1.lclg1cd f.irr:ric. in an irttuitivelr obvious scnse. For
student
/' ..,
,.. ,.f phr sics t cranrpll-. lir!'\oLlrl rrrriL'rr/ ir.r (.1 l(ili is thc Heed of the hracketed Nourr
Phriisc-. precist'lr.hecltttsc- ultitt nr:rkr-s a Notttr.Pl-rrase intrl:t Notrrl Phrase
The overall sequence fo .\tud(nt ol' Ph.t.sit'.s) *ould thus ha"c' the status of a (r:ith!'r thln c.!. u li'r.h [)hntsc' is thc- lirct lhal it contains it \irtrt; irl rnuch the
Noun Phrase trecall that N' and NP rrre ecluivalent terrns. und thlt the clis- s.ilr.'\\r\. thc.,\djr'ctirc lrt)uiir (.1)(b)is thc- FIr'ad ol-thc hrackt-tetl Adjc'ct-
tinction le are dra*ing betu'een thern hcrc is purclr'didactic: i.e. uc- usc N" ir:rl Phnrscthr- .-\drr'r'h intlcpcndtntlr irr (l)(c) is the Head ol- the bracketed
lor Phrases rvhose internal stnrcture ue sho* in <letail. antl NP lbr Phrascs ,\tlre rhial l)lrlusc: thc Plcptrsition ,,ur irt {-l)(d) is thc Hcad ,rl- the hracketed
whose internal structure ue onrit in ordcr to sirnpiifl erposition: uc shali Prcp.tsitir.nul Phrasr': antl ,1't.' 1'.-1 lr thittkitt.q irt (l)(c) is the Head of the
genr'ralise this conrention to othr-r ciltc'gori!-s ir thr'discussiort ri hiclt lbllorvs) hnrckctetl Vcrir f)hlrse.
In a structure such as tl). the Noun irrilr'irr is the irrrrtl {i.e. kt'l colrstitucnt) ol' In udtlitiLrr. \c'shull sa\ tlrlt tirt'r'rprcssion rihich fcllo$s thc'italicised
tht'olerall N". in the sense that what makes an NP into li Vr,ul P/rrr'ri('(ritther' itc-nr ( - im .)/-nh|r\c irr lr]l oLrI erltnrplg'5 in ( j) irtrore) iuncliorls ils lts (-/)frllrL-
than a ['crl Plva.sel is the fact that rt contains;r hentl ,\'oio: (lrnrl not a ]reltl /)rr'lri. Srr. l'ol t'',urrplc'. in (.1)tl) thc PI'[,r/ I'irr ri.sl is the Conrpletncnt ol'thc
I crh). The head Noun.slr/(ld?/ toqcth!'r gith its ('onrplcnrr'nt PP ll/ P/rr sir rl Irc;rti ;\oun \t!t!l(nt. in {j) rb) lhc' PI) [rrl lt,'r t,411 is thc- ('onrplen]cnl of the
fornt a'snrall nrrminal phrase'lrrurlt'rtt r'l Pltrsitil. ca]letl en N-brr. l-lti. N- .\tlqr-,'tirc' t)rtiu,l: in r-1 )(c) the PP l,r/ rrrr'l is th(' Conrfilc-trcnt ol- thc Adverb
bar togr-the:'with the Dcternriner (r i'ornr Ihe \-drruhlt'-blr {or l'ull \l)) con- int!t'i)(n.lt'trlr irr 1,i)tcl ). rirc PP [,'r tltt tinlitt,] is th.' ('ortr]rleltter]t ol' thc
stituent lo s t itdtn t o/' P/r lsi.r]. [)rcl).\sili\)t) iri/r..lntl in 1-])(t'i the f['1,/ lii'rJ ii lh!'C'()nrl]1elr1!-nt ol thc Verb
Given that in an optimul thcorv r.l'cate!{lric-s ue shoLrlrl e\n!'.t t(\ llnd 1
broad stnrctural slmr11etrl acfoss c:,li!-gori!'s. \\t rTtqht holtc that ()tir'!(rnclri- .\nrl tinlrllr. rrc ihall rtiso str thril ilr c'rtch of thc crltittplc's itt (-l)ltlrrrve'. thc'
sionsabout rrominais in the preritrus chaprercrrn bc- gcnt'Illiir'd to olhcr t\irr's it.'nr rihieh nrr'(.(lc-s thc itrrljcised ll!'lr,i conrtiluent filncti,)lr\ us its.\)tcr'lli.,r'

tt6
thus, a is the Spt:tiliur of the Noun :itulutt in (j) (a): r'cll is thc Specilic-r o1'thc lrilrrrrl categories (e.g. NoLtu. \'erb. .A.djective. etc.). but rather about all cale'
AdjectiveTrrorrr/in(3)tb):rTrrlteistheSpecificlL.l'thcAdyerb indcp4itlL,ttil.rin qcrics in general. More technicalll. what we nceti is a trllt'gor.t wriuble-that
(-l)(c);,l.crl is the Specilier ol'the Prelrosition {./r'r in (-l}(d): rnd be is ihr'Speci- l). ir s]-mbol qhich carl'stand lbr'an)'ci.ltegorV ol a given t-vpe. So. let's intro-
fier of the Verb lrirkrir-q in (-l ) ir'). ducc the symbol .\'rs a cirtegor) variable representing any word-level cate-
Giren the tertniuology we httve intloduccd here. rrc'crut 5it\ that ell ol'the gor\: c.g. X stands lbr \. or A. or AD\'. t)r P. or V. etc. We can then
bracketed phruses in (i) abovr'are of the schemltrc lbnrl i-l) bek)\\: geueralise the pxttern i11 {-i)Ltbo!e b1 saling that all Phrases have the schema-
tic stf r.lctrlre intlicated rn (6) belou (note that *e are simpiilying our discussion
(-1) Spr'cihr'r * Heacl +- C'ornpieurent lbr the time bcing bl ignoring'optional cxtrris'such as Adjuncts and Attri-
Now, wc'have llleady argued in thc clse Lrt'\oun Phlrtsts th:rt a Hcatl NoLrn h utc's ):

together with its Complement lbrr.n .rn N-bar: rnd that this N-L'al together
ri'ith its Specrtier (: Deternriner) lbnrrs rin N-clouhrlc'-har.
.Ihus.
il orhcl [trrcs
rbr
tSpecrf
/ -- --\\-
rer)
__\,,,
__--,--\'----.\
of Phlase have a parallel internal stnlcture to NL-aun Phr';"r:e: (as ri'e rhull irrgrrc
in detail in this r-hapter'). then u'e might ertend orir lriir-anaivsrs i}om Noun
x"' iddmptement)

Phrases such as that bracketed in (-l){l) ab(rve to lll the other brrckctcti -\ lrcre i: r ((r/r'g(/r'r' vuriuhle u'hich stands lbr un-u- major word-level category
Phrases in (3) above. For eranrple. we might argu!' that in the casc ol'(l)(b). like N(otrn). V(c-rb). P(reposition). A(djr'ctrvt'). ADV(erb) etc. 'Specilic'r' and
proud is Lu1 4.. l.u oul ol fir,r' .vlr is ir 'snrell' Ar:l jectival Phnrsr' $'liich {trr, auulogt 'C'ornplement' urc not categoriai terms. but rather represellt grammatical
with N') \,\,e might cilll an A'(-A-bar) eonstitLrent. itnd tirc r.rrcntll lthrase lirnetions or rclations: hcnce they hlre a s:milar status to terlns such as
fver.t'proud ol har sonl is an A'(:A-douhle-1.;rr) or'{irll'Adjectirul Phlase 'Subjc'ct'and Object'. So. qhen \\'r'5r)'th:tt in a NLrun Phrase such as
( - AP). And extendir-rg the parallel still firrther. $'e nricht gLr L)n to clainr that
Itt .strtfurtt o/ P/i.r'rrr'.r1. thc $ord u is a Deterltritrer which f'unctions as the Speci-
in (3)(c) itrlL'pL'ndctttly is an AD\'. linlepert<ktttl.r Lrl nt.') ts un ,{D\/' lier o1'r/r.([rll. {lrr'rlord'Specifier'is used to denote a grdnlmatical l'unction.
(:ADV-bar). and [quirt, intltpt'nttenrl,t ol nrc]\s an ADV" (:AD\'-doLrblc- nhcrer: the *ord'De(ermrner'is ttst'cl to designate the cltegory which a
bar); that in (-l) (d) olr is ir P. lour 'rl rltt nitt,l,'r,l is .r P' ( - P'bar). encl frueirr irelongs tcr.
out ol'Ilrc x lrrlr;rr'] is a P" ( : P-doLrtrle-bar): lnil finllil. that in (-.1 ) 16) thirtking But rviry are thcre brackets round the Spccltier and Complement in (6)?
is a V. ftlrlrA'irtg ttl htr] is a V (\'-ftar). :rnd [6.' tltirtking o/ /rr'r] is e V" Well. these indicate that Specitier and Conrpiernent Jre oPlioturl constltuents
(:V-double-bar). Giren thcsc assrrnrptions. the bracl'eted phrir5es in (.li r)l i! [)hrase {recall tittrn cur disctrssiolt in the previous chapter that this means
abo,ve will have the skeletal constltuent structure indicated in (,i) belL)\\: that the) can bc omitted 1'ront lctltt'. thottgh I'ot necessarill ,l// Phrases' silrce
therc *ill obviously b!'comple\ condttions gorerning when they can and can-
(5) (a) [n,,a [N'[5 studcnt] ol'Physicsl I
nc)t bc omitted). Phrases such its tirose brackcted in {7) below illustrate the
(b) [4,, very [4, [.1 proud] o1'hr'r'sorrl l
optionaliLy' (in our sense) o1'specifiels and Conlplements. since the bracketed
(c) [4py,,quite lanV, [nOV indeprendcntly] ol'nrel l
Phrirsc's contain t Head ri'ithout either tl pe or ntodifrer:
(d) [p', right [p' [p out] of thc' windorvl l
(e) [v " be [v' [y thinking] o1'herl l (7) (a) They are [1" rtrllertls]
tb) She is [4" 7rrr;url]
The structurrl prrallellsnr between tile !arious Jitl'erent t\p!'s ol Phrl:e rn (5) (c) She discorcre'd it [.q.OV" intltpendtntltl
above is clearly so striking that we rvould like to be uL-le trr rcplirec tht Tttrtitu- (d) The thiel'ltll [p" trrrr]
/.r/ statements 'uve have mude about thc internai stl'uctul'e ol'specilic t1'pes ol' (c) \'L-)u nlust [y" tlilrtA]
Phrase (Noun Phrase, Adjectivrl Phrase. Verb Phrlse. etc.) in t5) bv il singlc
more gcnenrl statement about rrl/ tvpes of Phras"'. But hou cirn \\ e dL) this'.' Sincc the bracketeci corlsrituents in t7) ubore have the sarrre distribution as
Well. what we need in order to generrrlise iiom the particLllrlr \l.itenlr'nts thc-ir llll-phrase counterparts in (-l) above. the) are assigned the same cate-
Phrases (i.e- ol'double-bar constituents). lbr reasons which
made in (5) itbctut ho*'categorics crrn be bLrilt up iuto l)hrases t() a nrore -qorial status oi'full
general statement is some device which will en.ible us tL) talk not rbout i/l(/l- shoulcl b; nos, be boringll farnrliar to )ou (cl'. section 2 7)!

218
OthL'r Phra.st,t l t'rh Pltru.rt'.r "5.,)

In the generaiiscd X-bar scher)ra {6):llro\,c. the rl,ord-levcl cltc-soil X is sarii slitucrlt. ,irrri tlrlt \'-lrrrr cun hi t'..lunilc<i bt'thc aridilion r-rlapprr-rpriate Speci-
trr be the llntrrntliort') ILu,t ol'thc \-har constituerrt cilnt:rirrinq \ lnd its lic-r's iu ltich hr- 1:rkr-; ti, 1rr- thr' ,\s|!-ctui'.1 Aurilirnes httvt'hcl intti a V-doubie-
Compfenrent. This X-hirr is rtstir- tlli llt,t)11(tliii!(l IIt,r,l ol'thr- X-douhlc'-h:rr hrtr con.liuc'r'rl. (lii t-rr tlris ll is'!nlirtirtn. thc bruckctctl VP in (8 t helorv:
constituenl contairling ri anil Ilic Spccrtill Phlirsc. Irr aclciitron. \ mrri bi saicl
iS r .lohn llei i/.(' / ('./(rirl( {1 1.r/){ l
ttr be the Ltltintate lIt'it,l qor. l!-S: prcei\ci\. 1/, r;i/) ol'ihc- tr\crJ]l \ Plrr:isc.
''l-hus.
perhaps rather irritatillSlv. tho tcrnr'tlcad'is uscil irr t'.r'rr rljtlilcnt nrighi lturc a \tr'uci'.ire irl(rns tlr. lines ol'{9) bc[rrv lu,hcre ASI) designates an
SenSes. corrc-sponding r'ither t(r'JnrnrL.(jiiita I-{c'lrcl'rtr'l-'ltrnrlttt- Hc:tJ'. S,,. l-rrr' '\:|L'.11r.11 \urili;ri.. ):

cranrplc. if f iirr ask nte: 'Wltat ir thc Hcacl \tf iha Noun Plrlrsr [a ttrrldlt tr]
P/r.r'.rir'.i]. I could re1liv either'l-he N-bar l.stir,r',''rl ol ['ltrsit<l'{br-cirrrst'this i.
lhe lntnu'ditttr' l{t'ui ol the orcnill N['1.,.r' \tu(tt,t!t 1be'C.-luSt'thrs is thc { /li-
rnatc lleud of the orerrll NP). For thc nrrlst pilrt. u,c shilil usc' tht' tcrrl y'1i,rrrl .T
NP
here in the sense of 'Ullimatc- He:rcj'. lind henct'sl\'(r'.9.I ihar \ js thc Hrliij ,rl'
N ', A is the Hc'ad of A '. V is thc Fk-rd ol-\'' rn.l s(J (rn rrrrl sl lbrth. taltil; n I -.-- 1 book --\
For reasons uhich should norr bc ltPIarent. thr'(r\r-riill l'he,.r,, ol'Clttt'gor'- Jlut rrir.rt crn|iricei.-ritlcncc rr i)rcrc'iir l:rvour ol'|ositing:r V-barconstituent
ies upon rvhich our aiiscussion in this chaptt-r'anil thc lrst is besctl is knonn us
i.rtgtl Ill,rt \. brrt snritller th:,rr\rPl
.\"-har Srnter. Within this ftrnrelt rk. unv givcn sintplc u rtlcl-lc.\'!.1 crlcqor\ X .\knr;rii.rrr. Slt'clt- uritl \\'irsi u {laJQtltoilit {o a nunrbcrof slntactic proper-
lras trvo difrerent npes ol'phrnsal c-rpension t)r bur lrt)i(rti!,r. r'r:rrilel! lr sin{le-
iir-s distln.qurshrnc \'-b rr frcnr VP. I;or L-\rnrplc. thc\ irote (p. 13) that onll'a
bar projection into a'snrall'X-bar Phmsr. arrti a llrlhcr clouhle-hitr prqcc- \--hlrr. rrr't u rilrole \/l) cirn b,l ll.ontcil irr tlre conslluction il)rrstrate'd in (10)
-flrc ( :'i-dt-ublc.-lrar) urrtj
tion into a 'largc'' X-tlor-rble-bar Plrrasr'. te r;ls \'
hglirr';
XP (:X-Phrase) are entirellr c.;uiralctrt l-r(tnr ii thcofeti,.--:rl ricupoint. anrl
hence can be ttsr-d intcrchang!-abii. Houc'.r-r {as ll(t}tc(i aborc.). 'ror r-rpositorr { i0) Thcv sr or.' thirt Jc,hrr mighl havc been taking heroin. and
convenierrce. u'r- shirll clrau a sinrDie cli,lilctic dr:-tinction bct*ct-r.. thr:nt ht-rr-: iir . . . [1 ' l,i/irlg /r.',,r;irl hr- tnigltt harc bt-enl
(h) *. . . l..L'rr tdi;irr'-'lr(/{riil hc nright har,c!
generel. ge shall use thr- labcl X' f,rl l constitucnt rihosc intcrnal hirr projcc- lVl,
tion structure rve shot in sonrc detail { lncj rr hich * e \\ an t trr rlra',r' the rr-rde}'s (c) " If p ri.rr,'l','i'n itkitrq ltcrttirtl hc nri-chtl
attention to). and thc- llhel \P fi-ir pirr.rsr's $hose internal structrifr. *c choosr lrlorr',..r,.-r'. th('\'afguc (l).4()t thirt \icrlrs likc- hr'.qr)r and,f.'c suhcategorise (i.e.
not to represent. and shich rve ion't \',at1t the rr-adc-T to par rrnclrre lttteltiiir'l 'lilkr-'I:r (- Lrr'r,.1)lr't'n.nt c!)ntailt;nt a \'-b:rr. not a lirll \iP: cf.
to.
Weli. by nttw lcan tt-ll frorrr ],lur fidgetir)g that 1'r.ru're heginning lr- sufl,-'r ( I I ) (a ) I sarv .lohr [1', i riii r/irrlr tltc ritotlf
terminological trauiras. r*'hat rv:ls ihtt ]'ou \\antcd:'l,r.S\ rtl'rltc th!-ot'\. ntorc
(i)) *l sltt ilitll l\.P /t,'r'l,rrrilrls' tlotrrt litt roadl
of the tacts'l) OK. then: lt-t's look tI son]E- ot'thc lacts rvhich.jrrsti!r'the claints
(ct *l slrrv him 17,p lttt, littislt 'i1lris uorfl
made above. We'll begrn bl ettentpting to probe thc. internll strlictur. of Yerlr l:urthc-r errpirical eritlcnce in support ol- pp5i1j6g a categor]' V-bar comes
Phrases: ;rnd we shall :rrgue in so;n.'de tail irr support ol-positing a \'-hi1 .'i111- Il'onr th.'iuct that it irrlns out ro lrarr- xn inrpolt.lnt lole to lrlar- in accounting
stituenl larger than V brit smellcf tharr VI-. l'or thr :r irtlr (tl llrir)us f \'1rr'r oi vcrlral nrodifit'r. Consider lirst the question
rtl'leririrl lioitnr!)dit-il-rs. r\s in ilrc cltsc'oi'NPs. rre crrr ,,lrall ln irnportant dis-
5.2 \'erb Phiascs tinctiorr irr'tc ht't$t-cn Ctrili)ii ltlr,til\ tu,hich expand X intrt X-bar) and
We'li becin r)ur aiehnce ('l'tlte \-har schcrnr (turliltecj irr {6) ltbirrt r'"cursir elr, cr}..irrd \-bar irrto X-bar). 'l-lte Com;rlement.
.liliurt.
" {u hichjrrn
bl iooking at whcthcr or not thc schr'nrir in (r.tis app,liceble to ihr. rrtrlvsis o{' .,\d.jinrct tli:tinct is inrplicitlr rlrlu rr lusing rathe r different tc'rnrinology) by
\rerb Phrases. In this connerti,rll. it r\ i:rc'rc:trirg t:r noie thitt Rar .l:rckcntl,rll- Clronr:1.. in {f/,i'l r.{ (lt)65. pp. lt)l -1). .,ihrrc lic distingrrishcs betwecn
in what has heconte the ciassic *ork on X-irirr Srrrtur. nernc'lv iris t1977:ri I 'irrtcrnrri' post;lotlifiers (lhicir sh,ru. il sttong degree ol'rvhat he calls co)te.sion
.!'i nl,r.r' book - rrrgur's that \r uncj its l-'omnicnrclrts l(r!lr'tlrtr folrn :r \', har con- i{r th!'ir r()\ inlill!: \icrbl. i ';ci 'ir\tclr)al' postrnoclifiers (rvhich shou' less
:-10
Other Phrtrses I erb Phruses i.l
wtrultl be sisters ot V. and daugiiters ol'\'-brtr. But what cmpiric:al c-vidence is
tohesion to the Verb). For exarnple. hc lrrgues rhlt iu sentences such us the (a)
{frerc' in supllr)rt ol'the distinction bet\4eelt rcrbal Cc,lrplcnlells and Adjunttsl
examples below. the bracketed PP is an'internll'postntcriiitier. *h.-rt'as in the
corresponding (b) example it is un'exlernal' rrne: Orrc:ucl.r irrgunrclit cirn bc ibrntulatcd iu relation lo structurul antbiguitt..
thus. eonsidel the lblloriing cxamplcs (udaprcd liom Chomsky t 1965). p. i01.
(12)(a) Hewillwork fttt tlrc.jt.th]1:intenrai) antl Young ( l!)$"1). p. -17):
(b) He rvill work fat rhe t,ffi;a] {'=c\tefnal)
( 1 t' ){a) He nrar dccrde on the bolt
(i3) (a) He lau,qhed ltr the tlrt*nf (:iutern:rl) (b) Ilr couidn'r explarn last nigtrl
(b_) He laughed ltrt ten o"t lotk) 1 -= exlenral)
\\ithrn rhe X-ber franervork. ue can prorirle a principied account ol'the
Wrthin the X-lrar liamervork we arc usiug \crc {rvilicir hd(i noi \ci beL:rl irrnbiguitf in t lt') in structur.rl remrs. Thus. jil (i6) (a) the PP on tlu: boat rnay.
adopted in the ChomskYrn para<1igrn lt {he limr'*helr .l.v)((/.! rr.is rvrittcnr either bt l Compientent sithin the \,-barcorrainjng rhe head ! (as in (l7t(a)
we can interpret internul as designating a Courplernent iutcrn:rl ttr thc !-bar b.lo$ ). or an ,\djLrne r outsidc the \/-bitr coniaining the ht"ad V (as in (17) (b)
containing the herd V. arrd c.r'/cra{//ls designltrng rn ArliuncI e-rterna] to thc belou'):
V-bar containing the head V. This *ould m.-eu that lilr(a) und (bl !rbo\c (17)(ir)
would have the respectivc structr.lrcs {1.1)(a) rrrlrl (bt belou:

( l"l) (a) IPP: intenrei: Cornplement]

-s---.-_ dt'c r.le
I

NP !t (lr)
He wiil
--,-.
PP - ..--
.
rr Ur[: 'j lt thc.ltrh -_:
(1.1)(b) IPP-erternul,=Adjun*l dccide

Likeuisc. in tltr)rbi the \P Utt.st rt!.qlttj cc'.rid eirher be

a Compiement NP
cxpandrng \'' into \i-bar, (-1r iin r\djurlcl \P
ei.panding V-bar into V-bar.
He will An intclesLing coric'iatc ol'rhe ('llrpleiltr,trt ,{itjuil(r t!istinction is that an
.-.
\P in a Conrnlen.rr'nt PP cutr gcnelallt be lussitiscd. uhereas an NP in an
\' .--
PP
Adjunct PP cunnot: cl'. the lbilo\\ inll contrasLs:
irt rhc of ttc* --':-
(18) {i.r} ll iri: joh) nc'eds io bc'uorkcd at hv an e\pr.rt
fu.rfl (b) *]'ltis ttl/tccl is rvorkcd ill b] a ioL ot'peoplil
Any such distinctior-r uould pres'.rplrosc'rh.rt ',erbal Coniplenrcnts ant'. (I9)iir) ll-lr tit'nrt| sas laugiretl Jt b:r'!'\cr)one
Adjuncts ilre gerrel'ated bv tu,o tlrfl'ere nt l)hllsc Stnrcturc rules srLch ls those in ib; rll,,tr tici<,cl'l u,ris laLrghcd rt bv crcry.onr-
(I 5) belorv:
In this e()nne!:tion. it is interestin_q to nLlte thrt rn passir.e sentences such as (20)
( Ls) (a) V' -. V' [Adjunct flulel bclou:
(b) \" - V PP [Ccrmplement Rule] (l())(a) l7'lte httatl uas decided on ultcr lcngrh.v dc.liberation
(b) |.-tst nigltt) coulcin'r be cxplaineri hy anyone
Thus. Adjuncts nould bc'sisters ancl daught;rs ol'V-bar. dnd ('onrl)j('n)ents

lll Ii_l
Other Pl;ra.;c.' l'erh Plrrit.st,.t -t.:

the italicised NP carr orrly ctrrrcsporrd to rr.r actire (',rDrplr/,crrl. not to iil.r ciselr,as uc cllrirrr in r.ll) ab,le). l-hus. rhc X-bar analysis nrakes exactlv cor-
zrctive l.rll,?(/. rcct predic(j()ns about r/o ro Pr,.nonrinalisation facts.
A further argulrent in supptr-t of drarvrnu;l structursl distinction lrctscen A fulthcr argument in su|Dori of the clistinction between verbal Conrple-
velbal Conrplenrents and Adjuncts carr bc- firrnrulatcil in relation l(\ /,r'1)- ilr(',r/s arld .lrliuttcts c:rn hr: Ib:'r'nulated irt reiltion lo ortlcrinq:'estrictions. As
ttotrrinali.rutiort facts. .lackentlotT t19;7r. ll 5S) notes that the Iirrasc r1.r s.r ur'h:rrr- Lllcaclv seen ilr connc.--tjon uitlr our discussion of Complemenls and
appears to firnctior, as a pro-V-bar. In the !ight of this ohscrvirtion. consirler .\djuncts in Noun Phrases. lhc \-har analvsis predicts that Complemer-rts will
thc' fol lorvi n g con trast: rlu;rvs 'r,-cur closer to thr'ir h:eds than Adjuncts. (Jur lnalvsis thus predicts
(ll)(e) ri:ll irr sclrtcncr-s sLich :rs {llt ;rn.j (li) abovc. if the Complentr'nt Phrase and
.lohn rrill t'ur [rp tli, httrtll lpp;r;7 fiigr1,/.7.1 ]
thc Ad.j',urct l)llrrs.r c(1-ecclrr.,.iiirin tltc sitnre VP. the Cornplcnrent u,ill pre-
(b) .lohlr liil put [\jp rlt: h,t,.;l;] ipp rrr ri"L'ur-l'l.
tr'de tire .\rllunct Anti rs thc:r.r:rrples beloiv illustrate. this prediction is en-
1

Superficiaill', hoth senterrces ser-n tc corrirrin V-blr conslitucnts oi ih!'ichc- tiri'l\. c0rrcct:
nrzrticfbrm [V NP PPI: and 1ct r,.c nricht argu(- thet \\h!-reils in th.'/'at (15)(e) llt's,orked ful rha i'itilar thc,,ffiLtl
crrrlple. bcth the \P and the PP arc Cornplcnri'nts. in tiir- iu.i'eranrplc br (b) "FIr'riorkr-cl lLtt /ltt ,tlfirelf.at tltt iohl
contrast the i.i-P is a Compleirer,t bur thc PP is en Ad.junct. This uould nrt'.rn
that the t$ o V-hars u oLrld haVc thc rcs|c-ctir c structilrcs: (:(i){.r) flc llirchc'ci [a'l llrc r iou'rl ltt tan o'L'loi'k7
lbl *l lc l:tughe ,l ft;t l,'r it'v l,;t kllut tlit tlovu)
(ll) ial ,-\r --
..'-- Ytru slroultl hr'r'\cruciiltin!ir iiiniliar Nrth tlte logic o1-this tlpe of argument
PP
h1 1pl1. so I shall notelaborlli: iurther.
NP ' Ir)n Tuesda\
I
,,\n lclditionlrl :rlglllrrlrl in .uirport ol-the distinction can be forntulated in
bur : the hook : : Cl3 [. ( i)-/)r'('t/l-l (,/?.'r. /l(,.\ Ii. jr'ii(]/? {. .A.S u C havc. a lrt-ad 1' noted in OUr diSCuS-
t i!-.n
sion of \oLrn Phrasc's in thc l.rcrioris chepter. Head !'iltecories inrpose SuL
(b) '-'----.\',\ -..'.....------...-.-O' t (!!{{t)t i\tttit)n r!'stilcIir)tls otr the ranEc of possibie Coiltplcntents they perrnit.
bul n(lt on rhe [ange of .{,/lrlrll.s riith u.hich they can occrrr. For exantple. only
v---- NP \'!\\.
il rc-strict!-(i class o[\'!'rbs calr bc fo]lorvetj bv an NP designating the person
a thc brrr_rk
|
,."

put -: on the tah[. ' l-l-t)lll \vll.)lll S(rllle 'l-.1'111'lli,rll iS requestCd: cf'.
-

In the iight of these strltclurcs. cr)ltsider the lollttuins collrrnsts:

{17)(r) .lohrt askccl ftltc nt,tr rtt.rt do,trl
(h) *.ltrhn inqtrrrecl
ftltL'ttt,tn nctt il,tttrl
-l-rrcsciltr].
ll-l)(a) .lohn uill [bu1'thc b,:ok on anci PaLrl uili rlrr tr;:rs ucll
.fr-rescllr.. 'f
ib) .lohn urll l'bur the bor-.kl on u1'ril i)a!il uill r.i, .,r rlt his srigcr-sts thltt the ita jicisecr \P Il/rr' ntitl llt .\'t rlar'rl ntusl be a Conrplement
l'lt',r rsdll in cirses lrkc tll). since Suhr:rtr'-rt'r'isrition rc*riciitrns htild betq'een items and
ihcir Conrnlt'nrcnls. B1,ci,nlr':lsi. it t!-n)Forill NP (i.e. tinrc-phrase) such as
(1,1) (x) .lohn qiil fput the Lrc'.rk on thc. iebii.]. .lnil Plul rvill ,'/,'.rr; ls ,.rcli i i i-11r'ir/rri 4114y71qt,tr:fc:lt rrccllt'irith an urrri:strictc-d choice ol-Verbs. as we see
{b) t.ltrhn qill iput thr- b,..okl on th. [l]b1.. arrrl Prul ,r,ill r./,, r,r on tlrc ll'onr 1:S ) hi-l()\\ .

chuir
(ls ) .lohrr clied sner-zt-d wept !-\ploded 'apoh-rgisctl 'laughed, escaped
ln (:-l). tjta: the pro-\'-hur r/r.r/, c.ltr i'tpi:t,:t- eill'rer Utri.r.r4.. l,rtriJ; tttt
tr,c sce
rlt [ec tcd slcp t I t r'.i ti'r',1ii t t /-t t' r t t' t,r tl
t t

Tuc.rdarl or [hrr, tht lttokl. su:gcsting t]rirt brttlr o1- thrsc alc \'-ir:rr cc,rr-
stituents (preciseiv as g'e ciainr tn {ll} lbor.-t: bLlt in r,1.1). r/,r sr cult (:,nl\' rc- The rtlrvi,.rLrs c(llraluiiolt Lit tir,ru is thlrt tht'NP Iir'.rtr'r'i/,r.r, o/lernrtonf must he
place the \\'holc girirg 11.ui rlti, ,.)ijk ,)ti tit, r,tbi,'1. loi thL- rubsirtn-r [lrrl l/ir :rn Ati.junit in structLrlt's strch ,rs {lS). sinct Vcrbs clon't gr.nerltllv intpttse re-
A.)rA]. 5uggs.1lnq that lhr- fr.-:nre r lnij n{)t rlrc l,)tt!-i;s a \'-ha: r'rrltst jtLi.l)t {lrc- rlnclions'rrr -\riitrncts.
i-)q )15
Otht'r Plrrus,'t l-erh Phrrtscs .S.l
A relatccl drstine ri0n ls tirilt {il) lrotc(i tr\ -iackcntir-r1l't 1977a). P. 5l)C0rnllc- Po:sibrlitt. iis (-11) brlou sho',\s. rs tbr rire Verb to be eilipsed along with its
uretrts tetrd lo bc tilrough afc rlt.it:riwlrisI Ulrlrtrrlt.rIr'. r,l'hcrt-;.rs Atljunct:t ale Lonrplcnlcnl but riithor-rt its Arljunei:
dl\d).s oltiit)ild/: it lirllc'us IltrrI thr: thlll (,lr1t(./1(,r'l c()l!stitr.t!'ltl5 llru:t be C,.'lil-
plcmcnts. ln this c(,nncclion. c(-)r'tsr!l!'r li)i iirllo\!iil* er'nirlsi\. {.jl) \pr,\Kt R.r. \\'iro rtrrg.ht he going ro the cincrna uhen'l
sl)rAKl:R ti: .lohn rnigirl bc fgcing !0 lhe finema] on Tucsdily
{19) {n) John trratcd lJl,rrr j i,rrtr.ii'r j 1r-....t rr,.'rtr j
Uircn thc'itssuillpttrrns rrc lrre nrakrng h.-re. rve might argue thAt a VP SuCh as
(b) Johrt (riat.'t1 [,11,1 11 [./rrrili i i

(c) *John tf.lr.crl il,{/(i1rJ ii-.\sf \r(,:1 rl flrcgr;irr-q ttt tlit titrt,ttrtt on'l'utstlu{lhus titc structure (-l-l) below:
(d) tJohn trclilctif.ll,ri'r'] lr.1\f \li;:irl {,1.i ) -V t_-.-
(ei +John tr r:atctl [r.,,s l srL;u r I
ASP
-"
__ ,''1: rr -- __
(NB; rrc'rlc concumerl iirle i:r.t1r rrrtit ilt.' \ arl) Iritri iu the :en.c trl-'bcitlrvc YPP \-
tO\\'ilrds'. rlot In tltr riell:c (.)l'Il'arlitle:! iiallt lr)r'. ()r- pr()\i(lji rtrt',lical,:itrt '--tt-. -'ii
lirr'.)TItc'lirct thet thc caPitiilisetl NP lL.rrt \r(;lu]i\ ('ptiolt:ii ;rcrr )u!rl!'sts
1u"rd,)'
Ithou-qhdocsl'rpftl\c) tir:rrltisr.u.\ciju:rti: ,,\iliic('du\crscl\.tirdlilittnilixn s.rnB -'f,n" .in.r)-
NP sLrch Lrs,'1,1.7/'r':rntl an AL)\'P sucir i.is i,(/r1lr .tru trblrsaL.r|t iudicate:',itut "l
hus. Spe:tker- ll'-s rt'plv inr,olvr.: r)iipsi: ol \/" ill (,1j.) 1t;- crl'thr: higher V' in
t hc\' xrc (ltrrnLrienrclrts.
1-l |)(ri)" rr:rtl ol'lhr'louer \" in {,ll) rso )rt!r\\iltg that cith!-r V-bar or \,-double-
l\4ofco\ cr. tite tii:ltiteitrttt hitircr-it ilte :lltjiii:cti ( r'l:tl.lritrcni. lritti thc..,pi-
lrur ern irndergo F-llipsisr.
tllisc-d Atl.junct in {lt));ibenc is sripp()r'[r'(i i.r lr,/.,r|l{ ltie tr: rrr:rtc iirlrt tirc tlrlli- But urirv consider *irr,[iilip:is is n,.rt l.rtrssible in the lb]lorvint exarnple
tirlised Acl,jurlct It.{jl \l(;il1] clri;ntri irg 1rlrllil1rligii bcir,,ccrr litc rrr',r iitrl;.;scd
{ii(iaptc(l li'oil (lulico\er artrl \\'ilkins i 198.1). p. 17):
(rtrtrpictttcnts lJl.rlr l.ind U,tt,ll r) iti ( "l{}) h,'ti,'"!'
(-l-l) {r ) Who uril put rhe book u here'.'
(-lt)) tJti.ru tr',:ute.l
l.11,rr.r'l ir,.rst )ir{ilifl il},r,/ir] {h) *Jerhn s
ill Iput the b,.rokJ on ihe tabic
'[-lre
Bv uerw,:'ou should [rr" lblc to tc'il nrr rih,r.tlrr: i-' cruct]r nhrrt the'\-birr rrnsrrcr bectlnrts olrrrt.rus if'we looii at the constituent struL)ture oI'John
analvsis would pr!dietl I'nr crtr>sinu rur ln!e'rs hrrpin,c thet tr'u cnn ... lrut t ill put tlt,' buul; ort tlu, t,tl',|t,. namcl\
I-nr n()t (tr).t;itl:< rrtt htnrtlt,'.s {hint. lrLntl}
{-r5) _-.-_.-\ -_-__
A lirlthr:r test distingLrishirrs rclbal ( ()ir:plrrlr('nts ll'i)nr ..\Jiuue ls r'uu hc .i)r- _ _
-'-.----...-v'
nrultttctl irr r-c-ltitiOir t() i|le t5 lrbrrut [:liiir.ir ..\: .\Lnr.r1[Ln. St!'rl!^ .iltd \\'il\()\\ N.P-' .Yr
( l979. p. l l l noia. :ul\ phrrr\irl e \plllt)i()ii \ri \ (1.e . \'-t,iir. trr \.1'i ilin unLli;i,!o
John
Ellipsis undcr rtppr'(lplilrla (1i.\!oiirs!- !r,n(l1lr!,rls. 'so liriLt iL v airti :iil its (. Lrnr- ----
plelnents. \\ith L)r \rithL)ut it: ArijLrncts ci{li r]i- allipsL'il. 5.r. lttI crlrrnplc. in t-il)
NP PP

lo*. .--the book zon "-,

table\
be - the

(_il) SPEAKI.R r: \!'ho nrtght bc gL)ing to lh!- rincnl.i on J ui\d.r\".) l'or, \\!'scc lionr (,15) iltro\c that the srquencc lput the 6ooft] rvhich has been
SPE{Xl:R lt iii
:JOiln nlght lbe::C).rl]g. t\) thc ctrtr.lna f't1 I rrgsrlat] clIpsetl in t,l-lJ ls uot c\en a constitrrc-nt. let aione a V-bar or \'-doLtble-bar. So.
'l'qos,,lail nlrai []re cL]r']tl'i.r5l bclrveen 1_t-iland (-i.1.) suggrrsrs is tliat [ori tht, tublel is a Cc)m-
sPtsAKLR u (ii): Jcihn rrrigltl bc LFitlrlS lt tilc clrl9rnil 1t1,r
p)ertrent ,,i/rtrt in il scitten!'c- sLrch us Jr,/;ri tillput the hook Ltn the tuble. whereiis
the whole \ P [it'!riirrg itt tltt tirtc'trttt rtti l-;tv:Lhn] hli: bcttr elhP:cd in (-li t(i). lttt Tut':tiu.ll rs an Adjunct in lt scntcn!e sueh as Juhn might be going to the
whcrels only the \'-blr l.goirr.q to tlrr,(ini'i])Lt.tttr'l-uts.lu.r'l has btctt ellipsctl in t int'tto on fut'"vlu) .

{-ll )(ii). Now. in (-ll)(ii). thc V hus bcerr ciiilrscti al!)nc witll iroth tiic ('on''pic- A rc'latcd (somewhat more subtie) aruunlent ln support of rhe C',.tnplement,
lnent PP lto llu tittt'rntt). lnd the ArljLrnct [tP l,tn I'utsLLt.tj. Hrnrcvcr. atrciher ..llluntr distrnctrt,n is lbrnrulated b1 C'uiicover and Wilkins ( 198a. pp. 29-30,)

l-r6
Othcr Phrtt.st,t I't rlt Plru;cs -5.-r

in relation to a t\pe ot'FJiipsis kiros n as c.\pn\ii (so-c:rllcd llecur.rsc il lcnrcs
'gilp' in the middle of so:ne Phrirsc or Clarr:r j. (lilite lir'rlri!-:rilv. Lhe Vt-rb ol'
one Clause can be 'gapped' (: omittedt rvhen it ir iclrntic;rl to thr- \/erb ol'
anothe| CIatrse. Horrt-r'.-i. tlierc are colnplcx rcqtrictions dr-tcr'rlilring \\h!'n
oApprr-Li trf the heed ol- \' of lr VP jr rntl is not irr-frlritte.i. li.r'crun-,plr-.
Culicover rnd Wilkins notr- tirat (;\rpr\(i is p.;111i;1911 in (lfi){etlrclou. lrLrl
rr strlictLirlrl rlil'lerenct-s he lget'n ihe t*rt sclltL'llL'r'st thitr is. ue lxight suggest that
tire Plr Ir)tr rh': p,rr yl irr thc t.i]r'ranrpie is ln Ad-iunct. u'hereas the PP [oru l/rc
,'aAi,l irr thc (hierrrn|le i-r 1(. ol..1i1lgtnent. This rvould trean th2rt lhe trvo VPs
Lhtii, tltt I dLt, i(it iltc pttrti:i irrtti [7rt11 tltL' r'itndlc.t tvt the caktl have the re-
slleaii\a \1nlcf urcs (-lt))Iir)iln,.l Ih) helr-r$:
r -l':l ) 1.r t

not in (-16)(b)'
,V\
(15) {a) .lohn st'ils tnrcks on Thursciu}s. -- --...- --PP
anci Mart'[sells ceril t]n lt i{!trr\
(1.) *.ltrhn put Fido in the dochousc. Nl -- ior the p:rrtr\
and Sanr [prit Spot iti tltt t arlj hlkr- - the c:lkl -\
In both in a VP rith a'missing'\'trb i,.rllrrr,,cfl hy urr
cilSes, GApprN(i rc-sults
1ir)
N..P PP sequence. {nd
vct the rr'iult is unr-'rllatical in (l(r)(rr}. hrrt unqral-rr-
nlaticel in (16)(bt. \\'hr -ihould thii hcl Culicorer rncl \\'ilkins sugccsi lhxt tirc -) -.---.'pp
answr'r is connect.eci to the lact rlrat tlre itaiicrsed PP irr (16t{:r) rs an Atljunct NJ,
\-..
rvhich rs erternal to the br:rcketcci \'-har. ulrcrcas the itlliciscd PP jn i-16)thi is
n'rr th;,,r,ll,. '
.\
- orl tnE- (31\c -
ri Cornplement rihich is internal i(r thL'bfrck,-tcd \'-ber. antl ther sugsest l1 rc-
striction on (iAppr\(,i essentiallv:rlong thc lirlkruing lincs: \\'c nlcirt ilrcn srrtgr'st thai li lt'slrictjon to the eBtct that entphatii rcfe.r..ilc.s
.itllto! (\ecut :rs sistcls tc' \'{ihf,Lrgh cilr.r (lccur
sistcr\ ol'V-har). l'his uould
aS
(17) cAPPt\c ol'a V nrlrr not [-il\'!- nrorr- tirrrl one Conr]rlcrr!'rit rrl \
i].cilil11 lirr thr' crrrllitsr bt'l\':t)'r (lSttu) a.rrd (Lr) i:r uavs rvhich should he
u ithin the contarnin: \'-har
a|p:1re !rL t,. r'o,.r. ()nc.' uriiin. llr!' ke1 spr6-pJ1 oi this lrgunlr:trt is titat it pro-
(-16)ta) dces not violatc this lcstriction. sinc. onll'a singlt'constitLrelrt (tlre NP vide's rrs r'"itir c'urprricaievidencc that [./irr tht parryl is a PP Adiunct in (]8) (a).
cirr.r) remaius insicie tht- brackei.-d \'-bar al-ter (iAppr\:(i: bul (lfi) (b) riolrrrts ri hererr l,ttt tltt: tal..rl is a PP (-onrplement in ( j8) (h).
the restrjciion. since irr o separeic c{rir\titur-nts ( thc- N P S/tr)/ alrd t hc PP lirr r/:,' Sinct'llr n{r\\ \(rir er!- pr(.i':lhlv beginrring to \il\\'r'r (perhaps vou've even
lorrl]) renrain *'ithin tirc'bracket.:cl V-bar elier cApprN(-;. The signili':ancc oi' rcachc-tl thr- cloul.ir--h:rr-r.aun slugel). I shalisay no lnorc about the various dif-
these obsen,ations lbr us is that thev prorirlc inLlcpr'nalent rroti\ation t'or orrr l'elc'nt tr |q's 1rl- r'erlrul irostnroiiilier. Itrslc-ad, let tle tutn hriellv to say a few
assurnptlon that ihe PP [orr Frir.'rr.r'.s] is an Ad.junct in (l6l(at. $he|eas the PP 11o1.iq;i|.1r111 \r-1hiil /r,i,/ri,),1j1;.r'r. Sinct F,ngiish gr-ncrallJ'iacks preverbal
fin rhe .tttnl] is a Cornpic.ment in (16)(bi. (rrnrpl!'nrcllt\. r|e rright e\|:'cl lo find a distinction between .^{llril&te.r atld
A f urther argunrent in support ol' thc ('omplen'rcnt'A.ljr:nct (listinctjoll .\irclilir,rt. \\'c clclinccl ,{ttriirrrtes in the previous dhirpter as'Prernoditiers
(adapted frorl Culicovc'r and !\'ilkins ()!)r-11. pt . l7 x) can bc lblnrulatcti in u hich crP;rrrrl \-lrrl intt \-h;ri' so g'e nright ask u he ther thele are anl r,erbal
relation ro the distiibut jon of crr,'lr,riii r','f',,.r ir r'.s. Corrsitler thq iollilrl jpg con- ,\tiril.r,rrcs u hlcir crp:rnci \'-h;rr into \'-bar. It is interestirrg to note in this con-
trast: iir-ctiorl lirirt irttriiruti\(- Aiijcctir.'lil Phrlrr's used to prcnrodift' trtlminals have
.\d.,erhnl ('r\r,i11tcr|:iili usei.l io llranrcrtlifV th* corrcslonding Yerhal r-xpres-
(-.18) (a) .lohn uill hakc [ihc.:.rkc'] /rilrr,'// f frrr th. pirrtvl
(b) *.lohn rvril put \i(rll\ at'
lthe cerdles] /ril.rt i/ [on ihc. c.rke]
(-i0)tlt his frL r7r1 7i111'l scl:r'ch lor her tAPl
In (-18)(a). the ernphatrc rellexi.,c' /;irir,rc1l crrn he positioned hr't\\ren thc NP
(i') iJe l,ir'V','r,rrilr'] ,':llchc.i l'or hcr (AD\''p1
Irlrc cakcl enci the PP l.l),r the par:r'l: but in (.rsi)iirl. it is nrrt f'osciblt' lrr ini,r','//
ttr be positioneri br'trtcerr the \? [rlr autll,,,l en<i t],r' PP [ort th,,, ri{-,']. \\'irr (ll ii:rl h:i fr,rrrr,',1'11l it(]1'l lf i.'tl ol-lrcr tAP)
should this be? An obviotis alls\i',lr uoultl trc- to sirgqest that thi; is ir,:cir',rsc iil' ib) F:lc'[r,irr7'1a7,'/1]it.lirt*shertAD\rP)

:is rlQ
Otircr Plrast's ,.ldjcttit'ttl Fhruses,s.-i'

Nloreover. the Se/tr'/ri,il R('r1/i(IiriiiJ holtiir;.-q bct$cct:t.{l) ltrtd \ ttr such c;:scs crpantl \'-bar inttr \'-dr:ubie-bur seeri5 Irr harr' :ome cmpirical support
parlliel those hol<ling bet\\cen ADVP irnii \r:cl. {th(rugh rvc'should l]ornt out thut b},no rneilns illl X-bal s}ntacticians arc
happ"1 itr i.leitt ..1.\/)('('rudl..r ri: S;recriicr: rririch c:.plntl \'-bar intcr V-doublt'-bar:
(.+:) (a) his [rrli,'r
*iri.</r] l'ejcctit rl ol lil!- ric.tlsiltton (.\P)
\rrnic prL'lcl lo tlcili lhenr iis !crbs \\i:icir hcatl tircir o$n VP. lbr relsons
(tr) He frce'r'A xhiultl,r\ r'tjccteti liri i.r.ciusiiii\]n (ADVI')
*hich lotr crn !roitri out l()r \Lrurscli ni.i:n \oLr conlc to Erc'r'cise Vll).
(-1-111.1 thc'ir ll:t.qlr *rrrt.'rl pntisc lbr irr'r-per'lirlm.rrlic (AP) \(-\\\- heJrin:: irr r.nincl thlrt- as $c slr'. iu the prerious chtpter. mlrny Attri-
(b) fhc'1 liiirili r', rutrtrl.'.] pt arseti ir-'r'ircf iilrilliln.!'(.'\[)\'I']) lrutl-\ cilir also lLrnciic,n es Adjunet: isc llrlt $g h:.rrc alterntitlons such as'thc
rrcrlc\i iiltiil4ittuhit, insult' thc -!rciricst fisulL rirrr:gilrrilrlr'' ), wc might e.\pect 1o
So. it rvoulti seeur plurisible to pllsit thilt iilst ltr .{P clttt ititri!.rtlti\!'l} nlrl.iil-\
iin!1 thill \drcr-hiul: lile ,,,rr;/'/.'1,'ii ciir bc arijoincd nt't only to thc lcfi of
N-bar. so Loo ,\D\'P can atlribLrtirell rnt'tlilt \'-trur.
\'-L-.irr. lan.i hcnee lir.rctirrn as Attr.ii.rutc.). but also to the right of V-birr (and
lvlr)reo\cf. if \rf l'oiL)w .laclencloli' 1iJ17;r. p. 5.1i in l,i':ittng titJt Lhc
irr-rirc luirctron l: .A.djtrnct:). Antl a: (-10r hclorl shctus. this is indeeti the case:
,\spectual Au,rililric: (prollfcs:l\ a lr(' ltl(i l-.:riee I j\ e lrrir.') ltrc r ct i.:.tl Sp.'cl.iet's
erplnrl \'-bul inttr V-tloLtbic-b;ir. tirett oul'.ui:tl1 si:.)l rittribLil\c (-lf i{ii) Citt,rgc uili }tarc rcrtr'l th,: br'ttk Lrtrrtltlt'tLit
"lhich
Atlverbills {such a j ;4tD11tletLly. r,'/(i /r . 31.. i pl'crlie ts llt;rl :uclt c\l)rossi()tti crltl ib) *(ienlift' rrill harc' r'catl.olrp:.,tcr'l the boo\
onlv be positrone.l to the imnr"dilltc i:li t,i'\'-b.it'. ttt,t tt, Llr.'1e1i t'l iilc
Aspectual Specifrcrs ol \'-bar. AIld !ilc liri:trrirt'1 dilil! (udirF,'La,i.i lletlt J:.lr;\r'u- l1' t.tniltlt'tt'i.t is ;r \ -brir rrljune t i:r (Jc'i. thr'r) (-i6t tul qill hure the structurc-
doff (l97l)" p. 76) ploricle er.upirrcui c.rtrlit;rtatiott.'f'ljtis irreriiclioti: i-171bclt'ri:

1{;-t ,..-\ -
(-1't) {Lr) Oeorge ti ill iravc (t)tttplL't(lt rc;rd titc bt".'L
(b) .'+(icorge *111 Lorttplt'tt'!r h:*'c r,:rtrl tht book \,D-_ \(
{c) *(icorgu rtttttplctLl.t *ll1 h.rrr r'!':id thc br).,k Cict,rl t' r,.lll ASIJ -)r.'...
.\
Fr"onr (.lJl. !\'e sec thut (ontll(t(l.t cln ('ri! r\1i(rli)atieirli\ bs Ir1r511i1r11q'11 ia, i|1s har t \,'.. -A,DVP
inrnrc'dratt icl'l oi ihr \'-blrI i.rcrirl 1,t1g i,,',,'i.i lJirL ih.':r irt'tlcriirg lr'stIrcirL)rls I

rvould lbllo* llutonllticall) li-out thr ilrirr:rssLrittpriit)1r5 titlt ir),\rivcrbial: ltkt' i

NP .'\
conrpietc'll'

tonqletel.t urc'V-bur ltttrit,Lttes uliicit eip;iti.l \-tiar iutl \'-irlrt..ind {ii) iir:ri rcld borrk:
-thc
A:pcctuals lrle rcrhal Spt'ciitc'r'-'. irttr. Lrn.i,:t liris linlilr:j:. {JJtrlt} rirrtilti lt;tre
.\:r!i i11 (+l) .jLr:t .r: irr tJ5i ubr'ic the Atllcr-bi;Ll currrltlslllv t-xpands V-bar
Lhc stluctur": (.15) f,r-lt'*:
\'-lrltr'. |-lu: :h,l$s ul) irll illiiccurit(\ ol L)ur carii!'l'iillal\sis o1'Atlyerbs likc
ittt,,r
{li ) S- ,tt;tltl.t(l\' rrr ( lilrfler l. trhc'rc \\c rr'lcr)ed to ihent lts I P.lrlr'rrh,r; *ithin the
n-P'-- \{ '=-
\". nrolc sophiriiciricd.\-i)rr'filelr\ ol Cirtcgories rlc htle tloir developcd, rve
clrn tle':er-ibe lhdllr |lli)rc;reeuralclr lts J-lrrtt .li/r't'rl.r - i.e. as Adverbs *hich
Ceorge w ill ASP ,f . lLulcti(ru ls Vcrbrl Attril-.iitcs or AdJLUrcts.
urrr' \i)\ I' \'
You should now be able to ta:kle exercise I
.,-)il)plct(li \ NP

r cJtl --. tltt' trorlk -:'

and llrc'ito Jrossil.ig [.rlrncircs'rcririLtr!)l] r!,-]uki (lctdrltlirtc tit.ti.r,itt7r19'1q'i" (r11
rtnlt,ire ltositiL)ned iicti.reetr /trt|t'ltnd r(',r.i..11,i\all tllc ll\sLl!lll)tl(\lIs'i- art
ntakit.rg hcr.'. And thir preclre liurr l. cllll'(ii '-rrl:ie [. :t\ \\r sc(' lj (]1]] ('++) itao\c.
'[-htrs. Jackcntloi]-s ;trtaltsis ol AsircctLtlri Atrxlliaric: its Spcciliet s u htch
140
5..1 Adjectir al Phr:tst's
llarirr.g loc.kcd at Llrr'struc.ure dl NI)s in sonre dctuil in the pre-
\toLrs airtrl)['r. and haring ati!'n)l)'!cd'rr) un!i.lVCl tlte iutcrnal cornplc\ities c1'
Vp5 in :olitc tlctuil in s.ctiOtl -i.1. ie r's tur.r.r briellv t,r lorrk at the internill :truc-
turi ol',\Ps (---.Atijectivlri Pltlrses). Ci;rcn tirs assutttptions we itre ntaking
t+t
()tht'r Phra.se.r lljt'ct it'ttl Pltru.st's -i.-t

about the structuriil svrTrr)atr'\' br't*e..n dill'erent Pltras.' tvpes. $e :;hoLtl<l
expect to find thrt A can bc c.!panCe(l into .A-bar hv the adtiiiion cia se 1 1p,ts-
sibly null) ol- Contplements: thri ,{-her c:tn be rccursivclr'c-rpendc-d intir
A-bar by foliov.jns.\djuncts or pre.cding,{ttriirirtcs^ a'rd that ,\-b.tr crtn f'c'
expandecl inro .A-Coublc-bar h,v lhc atlclition ol appropriaT:- S1..-cihcr;. \\',:
sh:Ill :uSgc:t tll:t itII ol-Ilte'r'.:..tttnf liol)i .rlc !ot;.1I
-fo
get our disctrs:ion o!r ir cor'rai.-tr- tbotinc. let's
{5.lt trrt }lr-riitlrr't sht-.,,i fr., nT lrch iN, i;inilnr:., r,r,llor.tll
tl) ) ' l lr' \\:]\ir-l [,1 ;:ri:'.'h f q' Arrrrl t,t lt Lu.\']l
Tlttts. uc trtight s.tr lhirt r,',r'l:tnil pcllreps:llso ii.'..rii. /rrrrj. r7trln,, lrro. g1g.) i5
run Ati.r.'irirrrl Spt'citicr in trrltlirh ri.c. it is rhc kind ol'Detr.rrniner rvhich can
lrr(rriil\, 1in -\-l;r: i. u ltt-re.1< rr:r,,1; is u \ontinal Snq.cjfisl' {i.c. it is thc k jrd of
I)r'lr'il'r)ilti'r $lliL-'lt r-'ltrr t)'l{rLl;l:, i|t N-hur}. lt is intcrcsling to note thitt in some
c,rtsidcl tirr- itru(rturt ()l

the trracketed Al' irr i-13) hcio*:

l:trtgtr:rqcr. tltt'
'lllc \\'()rr] jit jr :tr vc 1-.,tth lirnctjons (cl. t-.g. ltaliarr lro/ln.
u lricir ii,rrr'sPondi irof lr l,.r l:n::iish li'r'l :.lltd lrt Fn-qlish rirrri.4) tltus conflnl-
{48 } .lolrrlsir't lrltut l,.t:,1 ,'t .\lttrt) ttti tlt. ('sse rtlii:l cinrilrrrit: ['l liM.tj,\n ( - thal ,rI Spc.ctiier ol- an X-bar)
ltctrracrllhe irroi]]r(-\of I),-ir-rnritrtrr'.Ol'cotirse.t\rr'{t}toir.ticdcrutcarlier,thjs
Wu- shali suggesi that this has the \lructur. {-1!) hel,ru js.r1.,.itlrt-.-l s,.It',.-I)ciciil,;tr'i.irtFIl]islt l-ttr-erltnr]tic'./,/{)/.(,altd/('.ss.
{49) lJut JrL's Ietullt l,r 1"{il1:llri-.ri:. itnrj ..isk \\lttt e\idc-11ce is thcre that tht PP

t) [,tl \l'tr: ] is .i ( i,tl]r1.-rnc'ri ol ilir- ,\,ljcctrve /,rrr11. und herrce thlrt [.lonrl of'
--- 1/rir|l i: lt;r ,\-hur c,rrlsii1,r..ltt ilt {Jq). \\'cll. l,tr'(rne thitlg. lrcttc- that the
thar pp
or'-Pl;r.lrt' irt iJrii is,rl--li$at!j.] Ircncc thr ungranrnrlticalitv rtl'(-54) belou,:
for'tl -.:. ,'; 11.^l'.' r5-1 l

D here is our fillniiirlr cltceorv of Deternr:nei'. 1-hc rlrnge of Dctcrnrirrlrs N()\\. sir]cr- it js lr pt,rfcrtr rrl'Conrplellcnts {11()l .Adluncts) lhal thev nrar.be
r,rhich can modifv an A-bar tiius o\,!'il-rps (in puft, rt leiistl *rlh the ran{:re \rl' irlrliq.r'r{rr'\'. llrclr it:ctnrs clt'rr iliat llti .l.lttr.t] ntust hr. thc Cornplemeut of /br?/
Determiners uhich can nrodifr an \-ha:-: not onlr l,'rrr1. irut aiso t1ri.s carr he in (.1(l]. ir11!l irr-nce thur l!,it',i <t1 ,1/i//1.l ltlust constitute an ,\-bar. Moreorer.
r,lsed to nrodiiv an A-bar its \\r)ll as :u \!-hirr: cl'. litrthct ci jilertcc irt sul)l,rli ()l' lhis r\suntl)tioll C(tlnes li,rtn Coordination
iucts: c1'
( 501 ItrrrtrIr
" " r,\ "ri'irl., { ir \ lriollt
.-i '
(: .loirrr r'r\ i i\, rt itnd i1, 7rr,ruri,r/ itcrl
r ) rs i.1,, \ l rtr tl,11,17 u r I
(Recall cur arguments in the previor-is chaptci'thet :rr \ tithc,ut a C,.ntpl.'-
nr!'nt has the status of an -\-brr'. so thrt l)iq is not just A here. hut also A-bar.t
1n155;11holclh!'sc(lrlenceIttlil!)/ l/,lrJhasundcrsonrrOrtlinaryCoordina-
Likervise ,l{)f irnd 1c'r.! cillr .luantil-\ h,:ih N-brrr lnd .{-blrr. ls (51) bclir,.r
strir:i iIr-,.u.1 ,.i'hr.r'1" titus suq-qeslin j that hotir lrc constitucnts
lii\r'r .,\iilr tlrc

iIIustrates:
rti-Illf \irIlc Ivllc j.t. nitth,i;'!' /\-illil a!)l)siitLtr.nls.
i'Lrrf lr,:nlitr.'" ih.' sholc \::.qilr.nae libntl rtl l/dii.1 clln bt' replaced bv tht
1-51)(a) John shorvs [5, rnorc'lc.s [X'r;,/ri,'qi'ri,,'1r,.l/rrll ] than hc p16l111p1 rl, its ilt
shouid dcr
(b) l-ib r .lLrlttt r,t.r'ci to lr1- i r11, 1,1' ttntl it/' 'l./rinJ. lrrrt ttttu' ht is lnuch k-Ss.r(l
.lohn is Ia" nrore ir'ss [.,1' lirriulq.',r; 1a, '.lary)] thrir hc'shoulci bc
(ln thc trisurrrl-tio:t tliilt cr,li :l Unitln coltstitllent cln lrc rcplaced bv a pro-
Horleler. 6r'erl:rp is onli'4. pilrti:rl '1ne. sincc,\d.ject;r'.rl lnd Nomiurl
1i1q-
lirlrrr. llrt'n it scents clc,ll tl',;lt ili,nrl til 1/rritl tn (-56) rrrust be a'srnlll
Determincrs ere {)ften Cisiojrt {i.e. rli}Telent in dist:ibLrti,.ntirr English: lrrr .\.ljcitr,. ,l I'hr:r.c". r iz. :r:r A-1r.1'. I1 ulso scr-lrrs jlr.er that ro tirrrctions ls .r
rrxample. r'r'/-i citr b.: used to:.r-,odii\ lin -\-hl:r'. hrrt nirl .rir N-blr'. ;l-
|r.f'-.\-llir r. r;r I 5t,,.
(51) (a) Fle *asn't [,r,, r'll l,1, linr:/ r,r llalr'] i \\'c rrr,:gtrl.l.l i1' 'rpr lis.-.'1<<j,.n ol-\Ps irntl \i[]S ih;11 thert, ilr!. t\\,o tf peS O1-
(b) *He di.ln't slrorv P,rsr;rtr,,iiii,'r. n:r;rtclr (i) (,,tj;l)lti.;,'nt.': r,hicil .-rl_.:tllrl \ into \-blr.. antl (ii )
[r;, . cr] lN, i:itirr'rr'rr i,r .11arll l
1,,'itirr,'r *ltj,-'l; t'ii.rittLi \-1..r in1,r \-1.:rr Nou uc rtrieht w(rltdct.n'hr.lhcr the
81 contrtst. irtuch is the kincl rrl- L)c'tr'rminr'r n liich is ust'd tc' mrtilil\, lin \l-hilr. sir'n! rii\iiitt,li,l,: l,,ri.l; in tr:a arrsr. trt \[-r. $,e shel] iurqt-sl hr-r!. tltat it dtrcs.
hut nnt:l:r A-h.'r'rn F.rrrlr.ir:. ''. rlr.i ll,:'l i,t:rit \lt ii:ilt.ts:
all rlf
 Other Pltrtttt'.y
..ldjtLtiyul Plrrust't -i.-?
{57) lbnd f1>p Ltl .\lur.rl Ipp r)r.rrr;;i., ,r,rr i]
.ir:,rrrir lirrc hctiiicn l\\!) !iliicrcnt f.inti: tr! tr,..r.Jcciiill Po:lntcrdilier- riz. (-orii-
the first PP [ol 'lltri'rl i'rurctttrns as lr L c,fiPl,:tnc]rL. r\ hririrs ll]e sc.c. !lii pP j\lttjt,.ttl\ lriri.lt elc:i:tar: (rL A.1!)d (iiirL!hiir\ ol'.A,-bar). linri..l(//l/j(/J ($'hich
lirt.srtnte *(J,1 .\] lullctions lrs irir:\tljtrnr'i.:r) lhirr tirr.rcllill Air iiirs the,\iruc- irf,l brrilt irsiils Jitii rlattglttci: ir1 .\-trlrr ).
ture (5fi) bclos: lJtrf rilr:ri :irr)Ll1 ,ralji'eti\i1l Print,,,iiii,.tr'l '\L\\\.5incc Atijectircs in English
\lf) Iitlt lrJnrlil lI!'ca.ilrl:J (,'rttitlLtrtiril.\. wc:lr()Lrld !'\pcfL ir) 1i;rd t$tt tlpes trl
(58)
,rtljriiir.rl l:'renr,,diiiei .litril.ttt, \ rlld 51)(,(,,i.,r'.. Givcn thc obrrous pilraiiel-
i:ur 1.-,rirr ccn .{P: sucir ls tirtis!' b|ae krtcti ln r{r--1}(a ) belLr\\ xnd their bracketr-d
-\ D\ P cr,r uiilci pJrt\ lri i t'.l t ( b i:

1i'-liliu I \p(//i/i/,),1(It &i/rfjllLri\

ih) i.lUf p,.t,rtt!,lticlt rriil,'.rl lirrrii.i;
I() itrl
rc rni,rlrt \ri!,.'r--\t llliLi.lu:L .r> .\Pr (Jn b!' i,l>!(1 l: ,{ttriirutcs c\pandin-g N-bir
Evidc'nce llLrrn llRt,posl\r; in l/rrritgli-ClJ,.l5i.:5Lt!g(-\t) that lhc \rllLlj(, \tl.u,_.iltrc rr)lf, \-trirJ, -\,\ t(rL) tl),r'cr)rfL'il)(,idilrS -\i)\'Ps ctin ltc used as Altributes
in {5E)mtrr linctirin us it unitarl ,\P ettn:tittic,ni; cl. a\filll(lil1:l .\-ir:tt into.'\-har'. Itt rrlltcr rrott\. *c nrigi.tt irarttile c'renrples suci.t
it5 ({).1 ) { trj .rlrr'\ { }il lar-r:i: rr! llr} rrptj()nill t ril: :uclt iis | 6-Jj l)cl0\\:
(-s9 ) [I-itrtl ,,l 71ur.,,'itr -\(.)])/r, lr/.1..] iitough hc i.. hr, iir,cr,ri't t.eailr ,orc
Itc t- I
,..+ l \ - \D\ t).{'[-\tijce iirrii .\itr.butr- Iluie. Ltlttiortull
BLrt $'ithin this AP. wllitt rc.rsr)|t i: tlicrr i!i s!lpl)!r-r, iltrL tJlt,ll_l)hill:i;) il \Lr\\- srllLe llrlc t6J) 15 recLil'\i\c. lt prcdrci\ tltat AL)\'Ps ol'titc ltpplopriatc
CllnrplclnL'lt. rr ntl thc iir-1-.h rlrsc ;rn .\iij Lrirci .' tl,r:. eiitt bc rrellr'.ireii \ii.i!le(i i)n lo| ,'1 ,\-1-rlrr er)ltstitu(11ts: iuld ihe
Wt-ll. tbr one thjtlg. thc rrl,phrl:;c hus i)ru trpietil {. (,inplctrialli ijr'.lnrriirlleitliti r)l :!rttncc-!:ur'it as rh5) lr.irrw:horl's tbat this predictiorr is
l)rr)irr1! ()1.
beinr obliglrttrr! t.ls \\e hlrrc lrlr.ilrtlr :a!.1t, \\irt-i-cir. lhc lr-1r111.,1.. ltrs lhc e,-rIIeai.
t 1' p t ca l r\ clj r r n c t p r() pr'rr \' .r l' be i n -l (r
l) t i r\ l1 i] l :
10) )

(60) (rt) *iirntl lirr.rilrir, ,l (t,t !j

l-irrr: i'iiI llnlriisi: ol l:d_tcrlrrui .\iLributes hiis strou!i crTrpit'icil suppOrt.
(b) ibnd loi Jll rj
tlrc lrirlrlr:rs ulr.r rr-,lrkc: illt []lr't-r'stir]-g prr'diciion lbotrt r|orr/-
\lr-r1',1,'.q'1'.
lvlorcovcr. notc tir:lt ihc Lrnrnlrr'Let{ (i.r. nirrniirlr rrr_rt1-c,rtlcr.rs lirr t}rc o/- ,iriiI llrets. \!'\\" gi\cir lh;tt irtt.jcetiriti l)cl,j-lllincfs (likt tirdt. lltl.r. rc'tr'. It;t;.
philrsc ttl prccedc litc trr-1thrase. irt ltt-cpin.- uitlr t'ur r.irriicl rrf-.s1.,,;rti()1 iltiit \<'. quitt. /iri,r( | .\l]iu'rd ,'\-bar irtlt' .{-dttttlrlc'-brr. but iirat lrdjc-ctir al r\ttrt-
Complentcnts lltrrst oLcui closcr to'rhr-ir hc:ltls th:tn..\djLltelr: cl. tri.ltar c\irl.ui(1 -.\-ltiir :ritr' .\-Llrr. *c shoultl cr.|cci lhilt {it\ in the case ol'NoLtn
Plrrir>c,') .\tirihutJ: i',rli irlrur: r)(\'lu eiri\(i ttr tircit hc.id Ad.ir-ctire tirart
(6ll(a) lbnd[;,/ .\1tr.t]lirt.\(]r//(,,r./r.)l
[)c'ier nrili!'f\ .tnal ii\ (Oi)] i)clr)\\ illLlsllu'ras. irrls is indctd \(r:
(b) '.'11iind
fri;.r(iiitd i1 rr.t.!j l,ri ,\ltr..ri
Even more signihcant is tfre lact thal botir t!t.',\-bar.,.)n\ittriL.nt- rn {j!,)trt,.rre
i6t!)ir) [D QlIAi]l p uili,,/'.j inlurlpeisjrl
(t,) 'i.f nV p rJlr( rlll LD .ro] ittcorrpeL.'trt
- t\2. LlonL/ ol ,'llrl-rJ antl Ilt'tul ol !,lurr tt: 'i,l;r, rrr1..r.1 c:u] trr ltfr)i()fntJd b\
the pro-A-fral r(/. as \\'c set'from tlld c\r.rilli,js in {51) belor': S\). r)n!c nrole. aui urrirl)'si5 trl .\djr'ctiral Pir:-:tscs is viltdicltt-dl
Cjrcn tht r,losr'r'cl;.rtir)n:ilip bet\\rrL'ir Arljcttiit's artti Adt.'rbs (reclrll that in
(61)(i) Johnis j4', vef) [_{, lA'.tonti t,i l_Lrir] rrr s(inrc \flv,\j l. bur ij scstrr'n -l 6 rit .rrgucrl ihat Ad',rrbs :rrc irits,iional \arilrnts of Adjectives). *e
[.q,, lcss [.], [,t, .",J in urther.,,r:r,,.>l I
:htrrrld.rbriousll erpt'ct tiruL ADVP: *ili hlr"c e sirnilar intcrnul structurc t(r
(b) Johnis14 \cr! [A, 1,4' lt.,tu! r.,;,':lutt) in st)til1'rr,rr.vjJ. ht:t is (hc rorrcsprrrrding APs. r\ceordingll. ',rc Itiisht lu'gttr'tiltl in thc bracketed
[,1,, less le, .t,4 ] t]un irc used il be
ADVP in (h.l)Lrclou:
'lhtrs. thele scen)\ io bL'\trolt{ cLlll\inciti supi)(irt
lirr rirc.listincti()t} $s liit\e ( 671 Hc' r'nrtdt' r-rp his tnind [tIuit,-' inrIt!,, ntI<'|ttl.t ()I nk']
att
rt:

tuui\Jlf.r 3tl1 u() '-.-,i.lli\ u.,; .:el) tlir

i!i:
.i rq;r:
Jiii
liiti().1.t\ Ltl r'\.lf Jll+
/r.r..,'ll/('.j: :ll.;\

[lutr.i ;qi
ri ttt .Ll.ri.''1;'11;1' ) /;\ i (i] \r .1ll i t) I ( !) ' )
,..(l
- d--- {1.)
.-i) :',) ; .r .ll'!i
:r.r)'tri { iL).1,1nt:t).li}t ,g1) ul dd l].rlJtll1l.ru Sril
;,,i1 .r.!ltri 1t1r,.rr,[
-Jlqnop-d olur.lpq-d sP'-rctl:i.r tl.tril^\ lrlu11ti.l.r1-rg -i,,.r,.i.ti 'ril] .tt)Lli d t--,1'.)'!l Jlil
,lJtll ll.1.l-i, '-1.r.,i'\r:,ltj(,iLijn:--\i,..r5i,l1.Jl j{/4:t./
l-\iirrti_t.tl.:J .r.il-ir. L:,rtltppi jL[t ..;q
Ol.l!St)lil paLl!)lltSLrri.rq S.it?"\'rl ii:\" 1i lt:trl \l.rlir-r.l'l \;1.r:.r-ic-1.lil!i-d llti lrrri-d
lllq-Jl!inirl]-d | ()l:ii P.ri)!il]!iL! \t ti.ritl tr,:iiil l)Lli;:l!t")nltlsi.io.t -nrd-d it sLu.rLii
iutputdu ]rtlnlPt -llnql.lll\' .il:!i-cl ti st' 11.)')1rllili '.ru sls-"lf till Jlii ''1.1,"'.i.r.l()l\ li
i.lt.)tl5Jt)/.'t1;J tu:lrr:JilLir,'JdN:]i riil\\.t.rrii.x',.)tiurj)t)r:,r.r/r,d.r!lt iup.rpcrrli \r
li: l
(l);)
'-J-r :(,r' ttl.trrlr,!.lrl .rt[1 ie1 |-r.r1l1;[3-1 :\\ol.1q dci pll.l\Jl,jg rrqt luill .rtrillc lLlilru ,:.$ .a1rlr-tntxs

.r.r.-lLl 'L;tru1.\\ .'tli \lllllls.iuli-(l Jtjl ti'3 slsllrlitl'.ltlll-\ lit ()l Jl(Lr-il.rLIU i11-r-r.;r;.111-1,r5.r.J il.elOLu !.ruL).(Sa\l?lqd
.rq up-r 1r luql lllr-l ,rrll ,\q pSiri-lqtr!)f st 1lll -it)
Itlil(,rli:L'Ll,r.rd):Jd -r,rt r8 l!'!ll lli)rl5.ri, i.rtia-rrli:_r lll:lr,iLiJ ltuq rqI
i.i1.tl,t1tlurtt.t i-Ll!i-i r\ :r(ll Lll] !,t1.\\ Jll {rll sJstltrid lr.i.[(J1]tsodJld f.s
[itii,,trt -rtit Lll.ti.]t,),(lrr).;j sr-r ,t Jll Ir'i rf L.]

'-lf:[,:it,).i.rr Jili t/i] se LlJlls.lLlLl-(] i' \:.ilpL]tl! s1liil litlt|lltltllFY il astJ.laxa al43e1 0] slqE 3q M0it pln7tls n0A

'-rtnqt.rllv.ltrl-d Il su tloLl.lLlll,j oslu Llutr ll t)L)] i,i llLltlilr\' JIlr(lL.ilJ\ lr'q-\-

r/./,,i 1,1 ,1ilil-.\(]\ !.il .t(j 'llii,r!)L:tt() ttii .ii.!.)itnj luq_\,.Jql
-lo.ruq-_,\ ll sti uolllLlll-J tltl.l.i/-rl.)/(1lllr)) sll iirlls cl.l-1!i\r tlil \l' l\!li '.ltll .r-\l'-r -rtll
t.stliltlirilD (/\ .i:,t{ttrl.\\ tjJJ.\\l,rq -\t):itr)tiiiqtLi8.i11u:n1:rt.it: -tt ttt.tt.tdtiitt.titi .tl.t.t/ttt
Jq L'l tLl).rs iJ)Jl)tLl 5J(rl tltli i)tl\ Jlltril.rli\' l(, i'Lii lir\ t,{: ltt ll\,rl:i l\, .\rl, {q
lrlq-d lJqlLrull tllttt p.rput:tl:l .)q ulll olll \lLlJltlll:ilt '.r ,luu-d li;lll P11q .r1 1.r'tl1-r
r.J illligq, jldLl.rU\J .tJ:l.jltJ .1:irr tIrll -tl,)..il]r,i t!-l .)J5 ,.1i ,riqil .tr(r .11OLl plncrqs
r,rr.\ '.lu..t--\(l\; tilt ittiu li)q-\- ti1) ritL!q .i.irl,,lInb rru,l 1.\ ]ilil] putLri Lli i]ril.tuJB
Itlntu e.\\'s.llnqu]lv,lo slJLllilt)\-.iu tl('lrl;\i i'.r'.i: '.1 .,-iii -1'!irtl\ f'!llJ!r lllJtLiLl)
-uoJ.r.lt{lottl? olLri p-rpul'!ita .rq titl.r lllq-v Ptitl '-:l:ri-.\'.li:Li-\ :tl t{rl.1s :lli.rlliils .ii!SJialll:l,r -i.r1/i /).10t)l t)\ .t)iltit .t.l,i.t Srl.lL'.\\ JtiS (q i
-uL)) iPq-Jl;uls (uJas,ip'ilJ.lIti.],\1ltl .r!\ !rll) ltltll frl:Li..rl IrL Dtlllr'.1(i .i-1\-1\'!'Ll S:.ri.).lt-J .i,)lll!,.! :)t)i t): )ln1h .i-r.r.1 :l ).i!-rt\.lall {t)(69)
'llOdelil: lll-llll!li,l.r i!ili'\ st'ti {ld tlilLll r,rlitlttl:r
'\llli l- ..rsi..t Jiit pJJpUt
]nq d uuql lJ;,lul ll-lJnlllstlL)J -ll:rl-d ,Jlu!f)Jtll.lJlLi;. l.iir-lL, urrtlrilll\rtll -l1r\r \i \lrll illir-Jlsilill \\oi,:q i()g; !i) ptii:::.r.\r1:rirll)\..:u:_r.rr,trrllJj.rC-,() Ji-Llu_l J{_uL.s
,a-' :iit itttr-:,tti iir\\- s(l.lt\ti ririit tlJd\.) piit!iit:i .,\ ri.rilt 's,:,.rt-r:lp\; (.1\1(,tlDllitl
li.to!)lJ.)tlt rtiltu d) llill i.)/(11'l :tit ljr' tl1,lqil.l , ,irll.r.l -rii'\ rLl-l -t\)
l,il.ltLI J \'ir r,'l \Liclitril-lit.rtitf.i,r.:t: SC,lt.\ir\,'i _lflCiUti.) .ll .Jl pLt\
I)Jti;.11. t\\:[
:ll./,:)i \q :r.1rll'r{)Lii .r!l llil.r 'it:!l-d .r:il!llilio 'i- .rlu.lL), .lruiltu:da'1rii
-o.riiLlrllnsa.i iql iut[1.it:rr',1 tilt.t: LLl pitlif]ltlf'.1.rrl r-i::.) \lLl-lillil'tii!.1'lilq-,1 I'i:lli
-lllll L).\\l Jt{l'.\\Ola(l (i1} St: tl.lns !J.llll--1l1il: llL liilrii,: r'li i|).i :\i'rl .i ttt'):t)t':trt'}i).-\
.td __ .\11v errnir

UIOIJ Sttu().-) ltr-rlllilstlr)J -lt.(i-d l.,1il Ll(,lll llll\'r!i il.ll .lt'l I.l()ri(1li\ .1.)lli.ll) l .\C \
l'iiI
,,-.,(l (s9l
'lu.lrllLlstlo.r.ll)!l-d-0-ldl.r.\liLif!\lll'\isi-iij,l.\Lill-l l,rr rr:rL: -l't'll1.r::.r.t
..\0\'
i.',,iyr li;,";.rj tr trr.1 (all :.'\0liq i 19 j,iO sJLtil
.r.i1 i'ti,.,ilr :jiittil-li: J\tlri ljIlit].\\ {i9l ii! "::[_tUd p:ii]ilu.rq -rill':^rrLrrt!lrunssrl
L.

:\\ol3q (;l)-r."titl -i\\ {9.}.rPl5;i11.r;; lllijio\ )r.;/ ic{ .)!-.ill i.l*1\lr),'1,i,'r.r:LritLr,t:,iJu-.rll-,rrir,r:li)li,.rr{r.,r.{.1 t:i-Jlgiloi)--\ci\ ttuolut
"r.1 '111q'-1qr'trl "ri1
ttirtit)ttlttt!tttttiti p-,.rptir,rtlresru-intulLillri, 'tu.rnlll\troJ_ti1!-.\C\ rrrt-ri..L.iirl I.lttl./r,llu-ru.tidi-urrJ
pJ.ltrlliJJ Jrl riti)[.11,I1J(i0t.tr1i tt,]Jttrl-d rLii lt)tll.)l!'{l'sllill :fl:'(r.l
-0./d/ tuo-ll S.rLt.l(rJ ( il) ut luJIrlllSUOJ li)!l-d lr.iL, tl-illilltllsrrqi ,r11i .ltr1 1rr,.idtl5 dd Sli til{\,..1,r111.,;i1r1 .!iltJ :.l.,iil)i),,.,(/.y,,1i.\(]\ JLtt \i .-.r}.lrld,rLlt .i!t plt.rH.rql

.t,tsttJtlLl iltlttrt!tst\1,'.tJ :',)\'t1.ttl d )tl )

f t .t I(
 O tlkr ['irrdst'.\
Preltttsitiortul Phruvs -S.4
lnterplcii.ltiLlll . rriil havc thc Jtructurr, i77) bri0*,.
N,r\\. il'rvc lre right in ciarruing that Adrcrbialsllkc tontpletelr, can tlnc-
(77\ p'--\ lron irs P-bar -A,trribul.r's:\djunets. and thet Prepositionai Phrases can iunc-
'-.-'-'.. ii,)!r ii: P-blr .-\Jjunctr. rhcn :incc' both rr pes i)i'constilucnt expand P-bar into
U --p
t- ' --,-.
Ir-irrr,.,','r-'shr>uld crpcct thxt thc t\\o cal) bc stacked on top oi-each other in
5(l ,\D\y P ciiller Lrr'(idr. \\'lilt thi: lt)gal'rs in praclical te:::rs is thxt thc bracketed PP in a
i,
ar)lllpl(.:ri1 D .\p \(iltcllac \uch i-r,i:

- iitc rtr!1in! (xl) llc ir ic'orrtlr/ctt'!t Lrt ,nLl.t * !tlt hts , r'ie'nils)
11i
-^
And thc'no brur:circ:'r!.slj-iti,r)it uilj tlcrtttitinc Ut.it titc Spc;riier.,r,
cr',.,,\sing -riitrulri br:tlLtetLir:iil\ tinrbigui.tr. lrs bciwccri *hethr'r t,tntpletel.t raodifies the
ni[rst Frccedc tllc .{ttribLrtr. trttt!nlt,ic.i r . r ()l.rOirr:r. vrrrirlc P-bul i<tt tuhl;\, or nh.'thcr lt modiflc\ the complex P-bar [rrl ,tdds vtitlt
t:6,, {.i ] .rl\0 hlr: ii :cctrnrj
iirterpretaiior. ,, irhich r(r r1.r.,dili.-':j (,tliti,iLt,i\.. rnd Itis lrii'nlsl. ln c'Lher ir ort1s. *e shouki crpecL the bracketed IrP in (8I) to hl*e
tl.rc iuiroic ,{I)\,,1) f.rtr
tcttnpletei.rl lunt.tit'ns as the ..\ttiibutr..t.lrir,./r..rr.r.,r,rsj.) cithr'l'trl tirc ilfLratIrrc\ jn (El) bc'torr:
Bt-:rri.g in rirrtl rhat {r: rre rr.rc s!',err ;i' iire 1;rst
ciiapter..irir-l trrrs) i)iliirrr\i- ()-l{Jl
tiottal Phrltscs ertt f ultctiUrr a: AJ1ilit..l:, lrr lr*-irr.i;.. \,-[i11.. P
1i1,.1 .\,trlrr er,listitir_
cnis, \\,c t:iight t'rltecL to finti fh;rt pl):.ttrr lii,sir gi;;i;i,.r,,1t5..\(1iun!t\
tt,p-b:ir _,_/- 'p _\--
collstttilcrtts. AtiJ *c ntrghi suitp.gisi tlr.it tlti: r\
irr!-...1\L.l\ tlttt !uncii.;rt rrlticir pp--
the itaiiciseci Pl, Lrirri /til.r l).;r,17,1,,1t'ulijjj in --P -- ----\-
itb) h,..1'rr rrirr)1ct-\ tii;,rt .,t.iln z:
.Adjtrrrct ltt lhe l,-b:rr u! tqltlt.. ,,\D!'f) ,..1' .. uith his liiends

r7s) l{c rs f le'ss rrt trdtis rit/t iti.s /r;Lrt,i.,l r,r*r

e.,r'nplclcl-r P \P -
i (){l(l5
ll this i: so. th!.ti tilc brackctc(l l)p rn { :r-; woLll(l ltit\,.j ilti- \trur.!rtr. (lr)
..1

i)!.1\}!\
(79)
_, Pr-.- {n) Y

D-
i
_t)

-l
Ie>s . P. 'i'l_.
...
AD!'P. P'"--- -\\.- .---
rI) \ rr
-\ r *rtit lrr' llr('ld\ loriiplct(l\ -. P'. PP
rl -
li P \P ;u'rth his iriends\
rrtltlr

SUrrrc:irp;tcrIt lilt iilc rtrLtetufc Lt , '.,Ut

Frl5ilr.!i tir l'!r ir.,rr.rcs ,,.rrn) 1' t, )il(tiltiil( i J I i!)!: i

llcts: lirr- r)Lrtc iltitt irolh Ljre'\ntlrilor.l).irrir lrir r,.1,ilil.

atitl tlr.''llrr-ier" i,-btrr Wc ciut Lrsc l'rouontinuli.:tttrr;rr liets to sultp()rt Lhis oiairll: cl'.
ftt tuhl.s vit/t /tt.; Jrit'rtt!sl can trc r.eplur".c.l b, tlrc frro-l)-b:ti rr;. r1 rn lippiili t
iirle
discoLrrse seatrng: !'1. (S-1)te) [1c's sirgr]rtlr lal oci.rl uiLh his coileagues. but completeiv -r.r wirh
(a) hrs liiend:
(s0) I kn''rv' that hr's lrri */rh] *liir his aoriL-i.r!Ll.'s. hur rrr'r Jcs5
i, \\.ith {tr) flc,.rserl to ire onl'r siightll frrr <ti;ti..t nitlt lti.s.lritndsl, but notv he's
his iiir'uri,
;o1111-rig1gl1 .;1,
(b) I Ino,.l thut ho:rluurs Lr:t.ii lr, .,r
i,ii ,,,l,l, t itli j;r, rti. irrrr]. bLl lrr.:
less ir, iiicsr tla_rs [.Itr'stguilielnec o1'c\unlpies sucii as i3-il shoulo b.t- no* be painfully ob"ious
-l-hus' {o _v-o'.I . . . ll noi. llrkc I blelkl
trri; r'llinr rrL.rr pp can lLiriitii'n lr: rr i),i;rr ,\tl.;irrr;l ir.r:
.rl(lir!r cnrl)iilci.il lntt'rcstirtu rOnfinlr.lliLrn ol Lrur lrLrltsis colncs liorrl thr'lrct that !rhen ('rr,-
Support.
plLir'l_i i: u\!'(i ils itn Adttrnct (r!r(l irence lbllo\!s the P-bar rt modifies). u'e find
i+5
t.t9
 Olhar Pitrtst's l'rrprt.sit ionul PltrLt.st,.r 5.1

that it can bc poiitionr'd eithc'r'inrniedirtclv a[-tcl tlre sinrpie P-irar [ur r,,/rlr]. or l'htrs l:rr'. ue h:l": s:ri<l littlr- lhollt prrpositionirl !,"1,a1,f1f i. Van Rienrsclijk
efter the c()ttiple;i P-blrl i,:ir rttltl; *irli /l.s lriri;r7ll: .:f'. 1lQrl.ry.t-i Nlcl:.rrnrstlr:l{:iu,jii.-rirrse-ofdlit-rentpirrlsc't!pcscanlunction
Irs Sirlertllr-s,.l.PI': hc ritj,.rlri:;.tliittuin thxt in r-\3rnlles such ai {Eg-gl)belou'.
(,qj) (a) Hc rs [rt ot:iisl ,:'orrr:,rr,r,r'li rvith hr:i j'riends
crrclr ot ilir'hfli.k.1!-ii \P. AI). ADVP. lrnd PP cor,srituents iunctions as the
(b) llc'is lat odrls ir jth his {-rir:niisl i'l,r,r:r1i:('11
Sl.eeil r.:r' ir i' t lti irrll r r,.r : nr (i t:, I
:cistrl I P ! \P sr'ci rrr'nce:
And tnis is OJ cr-,ut-ir
C\ p!'Ct. ifii))lli i'ltci itrrrrrl iitr'iir.'ilii rirncls f5p i\1it milc-s] wtdcr tltt,suflitcc
It thus s.'erns cir-ar irinr
iliscussion.tltlrr- th,,rt PPs cln i',!ltctt{rn :ts pr{- 'I'ltcr Ircid rcilr]:,rll
c,Lir ll)l il f\,p t'*.eitt\'\ear:l arli{'/ t/l(- 11{rr
positionxl Acijuncts {i.e . ..\.i.tur:cts uhich crpllrd P-bril into P-h.iri. Hrruc\'!-,.
)'ou llla)'re;caJl {Whati \-ott nieltt't.,,tu'\!- f-irrglrllcn itlreadtli th:rl ue llur.:ecl i't {()rl) (..I fhc. r:l:hir l-rrrmlctl [4pquireclccpl rrnrfur tht.rurfttt.e
C'hapter'-1 that sorne Prcpo:iitions !rrllcategrrise (i.c. t:ike) [tp g1111pli:n1r-rrrr: thr 'ilre
h'rrllsr;ulcis .rio,rtl [,1p rcaili close] l','/r}rrl]irr
for exampJr'. in {35) bctr,,r :

(35)(a) fle staled el hi-.r;r.tr- I'r.riilr.ri.fol'lhr. itrike] {')l)lrl Iietlic.rpfrrti'rd[.r,tll.'pinrnrcdiatc]vl hptitrtrlti'druq.gruii

fi.r ll..ri:cd i \lff,F ',cl-r sii,rrtlr.l a/tcr tlt<' .)/1?t.Ltt t)tl
{b) ll.'lcll lli't]rc jntionl
,,rrt rr
{Cl liCrv peol.ir- i;:tl.rirl'lr.f thc ltlrtncd:ric llrrntlrl krrtr*
r()-l) (.r r I li-Llntl il IJrp u;t; i't tit<. Lr:tit
the italicisr'd Plt'pt-rsitiorr has a PP conrplernr.nt t : tllc brilckr.tctl lllphr-ascr. {hl \ ()ll rlrir\[ lr.rrc- Icl-t it lpp dorlnl in tJtt, ci'llttr
This nreln: thirt PP\ ctr:r [unction hotit lis prr.ltositionll Coilirletri.ltf\ ill!d us
preposltlor)el r\d.juncts. For crln.rplc. it) e :rrntanc!. such ar: Il rniit'c,l I)icp():iii,.rns ciirl h- iiscd ls Spcciiiers o1'P-bar (e.g. iir exantples such

(.c6)
11r 1Ql1 .lirr,rci- llt.l {i!( \'.li Ric-nt;djik i l93l). Pp. 57-60 notc.s) in sorne
'rirultipi,-' I'rt-ltr:,sjtirn'scalur.n'.'!.i. it rnrv not be intntcdiateiy otvjous n,hetlrer a
\1e nrjght argr.re ihai tlrt italic jiccl PP is a Ccnrlpielltr-nr 1rf [l)!- Prifositil]lt rt// uir eri I'r.e1.,-rsitiirrr l'ri:tcljtrns iii a Heitd or es a Speci{ler. lr.r this connection. it is
ulr':reas the cafitalisr-ti PP is en Arl.junct. It. iitis is so_ lhcn thc'br-riketccl PP jrr intcrcslirl ti c,)lttr:1st t.lic ite;rciscil ['Ps in thr- lbllou ing p:rir of !-xrmpies.
{S6)uorrld htire Iht-- \ti,.rclur. i8l)hclr,l .

l9l ) { irI l-irt riis:Irr1.- ,jirias j/rrlr1 l,ttitr, tlr( tr.lr

(37) P- {l'ri i'\('l)ilt }Our lri-t(rl;.i :)t,t,r jr ilta (t)rilt't
__-I)
D-
- .--Pi) ln l.ot1r i-\innlllc\. jt stcrns cl,.:ri lltar ljte ser-ond Prenosition (llrlirrc,'ir) lunc-
P
li(rns :t\ rr I Iclt.l rr irich t;rki:s i!r NP coi|lrlr.i)tr'ltt {//tt(, ,vtr Iltc.()r/icr). so that
P' PP - - in \irnrr Ir/rlrn.i fiilthr.t)rt|arlitfcP-harconjtitu!-ntSheaded
\-
.- l('Ual'
r,
",l-'-
thas('rlll.nccs1.i.,'1,'r','thr'
hv il:q' Plc|qr:iti,-nt ,'ra, c(r:'ti.:til thttort irtl. But trlrlt is less clc-ar is uhcther
r)Ltt '' rrf l]:
tlrc iilst Prclc.sitj,rn I ti',jtn lirrr\ lurrcticns as li Spccinr-r which takes a P-bar
Nou'. L'eSring in ntirrd liLtl lite'it('' i'r:r\\i,ta hrl:'ri:i,i'. t-r'LrrrctiL)l) i:.!ill1lr. r'()nrIlr'nr\'nt. (t1 .t.. it Hr.lt(l tr llliit i;tkr-s:t PP corlllcntent_ \\'hlrt $'r- shali claint
Corrpl(-nrcnti trt l-)a l1ast:tt)ile.j .-'lo:cr t.:) rlti.;!-lta Lti: thltit \ij.ir:it;i.. ir:t tIt;t]r;i. hcrc is lllit Pr,lt)(r.;i1l()11 /,,r711 i11 ti)_1)rl) i'u:rttiolls its I tlesal. ri'hc.rcas the
'ltL.
SuCit as lti'; t-,';r-ectll, l.l.,-'a!tci\ tl,:tr iite CoiIIlrltlt,-li1 ?P trti |,il, ltl lil,rrl i-,c Prcp,rsilr,rrt rr'il jn iQ.l) tirt J'l: t.lr.r1s.ts:r Spccilir'r'. L r-t's c-rttrrirre lliis cleint in
posrtior,e!l bcitrrc- iirc- \.-ljulti: PP ll;..r;r;r.'r,r_t,]. .Anti iltc tr':trpr;irlie:rlii,, r.j rrtlltclt-r,'r',: iltr lti L
(li6)abore tlrk.n t.rgrtlr.i ri ith rhr. Llr)gralnt:i:tiicallirr ,rl tSl'i)irc.l,rN \\li.ri uc rrrc cl.tiittit,-g ltct.-.ti..lul (')-l)(il) is tli,\L /;t)nr is thc flead rtf the
(r\!'riril ir,rliii\ail fP. :rrrtj iii.r: t1 !irii0.i ij.i i:s ( rrntnl!.).nr-nl eltr\lher PP f.hclint
13,\ )

ilit t,t:l r.rlir. ii r: risr'll'lrt-:icl.'.1 h'. lh': i'rcIorrili,rn l,, ilr.'). so thst {q3){a)has
prot i d e:r s t r-i k in
-q
a(r n ii n- :t I i f'n 1r l-,r.r r g 1.1 i ;1 tltc sr ntet rtt c 1'.'J i rlr cr 1t-;il :

l_-i() t5l
 Oiher l)/tru-st'.t
( tt,.\.\_c(/l(.f,r/l/(tl SIrUL IUrrtl :;t, nttttelr), _r.-l

{9-t) P
'{'hetc ir|c- scr.'ftrl lltcts $Iicir sLtpprirrl ,-rur eiaitll ihit[ ,r('r hr're litt.tctiuns as u
; Specilicr ol iire i,rllourng P-brr. For clttc thul1.:. llciie thitt or(r'is optionai in
P' P
Ihts r"luir1tlt'. ii5 t\ Fi.itl Si-cciiicr: gcrte ralir itrc. 11.

lr()nl t'
P- - lp F ur'lhcnn0rc- tite ple:e'trct ()l c/r r / a\ciud!'S lil. prr's!'llce tll another Frcposi-
Dc Ir)rc
-: thr' } ri --- tii'nrl Spccilier' \uch ls li.glrt. cl.
'fhis
rrght ftrr se\r'r:rl i-cilsJlls. irur.Ljilt iirirtg. nrrtc lillit /i.r,I ]r ltot
secnts
itn il (iuI
optlonal ceinslitucni ttl'the illiilciseil l)i) iti i!.i Iiii t. liJ \\r, scc
ll.on.r tlte ;:;tgr.rr'-
maticiilitv ol 1!t5 I 5.iun'
.,\t-rJ in lidtltiirrn. (/r'srcuil trk!'it Cr)rripldlrent ('r'tts r)\\n.5uch as tliat itahcistd
(9-s1 r1-irr. rlisputc
rfutcs Fr,lorr 1,i1, rr ril il t 1(ji) bci'-,n:
Now, bcaring i'uti'd that Sl,-cciiicrs i.rfL'g!,liri.itlit,oprtollal ri l.:err,us ilr.:rds art, (i'Jl) l'rt n11;\'otir l-.rtr)k\[.'\cr Ili(,rditr Lhcccrrttcr]
not.theobviousconclusionlodrr,.r 1).iin1tl-j1islir:.rt./rllrisrl-leatl.iij.lLiltof il
Specifier'. Illorcorer, a'ar,rsrrre 1i',rtrt i1: tirc Frca.r t ri lr er.rnrrrcr I)p ri,r'l,l rr l.te t $irieir slroit:Iii \i.reoe-\lr tirut ilt i,.'r.r'ili'r'] is trot thc CorrlFlelnent of
he
consisterrl with lrtcrr,"n sub(.tiit,,1i)t.j\,:li,ir titels li.c. tltcls rrtrL.rrit litc;-,lltg!,
1)i.
,rr'rin{l{)l}. Iilu>-\\cr!-!'lhJllilsictsJ'.rJi-lg!nrpiflcill jripp\lrtibicrttrearlier
comple'll'nis *hich l gilcn itcnr pe'aiil.)- -siiir'r -rir lli!( lr.]ddpd..lcnl (r\irir,rcr, ciliru tiral ltrr' tilsr l)rcp()sitiorr in the it.rlicrsi:,-l l)P i: a l-lclLti in (91) (r). but a
licur crlirnpies lil,e {9tr) bci()\\ thtt ti:r Verb iitrri,ii. rhe ri.lc-,,u.1 Specilier ir: i!)-lt rbt.
:cn:,,et srrlr-
cate-uolises (i.e. 'takcs') ;.r l)P ;rrntplellctrl irclrtlcti 'irt stillutitlsc tIiS :tct jtrp. rra irAr t' lrlgrrrd ih.rt like c,thr'r- urrrCl-lerel cate-
b1 /r r,:1.
(9b flrc tlislrute gorit':. Picpositloir\ hlvc t\\o l)hra,\ai c.\plrlsli'i15. .l\'lore procisely. a P togerher
) eiates i,,e lit,ti ri:. t;nrt rtt il L.,r!ti ll rl lj
riitir il: \P. PP. or L'lrtt.,ie conrplcnr.ll iunr'" ir P-bar cottstilucnt. *hich in
SO. Jlar(t/1t?(.)/t.r.tll()/t lajts
itt lil!c.-lr r)l iic:tti;.tg./r,r,i its J ilq-iid. jlilt ili il
At-gtre Lrrrll ciul he c.rlruntic-.1 initr li P-tlouble-bitr b\ the:tddititrn trl a Specilier such
jiitr trikc ltS Oritr Sirccllicr. lls ir!. ScL,
Spccifie'r. Nlttrcorer. tlte l,cli,re-phrlt:i:
Irs rr'gll..\i). !'{r'. \\'c:t15,):rl-gucd LhltL,\drcrbi.ils itke i'ultr';/e'lt'l-l'can lunctiott
Iiom the eramplcs bciovl. *hcre tht, Spt-.:i1ic.r.is itllre ised. xs P-bi!r Attributes or -{dlutlcts {rrhich e.rpanrl P-bar int.t P-bal), alld tllai
(97) (a ) The clispirtt' dltes lit,t.n llrgi:r bcfirc ihc wrrr] PPs cilrr lirnctron i.ls L rrnll)lcurcrrts. Adjurlct j. oI Sp.ecificrs Lrl oihci prepost-
(b) -l'hc
tlispuic rlaics ll.om [rr,Lu.il./ r.t11r.l bcfi.)rc tiri. ii:u.j tionai ctrnrtiIucnts.
ll ue a:srrme thlt Phrases carr gcner.ullr iralc .rnir onc gpgg1tj31.
it ,iollc,.,r:
thtir
if the itaiicised .oJlstitucnts iti i97) Jb,r,,e llrrciron as
tht
Speuilicrs ul.thc lll
Yoti should now be able to tackle exercise
6t'l,re-ph'ase. tiren the prep.sirirrn.li.i)/i1 citnllot rrirre rhe sl'rr- Specilir,i iirnc-
tro11.
Howerer. u.e claim her.c thar ihc iiuiicjsctj pt, il (9-l)(bt .l-rc pll )uur
btrokst'vrv'r)r tlr.'Lotrt't' irlsarcr'difii'eatst[uctLire.illcrcIre.isell.tllt-pr.c- 5,5 ('ross-categoriuls{ructurul sJlntlrtirl'
\L'c critt:iitttttillris.- tltc'orerall cliitn: matir:i,i lar tn this chapter'
posltlo'r)l",'l'urctro's lts l Specitier rii ;hc llrrr'vri'g F-lrar-[i/] i/r(,(.(r./;r,rl.
rhat the italicise(l PP in 19-l;(b) iras
]Ll ancl thr- llst tibr:Ltl tli'i iiticrtllll siruLtitra t,i'Piirlrse s ln lhc ibllowing tett.t.ts" \{'e
tlt s,1.ue tlr(.(,9S) bclou.:
i: broit.i sti ttattlrili s)llllrctr! acrt)ss cijtegories insolar
have argrted that thcre
(98 ) lus lll niujt,r tcr.iciti cltte-r.ttla: {c.g. \, \. F, ,\. ADVI P('ll)llt t\\a tlpes Lrl'
PP "P ptrrrrsltl c:.panstoii. Nlorc llitf ticLliilrl\. env l,ertl iexical categor'1 X ean bc
i

o\ cr erparttlc'tl itttc'.itt \-t-.it-b1 tlrr'aticittttlrl ol :L 5ct oi C'c'lnplcnrettis: and X-bar

,\P
carr be c-rpandrd into lr-t1r.ublc-ber b1 thc acLiitiort ol a Specificr'Detsrtniner'
-: rhc ( (lrncr ::
Thus. the 'husic' :rruefLttc ul'I'htitses {if we c'rclude'optiotlal dxtras' such as
rsl
t-s j
 +,7>t2=L' :=-r! -. ?:: ^ 7a*,
='Z=.:,:..==:ila'.
. I, i ',
. . -. I i-' ,^', : '- !
't : -' : : :'.',: l,:: :
;: :, t -:;'- -- :. l:
,/, ) ==',l=l"r;,1)?:tt.r
- : a,.': t, I i
.v ; i
':-.-.../-';7.'-:;:.-;
__ :_-:.t : :'. :
/i!:i|:.:
, .i , :-
=:
-.
:.-:? =i -;.:;1--' ;/:
- ..- ,. :. I ; . )
t,-' ..,: . .
= .--:. ,'-":
j./ ':'-t :. =i':- = ,- -: ,; :
LC
+
"..,) :,..:.
'.;* 1:?;i. ll : ?Z^=
=i=.'-"::1.::
:;a'.'i
','. - 't .
17,7:i ;i.
: : :
i1:
I : .
,41 -:
,^ ,
,.=,'.;=::
a t -
=
.-
;=.
-.
--.;{a
- ..
j.1
,=):::::::.-- -i
) *.:,-^:Jt,':.t'---j2
,tL
1.i:-,;-/-':r._
-:/'=J-:7.=
::"_.
r i:_ ::7Vr, :?
.-t ..' , l l
;'-.-, - --'
= " --. + =1
-'
: i-: T - : i : -- -__
:.': -'- ^
,/: '- t |;.47' - ->
=. -_*
a =
- : :'_ := - . 7" =
/
,/ - ?a{=i1EZ: = :'.
';i: l: =a =-.. > -'

,._ } 7+
=

a- +=iz)::-7 'ta1 ,:r; -- t,

: -
= . ; r;-; ) 7 :
7 t. 1 1a 22=7. I =
a
?:;7 :
'l?
ti".7..-+:2 -t
=..
*;= :i ',
i'zT?r,;:z ;Z=
-. - ; ^ a - -: :-
- =

.1 .r.'lrEi;r1= 'n='":
=

=' i
-:i./i7=.-1t:!=.=
, = ._ ] '.!. '. !: a. ": a :
=
l- ^ _ -- 1.;'
_
A1+;:;,,ii2 i:;
3=: ;; ;4
P,' C =,2r.iil
a.*i=,=d_7 i=i ..
1,ii'z,Tqi* i;.,: Eg =
4
 () tln'r I'hrtt ,t.t ( rrr\J.(.,tia'gorl(tI st|LtcILo'uI 3:\:lllftielr| i.-5

(l(l!))(rr fpp Eren 1pg rigiri iii i]ri loi) j] i;ti:s h:riJ ivcriilrl iltr.' thc sriu.Irir tll5) iuc- hll\. ibllo\r'ed the traditional dictionari
(bl [pp ipt, r'jght rit r]r,: l,,rr; q'1q'11j lrli.i, h:rrd c1:L:sih.ltii'rn trl ai(.i?,g/; :.rs al Ad\erb hrlc ihough its precise siiltus is far
(ll()t(it) Hcivils!!'r\i(,ii!lrt,1 j:i. r:>ir:.iittilllp!'\c:,i\l)rcr-i liintj trllrrs lrr,iit clrlrr'):
r.rr.r_.rherl
i (il-ir
ii-.1 I{c *ls \c:'} liiLtrl L,l :Li:.i:Lt,:-..r;.i.,i i_qP i1p rcrt trlrri i.rt his
brtrtllt-r] u"'tiil ---o,
A''-'
t- '--.....-
{ I I I } (ir) Flc tlcleltit-tl ire' i.r.,irlii. :rr,.i i.1111 l) .\ctl {,\,-r\,1, tluiie iY
...-.---'_ -
AllV 1- '-- trl his countrv \-
c(,Llr:lgcousl) I I
l

(lr) Hc deleridc'd lir:r 1,.'r:rlir. itn!i i{Li\.p l-.tL;t i, !l:1itc !().riirgcr),.lsl\l trrr uJ anrlUgll
rr enj
.\nri rrc niglit c,.rn crtend r-ui \\trrci-['rei .\diunct errrrll"sis to nomini]l struc-
(l ll ) {l ) llt l\ :, 1rrrc.3,.,1 il,rtlj
rnighi L\ p c\cn Lurc5:uch.:: tir. hnr.keied \l': irr illb)fclo\^:
ib) H! inight if p Lt,ir ltl,q 1.11 lr,rtj ci..irl
r I l(r r rlr ) SLrril, u,.' hlir e L\ l: pl ()r)l ('/ri :q/i f i'l.lt Hl lS -{ SP\']
scr. tite strgiJesirlrr] th.ll thili rir.s l-:.r.ilr: tr! tilriirii-l:,,rr .\rljtrricL,,;lrrcl.Alri.i- (t ) Srr;cl_'. ric hare [a1> plooi c;r ritl; r.,F ttts r;LrtLT]
htt [c . >. crtt. .r :.j;r t:.; h], . ' rc
Llrrt is it 1:,laLrsiblc lo iru:itlr ciii:,r Ii ,,r'orrl-i..'rrl ,r.tijirtl,-.lr i,r .-\ltrri.lrtcs $hicit rvl-rclc thc \\i)rii d/r{.'rqy'r is ;rtr:ititrnctl iiclueen the hcad Noun prao/ and its
L'\palld -\ irittr \'.'Itei'hltits il ir (,i:r.'pr,:.rihlc '..:1rrij(l:ttd lirr.prt.i;rhcrsirill trl' eupit;rir:rctl e llrusul rr prcposilit'tr;.ri corrplslrtL'r1t. This might suggcst that
sLrch a elass \\()ulJ bc tirc ii0r'tl i,,,,',(r'r. iir ()l)j (,1 its irtiirrr lr:rnul]i'ns- rt ciil) t'rtrnt,:lt tti I I i(') lirnctiuns a5 al1 rl{ilf,rlivill N AdjLrnct which expinds N intr"r N.
ser\ t lt) l)0.ilnrOdi i \, :rd jcei i',.r i er'ir: i. I ucl rl :i : r. j'. Artiillicr Jr,,r:rifrlc r:inijidirie 1(,,r tirc silrlr,ls ol'rrt'rrd-iert'l Adjunct are the pre-
1ltr.ilion;rl |rir-tie ic\ riiticlr tbrnt !t3r't r)t \()-rrllctl'Phrasal Verbs'. Itor e.\ampie,
{11-rr
ill .i sciltc]la!':tiair ii>
Bltt rrilrt i. titr' lLuluii.r;t ,'l iIL t;-,r l1t lili\ illttl i-,1 5:lr-:-illr.t., ().r. t,i.l,,i0u:
5Llggc5tir)!r irtr;-rlii bc lhri r,i.,rrrrrji. rrt.\-ir:ri .{.1rriljil rriileir cr]r.rrrrls.\-i]ltr
rilri
irttO{-her.ll()\\t\cr'.\\r)t!j-rjlrlcr l:lai\\ijiltrt:iiltrlt-iriiIl-{ih)cl(ri,tpi)cllrt0 it i: tr':irlltr,,nulir clliilr.re.i Il-r:il thc itliilci:,,1 scquence !uril oLtl lbrms a krnd ol
\\IrI[| :IriI\'t r :I:' .|:.. IIII)iriIIII 'dr)ri1pl!\ '.r'l-:' (irtc \ia\ Lri'loiiil.riisittr: l;iis itltuition would be to sil-'- ihat thc
(l l-i) (ir) lli' isrt'i [,qP Ir'.'11.i .,)),.1::,li \)] r{t\{ r.,i \it.r\ l)lcpo:ilir'i'r iJrii hcr!'i'',iliiii(trl\ u: u \ ,\.i.tL:nct. $hicii erpatlds V into \'. e .g. rn
i

(l)) i'llcirlt'tiAIr jri,,rr.i ,'; ir\, {rr \,i:\ r.rr,,,,.,,lil

tlre rri.rnrrrr irlriielrtrli iu t I l!) btltilr:

l'trI rclisarrs ;riricir il* gir\i jii scuii(,1 -\..1. il r,, riclil tlilri iitc elrIit;1i;51i1 p11;i151 (llxl
hctc Is tirc (oinl--)la,ltaltt ,rt thc.\il ,eiirc i,1,,1,,i. lJli :iitcs LoirrIi,_.itrcrris itrr P
positicrrtc-d.lrl:cr to Liieir llelrd: iir.,ri.\ri.;Lrltts, il sirlLriti bc oirrl.,,"r. trr itru
turn
Ilti.rt rl ('iii]liglt \,.afs.tlt A-bliI A.liL:llet. \\c !iiartriri u\l)e!l jl to lrc irLrsiiicrtetl
llicr fllt'$li,lk .{-bttI il,r,'ttti "l lli\ ,}:lt til. i}rrt tr.r i\c,\.tf 1i()r)t tIi-ir ltSoir. ,{)\\csil\\il:ecticrnl.S.r>i|Ltulure likc.iiS)wouldaccountfor$h1 (/lllciln-
thiS i\ Ilr)t tltc c;t:e. r'lrl)l.q/i,-'iip r,11j, '1rg pr,.iitrltcJ.tl't!.r iltc..\did.tt\c1f(,tr(/- rrt't be Ir'iuitrriiiiccl b1 a P-brir Syrr'cilit-r':Lich.ts rtgli/. or be separated ttom its
flr)tifltrlIthc.,\-t-;rrlitsltsllttllrt.,t::i!tiiri. l]tll:.lirt-\-ir;rr'{ri,lul.,'tlinliitsi: irs\!)cliitc,-l \ cIb b', lln.'\(i\eiLl \'.1!h ils r'(/it'l:cl.
s!'cnri inrplrLlSrbir, sirr.'c it irr','iir:i.. l'rtiilirrr. tlt:ii Iii ,Jitilr i) ult,-:t.ii}ln}j.rtitul.
rund t I I.-[i { b } ]ir'lLcrn'llLtii'll
(I l9) (,t)'i'IheucriLiler nl:r! itr.lnl rtlri rrut] [rther liostt
J l-he trc-ritirer lllr}
.\,1,:rr' .,\,"1;,rri;t, { tr) lttlrn /r/i(? i.,ui] rlltller liostv
Bilt il r,/rr,ir!;] isn't en itlr;rl i: it' \\rli. ilil tltct itirii\t' nrls-
sibiiriv lliglrr ir.' te, :rrt.il\:c it lr' :r:r ,\ ,.\rllrrrre t * hicll 1.rirrr..rir clr ,..tpa1clr ,\ \\'e slrilll relunr to r.coilsid!'r l'lt|ttsul \crbs rn Lhapter lJ, so ue shall have
intt' \. L'r,rir'r'Llic A .\rl-lrrnet lr;llil...i,:. lhc hi'rilLt'lttj -\i'iir iIl-1 ,[r ) til.rrrc nolhiirg lirItltur l0 -\it\ rb()Ltt thenl Ior (h,- il.lolllellt.

I 5(, t5l
()tittr Pitru.st'; ( ,tttsIrrrirtitt:( t'.-irtt,q,t, i,ti RLtl,'r -i./j

\\,'c. can sUiImtlriSC iit:'r iaciirrii i]1 ihc l',rll,trr ing tCrnl\. \\ i- h,l',,: iirlj,'sti-.] ilcceislliill'n(rlllinitl and Ier-
1(\r''r-illi-11ai--,-'()rri1i:iir-r)li rriiir-'ll ltrc
that titere is a br',ted \lrlraluiiil {\'rlll('lrl l.ir',t!q irll thc rt:ri':,1 lt..ical i::rltqi.i- 11111 lgslt'q1irr'i\'. lr, a:r:tst' th':v lt;tre N ;t:trl V as alt trbitgat,lrv
ies (N. \'. P. A. rtrrd AD'u ) in:;i,trir rts itit', rt1:-,1()r'lr-r.i!::l r-:11cr;nr-\' \ 1.,::ciltar ]]r:ri()r-!,rr-.\1rilt.-,11 \:l l1;11 ls rt'tltti|cC. iin!i \"'11:it \\lls ilssLlllle(:i lll
$ith its Colnpir'ltl!-jrts (ii.inr r tlirnr' lin \-h.lI cr':rstiirrcr;i ., Ilich rr !-\ll.ririiiri ifilllitr,\lli,] sr:rr:t:,ir. is s,trrc \\',r\ of r-llliillg c\)t1:titucllts ol- rllc
1

into an \-druir['-blil hr thc aclriit;rrr oi iln ol]1ioilrrl :\|ecii;cr'. \\'t lr:lrt lrisl i,r|irr \l' ii \ r} i:lrr- \ is 1111\' rllli.j,ll ilillcgol'\': N. V. !-tc.). lt
suggested ihat lll\'\-he: ,-'ltn hr'rt'ctlt-;i..elr gr.lIlltlctl i"rlr':lttr..llitl \-i,:tr h.. ir.,rulrl 1r,ri ,nlr h1 r\-l\crs!'. i.rri jt sh,rtrl,lht t1':eorcticalll intp65s-
thc. liddition rrf illr al)|ra,rrriutr ^.rj.ju:rll rrr''\t1' j'51'1" Lrnil irr ilijs (r'ati{)n iif lhlr li,r lrir'. l;rl',ri,r i,t ilr',-i11ii('. f l1 g\11li|1.-. rtlie\ of ihe frrllou'ing
suqqeste:i thal $e nlil\' hu\'a tr) h-c,rit1lis!- l,.rri ltI] lirc'r ivir('s o1 .'\.tlilrtt:l ia,i ntl
Artribute. rr:111s-1..'1i1do';rrrlt'-h;rr' ^\,-ljLinttr .Aitlrhiitc. ultich ,'rnlnil \i) irrt''
{l)ilI \[' " t, \-i)
\P. lnd {iil *'orti-ler:l \tliirnet..\tlliiutr-s r'.irir'it ern:rnrl 1s girl'11 ur.td-
catcgor\ X irtto:t:trrtltcr'\\()fc1-lcir'l i\)lrsiitri,:rrl o{, thrr siilr)r'trpc. Iirs ir.-ltit'
rlllt \l)--il \
positrnqthrr-c-rjii'icr:rrttrpcir-! .,\cllurrct,\it:rbutr--n:inrciriii,.iouhle-b.:r'.tr)
singic-ber. lnd iiiit ir,orJ-lr'rcl \rliunits r.'i A!1i jbr:tis. .'\ l'urll;cr altlr\.Lru.nc. ir''rrr Ill'rirnrfrcld {lill.i. p. 141). \\'r- mit'hl srv
$ould be lilrt jt \r.rulil n(li b!'sullciinl sinrni! tr'' s;,.-a,'t, tl[lt ir gi..cir c.Dsiitli- :: lir;ll Cittccol'j:rl Rrrles:ritrrLrltl irc rr-stlicted to
ctti iunctionr, 1i'r crarri'.rc. irs ir rlrrllrtitl -\cljL:l:1. rtl siti,trlrl hri'a i'r lrcaili . I r',;,,r,.11il4\i\ll."l rltr'i:ll!':-,'l\ (tl ir,!i\^il
preajsal],$hiihc-r tirc ao:1'tiluani ir (lLrr'rij,rr lU,lali{rni ii\:i11 rt \,i1r-Ir,i.:rrr fliLi lr,rrr c:tit rr,: ittclrl.r)rilie this corlclitioll
N-ber ,Aiijun;t. (.rr an N-(laLlhi.--i.:ri ,\il.jirnct il,r i:r.lcctj hrr. r'r'r,.rrc I \iir '\'l!' 1rl
tlLtsc iirnctilnq r
:rl u illtirr xr \-h:tr l'rtnrcu,tr-k \\c clllt rttL'r-l the
j 1:tirir- r'lrli' r)ut s'.r,:lt 'ltr't'r'ersc' rLrlcs as t ll0)

_-l
.

I Yru shluid nav/ be ahle tc ta,i,l(!e exsictse iV ;t Ultir.-islrl a,)lrslrrlittt (-rlt thr' t'r)rn] ol' PS rr.lles
,:t,ll il|s t1-!- f\l){r( I \:TR:(-iT1 ( O\STRAI\T lilr
5.6 Constraini:rg { ategoria! !?uks
In thc coLrr;.'(\!'(trr!'{lisfiriri()ns ir thi\ ch:lfiJr:n!l lh,: i\\ar nr3- i [.]) t.ii),){ I vJiIi lI\ i . r\:iTli\l\'I'
l jouS ttitc-s. '.r e hlire |1rsj:.'rj lttirlet L.u. C;t1t'crrt i rl !i.t-. Pitij'rsi' Sr:.1!.tLlrr.
R 11l('r
\ll Ii':;:iirlt Phi';i" \l|rrr]rrra Rulr's lr'a ^i'lhc !-ornt
Rul!'slsDacil'\'in:t hrtu CliLLsa\:ilrd ['5r:rs,,'< ilr,] lrr!iil ,"ll ,rul ,ri I'r'.r;1-icr1l !,.11-
.\' ... \" r. ll:lekcnciol,rll9?7).p.3+)
stitur'nts. Nitt',. ,,. u!'il.tr'{i in ( lt'.rt.'ir l. ittt trllint;i1e'. l:rl is 1i'' r.Ja\ri()n il
ilttrinttlir ( t1t|.\lriliilrJ T'lL'()i', oi-L.tn:ltt;titi'. itt rrriic'i i,r |13., j111'lt 1rt.rrr.-l1rl,11l I .1/.', !:,r, I r',tt;,,t.1,'r .a. slitlttii i,\f :l11\ e:t{t-J()t\ suCli il\ N. \'. P. A.
accoulrt r.ri- thc rrpiditr iild r-iilil'i,r'nrir\ al'l-:rr-r'.r.-r3a \,,'tlirisrir,in "l (r irrl\ia,,a ): lr'. .',.11'.",,,1..r. \ ;.:rrsunlt'tl t{l l'}r,,a thc s:rnrc \illllc (}ll tlrc- lc[t-
this goal. ue hllre lo itnp,-,rr'sr'\'tre io\tlicli()rts !)n l;rc t\lr.ai';\' i1a)\el-(rl thc ,,! 111s:1p;1.v r: ()r iil!: r'igl;iilintl sit!4.:tr litat il'u.: litke \ to i)e
tcchnical cllrrrts $hich,rrrr ih(-(rr\ !rlkj\ il\arl:tblc l,'r rrulrir-lri ilrriri:rlc ,r1r 1i13 l.'i'tlr.1;111.r'li. tlr,-;i \ niti't rtls,r hc V e'n rhc righthlrrrd srilt-. Thc
!rlrnltilrs- Onr- s',tr,'h rlcrtrc rs ( tii,g,r;tl ,Rr:,'. t: it iltt'lr-l-'rrc larll{)\\\ ill|i .in\ l'i;rl 'i i'r l ,1r'rr,I r',,r.irl1'ir'r'ri. ilar!'inl'olrttltlir'. h't: tarittlr!"J rr'lticir stllncis
i!-slr-ictivt Thcri|l t,1 (jtrrntrrlil sjrl)uLi itllailJrt ii) lr;t\.ilIlrll\ a.)I\lfit,li 11tc
!-\ilrc-\ii\c- ])i\\Cl rrl (-]lr'::r.ti,rl Rtilcr i..' i.Lti 1,",-6,;" liritr. { it \'.it;li r\ ilrij ,ll;i; ,-',tr,:iiltt.ri. r,. ri.lr nrillrl'-,: it;tii-tiricll ir', ihe-'lilt'. Irl sirtlf'lc
isn't lr poss:l'le a iiica:('r'r.t llull i:-. lir,.,. l-'!tlr::ti l:l:t,:llrrlij (;r-itrtll:i.. .
' 1 I llr lt1,rpilt\ t,, llt.'.jairtr ilr.i1 lr1l,r*1
Thc neeci l0 jt.ttIrl,st'a. 1l'rll-iriilis r\rt ilt.: sill rrl':trii)riri:lrlt' Pltr-tii !irLr'ttir'
Rtrles $as rt.-..g,,iicii e'rcf hr:,r|r 1!r!- it!-l\ij)t, l-\-b.r; S,.nrr.r': ii\ .i, lrir [.,,r;ts. iillr 111,.,-rr;l'.;;i ,rl r 1r ;l' t'|l\l ('i\ili:til J \'iifr-lttt\. r.l- ll,!' sltin!' l\'llc ils
in tlrc r'oll.ru ing l.:i)i\rgc i lr)iii. p. 1i ! il.- lJlll{l r.i it':l1ll'. . rr,;; 1'11;
iri|-ia,.i'l 1,.\\fl
-1

Plir;r.;c Str-'-relri:t (iirt]l:r ils ilr:i t,.- lL.r'nr.r]trc t!r','lircl th;tt \lf 'l:r,.1 l;litt)tr\c\) \\,rl ii"t i]tC l-tri.rltl; \ l;lltr- lltC vltlttt
VP :tirl t-rtrl t,t'lljr |trttlt:i,Il(:t]l\ a,\lt\rIifiil (ii\rlir\l\. ,.1;l slil,t,i ,, .ti:r tlt.. s:l1it-t\ciii:i l,...ci r:rr.tltirlrt rr ir- lttrra
 ()tltt'r Pitrust.t
L 'itt.:iruinitt,!. ( dr.',<ot'i./ Ruie.t -5.6
tlte ritlLrc l. the cons{r'tiinL {i:l)s|crijlr. tlliti il lnjc like 1ll-.lr iriio* jr.i prrs- ire. I:r'r Jnt ljtiitg. ;i $tlri1d i;s.rllrrrr rjcu|si ,a rxpl.tnsiun ol one Categorl,into
:itrie rulc:
i.in!)tlril' i.lcr-iirclr! .ri.r,(lr'\. Arii rcl rt'.- clrlier rrgued that Ad.iuncts
( I 1.1) P'-DP Altrli]ul('!i hurr the lu!lution,.,l cri-r;.rnding:rn -\-biir into anothei X-bar: in-
ticrd. $c c\c-n \uggcsir'(1 irr :!'atr(,n 5.j ti:I. tl{.17) abo','c) lhat thele might ba
othel ti i:rcs ,-'i .\d.iunri {ttfrbut( ii}tich rirursir'el_r, .-tnl-,nd doubic-bar r-on-
slitiir'r)l-.. iiDti lr lurll:cl lrp.e ui]]eh r(-ciir'-!i\i-,; e):pxnd zero-le!el constituents.
Trr,rll.ru'lirr-lhc i,ros-riitilit,,,o1'rulcs udloinitig one ctlcgor),ttl'a given tvpe to
(ll.\)(i) P" - 11 .'11r iin\)ljr(r'clrlcg\'r\ rl! ih!-:it]llclllle.\\tmign'.r,.:riSc'(llltes{130)belOw:
(11 ) P' -\" \P
i i l(t, l:)*i)t)i- l:\ Ii{ l( l } \'- (-)\Sl RAlVf i ! a!l5e(l )
$'oLlld [r!' fLl]ad ()ut .is irrtr,c;.lltii.rib! ltr i r:.r.lLi: L,t ,i,s i"r..i il).li i]tcu-(\uii:r.t ruit_ /\ll (:Lrn"titr,Ler)t Slrucltrie I{r-rlc's.rtc ol lhe lbrnr:
t,i's.r'l'-blrr-c.rr.r:iiiLrtlil.rl\.,..i.kcr.,l.,ir.;i,rrri.irridbi.r.ii)ilr(lrr 5ircci- \" -,....\"' ...inr:ilcf rl-li
lics thlrt ( i:6) bclo\\ is u pi.,ssrL:lt rLrir:
\\'haL ( i.l{-lj \ii\5 is iir:rt tlie o'utlut of'ir |Lrlc r:]|rst euntain a cattgor! whrch is ot
(116) P'-,. P Np
tl.tc sunie i) irc (nrrinutl j. l)r'clla,:itlcrlt:.1i. ctr. t r: 'ihc lnJlu! catcgor\. und which is
1:irtcc'P is thc stinrc kr.d rr! {}tiepa}s;ti-,t. ii).irtc!(rr\ li llle -\iln]c hiil-lr-\ri arr t)n!' 'orr-lc\cl i(r\\c!'.
.rs l,-lr,Lt i\*l i: r\1t.. l.aJ-
lc\el l()!\cl)i\rhercilslil-1)p1 1,i111;11. l.Lir..\i.t_ltlr*rll-,:hci,,ri. Hi.i*cret. ci'cn i l.l0triiil yl-ort too frlsl.rirti\c jl'rr!: ilcccpt Chornsky's clarm
I Btrt ius (iq5(,bt. |. -l) ihut r11 -\-double-bl. eiur either hu'"e an X-bar or ln X
(117) I]' ,.. A P
rr: its lrDmrril.ltc Hclrii- so ihill lirr' siiuctui: ol the NP \tlul(ttts in a senlencc
sllllclhcotttitttt,-tlllicr-Lrlr'ri()i.\;j!,tti,i:i.|l1lrl]ct,lrsltlliriri.(),.t..,irr:j. stteir lr: t l.l 1 ):
il:j:.r
ibllo$s thitt il rLild '\r1ril lrs (i:r) i)cr(\i\ !\ouiri lri..r 11111jg1,, f.:,i,,.,1,.'.1
iir iLri]lc { i-ili S!)nrc piopl!- think -\llrile /t,'\ |lrc jr.lrlsitCs
\\l\.) bc ul[r\\etl i]\ \uhen]ii ( l:-lt:
(1lS) P -, !) 1
\ coLrld hi' erllre;' i l-il; (:l) be[-.\\. or { l-]l} ib).

HoricVc'r. u,e ntighl pe-sit rirat t.ul.,s sLirri: us tllN) \\.r)riid itc r l-ili {.i) N tb) N'
Pi.i.rhtbit!,rl b! :l
uni'erslrl coltstriilni lL' titc i'lli.et llriit:
N'\
ii19) Sf irtilCtie .ii tdgi)fi!: f :iitit(,l jJ,r ! i., il Jif uit t1r,t' lc," ri I lt I nt i

\\i ltat 1 l19) sirr'r i:i lllilt til!''sn)riur\t' kirr,-i,-rt's,inlrriti! !ilrL.-r\l!\

\ :''Lttrlcttt>
r:;r.rcit,-iclri
Ciltcgorv: tltcfe lit!. lt(r:.\ntllLtic rirtreLrt,ir .rr llrc-lt,rrir \ i.
\ c:le st lrde il ts
t)f cour:c.. br sub.titLltr:rg thflr'cni illr,,1. ,\ t()r ,\ li'd rr iri i_ll). r \\r e.iit 5ru
that(il:)stipulilieslli'r.crantpleilit:rtri.lilt*lrfi\',:rriL:inILil rlu:ih..,,r\ ll >tiirciures such .Li {l-l:) (tr) arc indecd u*ii-ibrnred. thert $'e shall have to
tn its orrtpui: ir rrrie u,itir V'rs ir:r lnput iirt l l.r:rrc \, iit rls ()LiliJiit.
lr r.irl.t riith lllori,lilr rrllcs rlt rirc schctlutiu iitrtu:
\" lr: i1: it'rput r)lrist h:irc \ in it:i ()tltltll: ,r iirii: ii.rtli N, lis tt> r;tput rltrst
lilti,i,. (i-l-t) \"- X..
\ in its rlrjti)ut. lr ruic irirh.{":t., it> i|;--,i{ i:rir.i ir:ire -\ in it: r,lrtPui:
i r-LllL -fhis rn tunr *oLrld nreau ,tr",,
$itir A'es rts irlput nrust halc.,\ irr irs otr11,11; . . . tiltl st, rrtr :rriti srr lirrf 1,3{)) nould ir-rvc ter be rerised along the Iines ol
h. lhLrs.
co'ditiolt srrclr :rs 1 lll) sec'rs t\r i.lils\\ci. L..,.ris..t1rpclrl lo!.ss,,l,le e(tltsir:tint\
i.i ( li-l) l'ri:li-r*:
to bc'itrtposcd \)it \\llirl lilL'pa,ssjhlL, iiitli 1lllri)s-\jl,lc ( Lilt5liLucllI Str_u,iLlrc
( r_r.l) lrND()C'h\ f Rl( l l'\' ( ()\5I RAINT ( rc\ iscd )
R.uL's.
,.\1i t'oustitueut Sliuclure Rulc. are olthc llrrm
HO*crer-. irt SrlriiC t'cJltccts. Jackc.ndtlil r rChtniu rtr-,pcru.i tr) trr lorr i.r:i:riet_
\' "...X"'...(nznr)
t60
16l
:l ?-i'i*!o7i; iiif
l=:, : ?72-'; :; =;-:i
i 7lzriv';igi?,r,
j'-i -,,= / /' 1 : ; r' :ta,?i=+73
; 1,i i
J

tii :ii j i ='

!,, : .iii7; iil':" , .,1
=' . t=:';' =:,
:t i;
=-_ i
?i,ii; !i?iaz i;ii
1::_o=a ,i; ;,=1. 1 l:.,,-,i ;1i:a,,i.i_i!=t
=t ,:l'.7,i1-.r---i;:
:;
i;;i!
:.)):.,-.:::.
','
a:i. r: : =11 l:i rr,:,,,r:, -;: t. i i: : 1
r".
:'i':; -
':..'ti:;; ,1"tt;a =ir;|:'--.;,';,:, .r,'.:,"-..,:. 1l;:__'1i
-
1r,-.':l "-Li^c
t,=/r,: 3i.:.i.-,= i.:'rirtj ',1 =,2:-_ lr=,
lt,l,;'. ,i=,--'L,. l,:,:'.|:,t- ;,:;:,, '-',,,
't t
i, ll
='J : -
',
:1 , ; : :'; ' :
t =- t :
-',,.i,..,::,
7 '=
V
='.. . ,t: '; , ;
t;ii:,tt ':,::i7=lt ii ;1 .:_,:
':':7;;,',,;7-i=i -v,t i:riitti ,1;, Z?
'ra'ijti:]=.it
),-.-1.:,, ':+;::n
;i;1.,i,1,i7, iiii?, ':1,,,t
:;-,,:, r.
^:::;l
'- .. '.. ..,',; .:4;,';:,- '=7,., :. j =-l
";,;
, i. r .- i:.'- --" :.; :!.:
-. 1 :: : .
,.
.:
a '. : :
. .-
' -
, a

=;;",;z i,ti,/Z;
'.= : . a.:
i?a -rj-. 11'a: a?.ri :: ,- _= . a_ -.i :-

?7,

'.j r. . t :^ - :: , -J a -l a; ?': ::' I ?: ?.1 a -- : ^t ! -a:

= -=_
-,. a,r. 1'. l'::1ii '; .1 .,^a.i"r.ilt,r,l. ,'.,-'_-:.:: = =

' : ' :, : a'- '. lt . ' . : -. t ,,

': - * : ,:
1 t ..,..;; i
,.i'i'.t..rrt-i =;
.., ^,.,a,.,: -- = ,
-,:7.-:i,-. 7 , -.:''. "/' - a- i ,::,.:: :
i |-
= i.. . .., 't
... ,, =.i,-'=.- : -... I-:=.4
1: ): i. :1. * vI- ,:- ;: -. ;-, it r,
: tl-'t ',: -: -' - : -. I - .. -
., :,; : !'i 1 :t -: :1:
-i' 2r ; 1; ; . : ;.; ; t -.,r r';1, =, .'

: ,trit',-.' : a?:: '' 1"i ||.!'j,t t_ ,.t,' i i tt ._t il.

t =i==
t..7_r::'== ,.j.j-
j,1::;=, ,''i.lri,:utj,, -1. r-=.., -i:i.'V:
':;=i, :,=:;: :?,'la r.r:;tt-"'.i7,
7 +
r=i=-:r; i _.:12 i= - V.-'; ii',ti ::i:
:
: i ;ti ?ittt !=i,i, , n'ii i:'=ti:i :
,r
,
1i ,liai
: =. .

'.itit';7 1:::: :1 ,i
;?.==1:.= -;n2= '):r)=,t
". =.-r'-v1i
;l'_=t. lat,,!:
,,-==r.7.
=
:);7';t: Z:7+= +ii:1 -=':=) =
-t;Z';a1;z;?i t12i+zi
=,;!l=':
i.

ilV;i;i
4!2_ti*a ii=;+
z*i E;ai| tiie; : L 2
47i**; i
,at|iri,z ilii ;ri*fi Eii'ii=. I +i;?i?;
Other Itlvase: i t.)t(r(rlisin:< l dt(get itti |lule5 5.t'

(140)(a) ]-{cadloclrtttiJnlin:i11 :i:r:iolgl!.\',Ltti,:tt!lI tirr,.r] irites tt'rnt5 ()i u.ltcgor\ rintj lercl rlt't.tltle:1. ro l)J tilcv plt) an ilrpLlftJnt piilt ln
(b) llcrnadc[pr'.'t'r,,/i il;rrii fr'i'rt hciping us rcili-ririise ( atc3r:r'ial I{Lr['s. Ltt j \ee ilo\\' ciltesor\' !uriables c.1ti bc
tL:ctl tr':.relttcic tItis clr.:.
and also ll'om nonstanclurd tlreicclill tr,llt: !11:it:ii:
..\: *e ir;[.'iLlrii:d\ ]]r)laai carliti. PIti,.':iiir)lta] Phruscs cltil itc uscd.rs
(l4l ) u,o[7 ltis lrtrt] btrok is irr'ttci ll.:rli irlrrri ('r)ull)icnre ni: t,rr .rli lir e uIi.;,-ir icric.rl eltcgIi-ia5: cl'. c\irnlples sucil us tl'Iose in
tr;,,rr:1 trite
{ l-i-l I t'cluri
:

Ancl il"Quantjfiers'strch as tl!. tir,rn.,. r'fr..rs,7r11'. L-l!. ittc firltLcd ii , i)ctcl-

miners. then it is intere:tirig Io i)olc '.]t.Li lbc'r 'ra,rr perilril jrirr trsai cr1t,r,,srr-.n:: ti-i-jt rrt llt irtr-.1 ir:[:11,,\]r\)l!'it 1,r .1/,;r.r'j I\"- PI))
rbl Sl-ri r: st', i.q' lont'i t)l l;rt'\t)il) {r\ o I)l})
(14:)(tt) [-\carA rrll]the elir'colriis i-.rru Ei.ir"-
(b) tllr..trlttr !t)u t'!tut.t )tLidr':iir llule'ti thc :r:rnts ie\'or.rrs\itrk!ilrriLr:l,r,p1,diricrt'ntly lrt)t)t!ittirf(r\D\':PP1
(t t
i
ifi) lit. f1 iel,i' i,, .\i,;r.:1 1\iis:till-i\iilr:ll lif ! Pf);
l.\,, ', ', i i,trr'1'11:r1'1rtc,i.::. .1:itir;j (t') I ll irlrii li::ht iP, Ltiriil.r./ic'r' rirt rt',hltrrg\ {l)+ PP)
(.t) IQuite:ttntuj:iinc it.r-. !L]lr l\ :,iuca !iiJr)
}.j1u. riiilrin llie ll'aurct,,'rL *c hric frc.'ir u,ii;rs so lirr. each ol'thc diiierent
Accot-dingly. r!c silitii hcncr'tirith il\iii:rra tili:i llcicnjlinaj'! ir,g i1t lu:: phr,r:al
brrrctrctctlc('irstituiilts:nii"{ir*uuldh:Lrt itrbcgeneratcdb,vudilierentrule.
cotrstiiuenis. li-.ii hlt\e ti'r.l :tatur rrl'iJl) r -. i)" t ;atirr.: tlr:lri jLt:t L). iirlt r)(),.c
.l\ i\u \!('lr,'r'i., i-ll, i'.j,,,i.
that tilis re!isron trr ()rtr r::trliir f,t;sLriilf'{i0!ls lLb,rlit thc tiiltllc {tl l)ci:'Lrtii;icr.:
$lts lbrccai LlLro!1 us Lrr thc :r'arth l!,1 :llrircfsiil irrift!.i|l!.\ ',,, hir,tr l.''r _ _'tj trr l.t (i.++)(rll \,_\ l)i)
Cell intO qtlr-siiLrtl out'r'llrli('t tlesei't1,,rrt.: it.\riqli,tiLrs\. l'lii) ir19\irjt. I iricc (iri .r\ --'.\ l)t.'
illustration tli Llir: crrtrpic..t iirtr-r.1rl.:.. t':i*,.:rn ti;:r.r.i1_-.lirc-r]irr.i.ilt\ltli,.)iis:lnrl {jr .\D\ - \j)\ ['P
thetrrc'ticul Lrrixciplcs:'!ilirt r:. an th; ir.isi.,-,1 a1{':"-r;itii\!- 11!'ilcntli5iri:arus. \\!' rdr \---\ l)l'
lbrnrulale thet,r,,:tical pri;tciPlr: nhrelt:ir tii:rr L:;iri Lrs tir cuil i:li,r i1q11r. 1i.r11 '1..' (r') l, - I) i)l)
empiric,ll i.rL1c-(luile \ {iitiiliii-..iti.rit:.
t-.1'cuIlier rlcscriDt.ir r.
We c.rn sulriltirris!- ths aoiltal)ls t,i'rhis:eilitrrr rrt tltc ir.iir;$iir-: i"' rtrs. $'t_ Intiritr',eiv. it wrru]ri saelr'i tr]rrt *c iirt lilisrmg a lairil obviotls ge,rctxiisatiol
began bv argtlilig on ineiitlicL)rl-tilal lrlrunrlr Lhilt thclc is;r nertl t!l i,,)1!trig!l by gcn:t-rii;tg .lteil \rl liri !.r'nei'clici e()ir\1^Luctti.s i1l {i.i.l) b}'a sc'paratc ruie.
Ihe Senicnce-ii)rn!Jlir)lt It:lcs ltst'ti i!r.!t!.nt't-llli:\itliieliu 5ltLlalul.a\. rrttd $t:
\\rillr uc'd irf.r r.,, irc ahli t.' .jt' i,s g.'1i1,p5. riii {irc rules in (l-l-{t into a singlc
rLrlc'. llul iir'$ r'irn \c rltl iltt,*l l-ltc rtl:rrrel i: ttl tlliikt' use ()l ((/,r('g.-/ll turiuhlcs.
lUVc prtrptlscd tiro sitn!.lt' L-!i1t:tt-i:il:l: (,rl ( ill!-{r,f i:t! li Ltil:: i}t,. 1-ltlr,- 'I-htis.
cLNTRI(l.f\ (.():isil{AI\t 11_itr) ant,tii:r{\ ia,'!llr r(:(iiiirr-l)li.lti l}lilt l|l]c-. rit(Jlllci il \\c uia ll:e r:rriltble \ l,.) sta;lc i,.,i atlr rtortl-iL'\cl catcgor!. and ihr'
a:sign propcl fltrr,l ttr ii-Lc l)lu':rrer:l e\ !r'lJfir'iJ: rrlr:i.'t1;l Lt()t)tiiii,. \!.,.\i- \irl'i.ibic \' tc, dc:igrl|r',c lirt f('l're''\l()tlr.1ilt: :inglc-Llat cittegorv. we cJn uotl-
uAt-tT\' r'o\tsfli,{.t\f (i.l'/) sIcr'tt'ie.; lit.ti ti:rv lo;r-iiclt.l lliiit:; ii.e. \1,',ltfitr:i liirid uii li\r: rri['s in { l-1+) lrirorc intc, Llt"':i; -t]s rulc (i-+5i bclLrw:
n-IentiorreLi rn rule: nrust be i\1.r.rinr:Ll i'i i,iecri(lu:1. ti+-i) \ '\ P[) 1l'r'ept'sttioilriC\Jjllpiinleitl l{ulc)

B\ eL)n\Bntirr;r. rit tiLi,e -\ tO i(Lr,c tirc s;!itt ruiuc,rti tite icl'thund iind right-
You shoulrl now be able ta t:tt:kle exercise V
hrlnti siijer()i '.llcurro\\.sutllriilblc.,rnllie)il \-barisN-L'lrr.titenXwill be
l"- Liiien lirrs con',.ciilion. )r)ir !llll \clii'\ iii !{)urscll ihiit ( 1+-') subsulltes ail
5.7 CencralisingC:rtegorirl Rrits ihc lric dilj.'rrut tiilct uhi.it p.':ri.',i itiIl-lJliit tcii-t.t: tti ii:itr3lle PP Lonl-
"'.r
Itt ihc pferictis S.-'cii()n- ',\i !iisuit5siri ltrtir rre a:itl .(//t\,'lrii: thr scl lrltrirclrL Rrrlc. il'critcgtrties liLc:c'!,* \)l id:,littles (:ts $c \tlggcsied iil C'liapter -r).
o1'Categolral iluies trsed tL) ganifiltL :,!rlirr)L'L'-:rtr'uciutc5. llr ttl\ 5uc.toit- \\c tl)cnth'rcdteg{riratiablc.\ j:irtclir'ctltt,li-ritt-ert:tltrrtllbrihcccrrcspolldllig
are going to lc,ok lrt .,\l|)s L)f -{('.,./c,/i/l:.rrrlt tirr' tiUilte r(,Ii i'r.-1r,, r.jlrrii ( i tc-gotial nriitri\ r)i liti!'g('nal lr'ltitltr's it F' . . . t F,,,.
Rules wirich *r ltele pr'oposcd so l:li. \\/c sliali scr thli.irj!i :r5 r (/I(!i t.t tiu.i- While (1"1tI is clelrr h. urt're !,:ncrirl thJrl tirr' iive cirtcgory-spccitic rulcs in
rlhlt's play'an inl[]ortiurt rolc nr lrcil-,iirg ti: i,llrriul.rtr !(,1lstntinis,-)u l'1ic: ( l+-+1. \re iright !\()nlier $hc(liel ii elf b.' gcltcraliscd stili lurther. For
{he-:tce the lirct tiiat ilrc I'rtrrrt i:i\llr!rlJ\ ( ()\1)lrior is lirrriiL:jiiic(i al:rrci\ nr iritlr,.rrrgl', l\\a, ol i[rc lcrtns in (l-15t:trr- (t!1.'.gt)t\ r'dri(thl(\ (nanleiv X-bat alrd

:6-l lf,5
 (.)tliLr Pi:r,r.:, t (itnt t,tit,iug Cttti'qr ri<tl Rulcs -i.7

\).tlreLlriri! iri"|t1\i./ i)Pli\noi.L.ui Lttlt--r1\:li,//..ili)/t.tt)i:rit:tit.()ir,,i1.iiq11^ ii.lg)(iri Jrirri ir:rr hr',.' ll rir el [xp /rl.r si.si.'r] i';p l/rc /'o,'A'l l
',rdtOtriri :tchilrr'c.\rllJlc:tlcf rL.lri:fl.llit,,rl rir-rri-r't'lihlri.lr:iriitcr-lltar:tiic-liti. l l-'] li,irr rrtr', hrrrr'l1' liien i11rr tlt,'i'n,ti;l fpp l,tirr,s,uitt'rl i

c(titsta:ii t -= Pl)) lrt r l-i'' I'i it ji:lr-gr,J\, ri]ri.ri,itt. \\'iIit this .tjn!rij:r1ri ir\ i\ \it\-
int thet i\i) \\:iltt 1,' fg I irh: t1) fairr'r'rtiiir: r'rrlt 1 M) l-i,;li t-llt|iriiiir'illti J,rtll:rlc- TfrirS.\rrtitd r,rt.,r,'.iit, iul...:Jlliltt{-r\,r-s0Jstollll)irilbrthe possihilitvthat
lllefric i() r'rlltai i.: ilai 1r pir;-;1.;11 g,.1:1p:j.'111.'11t, jlt ,tfrl:.t r(r a:ti1lu,,-' ilt,:,tlrrtr,ll; \ Drt, i;.trr rt(rl itls: .itlt'(- a;;':--,lalr--c11l llrll l)(l Conltllc:r't-t.tts ltl all' or lltr-rnat-
gc.rlirairiil:i11n irclt ;l,tri l1;:rt: ,.r1,, (''r!lllri!-l'r,r':-,1 | 11rs r' 1- irllglif !l'l l:'r relillclrlg (l'17) eht-'r'e
lltill ltL', rtrrL PPr ir;n l,!lit,-.itait l, {'.:ilirl.tr:t!-:lli. i)rir :rl.r- r)tlr,:-,.
1.,, (l'.ri l..r.l1.t'
l\irii a,l'llt:-,..,' l-,--.'\ rt-iti.lit.1.,.- 1-;,. i1,rr11 I l-ll,) lri.ia., ilt.ii \,-.:r'1.,r:1ij.. 1:i\-j I
\\ raia vx':al\ rrl' Ih (,:tr i ., r'.r'rlar;tl'rt t' iii()| \. .-! \ \'i'* {(,

i l+tlillr] IIr-atl;"1 lrl.,:l., aittq\,.)r.i lli,, /iiir:il ('. r. \p) iiilirptr',.! lr.i-,rrt('lrr:,rrrl',.!,r,,;,-'i1iQ!{rl-r}"1-r 1)ultei'tt}it-asierisk()pcrillOrls
Lrr;c,J irr iirrli.:;rir"iiill i'rltilli)('1. r:1;siirlt ll()1-lf- !(r titltt Yi)* l-Ilealls'itliv
llunlt''er
il-'l Sh:t::iillrl';',3y1Jl;1i;1g l,,tttti ,it,r',.ii r,i,r':l ,\': Jlir'
ir:.,i
(cl li n'rLll,l ll11.tf\ bL'a:r,r;ri;r.'.,',1r,,,i. rr:li\'.,\i.-r ()l Pirftr.ri (ri'11i1. !\'t)() {tl(ri iial.'islilil\ liil ol'tlli sllll'rc- i:lle)" A rtlle stlch as

ttli i ,jil \l.cLll! rt-i ll:rri 1r,' rrclt:rrr-t ,, ,(.,,/lr ] ,'. -,.,i)\ l.r i l5all l,,t:iIti'1iiri,-!liiral\ rr i,rl:lli,'l . !lcg{)r\ '.;rri:rblt'S tlir'rS COntlattS atr
jirllniir.,lt:;ti^,e 1 ,-; ;rq11.' lik.: ll+ltlricir tll,il.C LIS!'al ailte-qor\ collStAllls. and
.'\:ltl ,ttl:cr CiitaJ(r|:'\ {i t. ,\,,i.jr-.:itrc-. rrnti ?r,-ir,r;iii,rl]i,.tlsrr l.ilr'lt rit,iai\ t,' llir'rc-lrl rillr'r,:r tttir\rr'ttLlili r:nlr-illlr. SLrcil lt r-illt- migllt lle said t'l be
clttitreni ti;rr'r,ri-p11;',1r. s'1,11y:11111',i \.,-cr:-,.ir;qi... \\:t !jtiJltt \L-ali i,r fr,tj..t.,rl (1//.f.:,,-,;i'//ir"'.rri,rlrr'r','tr ir i!::lllllalllsirrrllll ll'r\ii).illtllt-sctlseillatno
llL- rul!' (ii-51 51111 i':rrt! r,.:' lrr i:l',lat!in.it litc u:ttr.[.]r\ a.)lrirlltl 'pi) hr 1h,,, cliic
t('ilI nt!-rllii)rlr'ri til'11,.'fril,,';s:i a:)t!-:l'.rl" cr)lliIllllf (i'!' designalCS l] Spt-Cific
g()r\ \aij.lirla'\'P 1{i"'ii,i!)liirni .tit'. i..1-rs r,l ,f1ri1l.l1-lr.ra crrltslilu(:itl't :!lrrni: thi
flltaLl()i\ i.
lincs indicet-d in ( ij7)lrr,'lrrr: ,\ {iclr ,ri I 1.:1.l) flilll'l':r'i :i il.\r sct ol' pi()hlt-llrs fo:' rhc lingtrist ll r|c-
1111g

ril;) itisutiti. li| kL.al)il],l r. illr tlte .,I'tltlllr-l)Ii $t- hlrc l-11!-sanled in thC nrcviOus SeC-
tion ) tl)lt1 1rt'.1q. lr 1rr,.: 11 \rlr:il .Ji-:iislllilrlJtl\':tcro\s (ilt!'!ories. then 11'g 5[11rttld
-\s tiirli'ri :llir\-. 1-. \- r:tri' llt, a tltL. \:lt_rL. \ltlLrc ,it rlt,. lr.i-titilt,-1 rti (rr1 lhr, !-i:.:il
!-\FL'r:t lti ;n.i lh.tl illi \\'rlrl- . .' a.tlcl\rli1': ft'll)llt tilt- sillne lJnle oIi-'irrasal
ilrirtl rjtlc- al-tlrc- ltlrL.rr l.Lrt 't hc.ic j-:rrit, c:iiraf lr:irc tltt- 5tl.]rij a,rlr-Ji,r.ii:l \itltir
C(rrjlf l,t:.,1!.lrrs. \lr11 .r ( iri(-!. liri Rtll!- \llall ils ( l-i{l} llil!)\il l)r(-cjsclY c'nlbodies
il\ \. of I .lill:rt-rtl \:iitl!- ll'r)il \. Tltrrs. r lJ-'t iLtlrril:ti-i illll(ltt!: ll,rl)!, i,tltci\ rhjs cl;r rn,. ritr,-.r it ,.r.-ciil..i tir,,, illt\ u or.li-h'r c-i Clllc-!Of\ \ perttt;tS AllJ, fhraSe-
iririit t,:lcs :it 1 IJS) hclr-\' 'Iir..
l
lc\(,! a:tir,qi)l.\ \'l';r. its {-"rrRl'ri:-ll9r1f |r'trirj,:rtr llr-rsid lr\.r'trl,: tl-s0)is that
il-1S1111 P "P PP lltc ritl,:,.'i;{f ,,?r'l.r," \: ilrl.ll i' 1'', \ll':. at \\C1l ls !It'!ref',1i11! l.llilnv grlllnlnltiCill
{ii) P' - [) Ni) ::lruatll::.!;. ii ,i;li l,l:.,. gClr.- i il'r' rlLlllrt-l-ilils tlllgl'iillli.tlefjClll Sll l'tcltlres. Ir0r
i'\;ilr111(. itlic 1i-i{)l .lli,',r: ',-ri :rrri.itlsl Prcnosilirl;l: il!id \'f r1ls 1o tekc' NP
our r*-,iscd ful('il lr) s ill iub\11rrr. rlrrr,l ircrrct r-,hvi::tc tlrc- nc'"'ti l,.r-r th, ili!.- c'ontllc:,r:r-,ts. lltt ;r1.1(r l\1r1:1rr. ,.\iiiq.giir.'s un,,l Atlr r:rbs: btit a; { i-s I } bt'lou'in-
cihc rull ii-iSrril i{-\ i' t.rk,;:r r,: l:-i.,,'rl,r. s.t,'ti. !:ltrg.,riitl \itlll!-.ti Y ri.c il ,li..lti-< \.,IL-1:'iti l'i:rr, j \',1,r l.'l.t \Pc,'trlill':ttrt't)ts llr Flrglish- N..A. errd r\DV
\:\-Pt.Lurlrrlh.'.,t.lr-1,''.:c:t.il:c.11i..-,-1,,,i.tllrt1,.il11.li1r.1lr.rilr,tllla j l\ !.!. lr11l.
-It'11!'l-J
.1l!'crha firia li l!ttt,r it \ r., iill,a;1 i1, h.r-.r: lr Liill"'i..,''ti \:ilua Ii,ritr \.ti.t. ii
\ ,.= P. :]ltii \'- N ). 5irti. l Llii. i l-it- l 11,1,.,. 1il.11;ql. l1:rc ()li\ ,rl iiirjg,rl.! \ iil:iili.-r :- i r:hi ip'insiJc i.'ip Ilt,'!,tirrtttf-l
;-risi1gfl 111' /ir<'/r,r,r7'11 l
\,,4 nti{lt! ijiii|: lhli ti ,. il.t 1ltltll,.
-::i|i;:.ri i,-tri ,,1;1,'lTitr:/,'il
-\ttcirt-l. r,tt:,::r|li\\, rjiiji;i.l{ f}t,,i.ir.'-:.r.;11.,-;.rl:-tl1:-r :lt,:ti;..1 ,. r;t,ri il i.,n1> , i

i:rii.r rit:|1i,"', i, I r11,'l'. ..ii. i'tr tl::,t:t iiri:, \-i.,tr a\t:ti j:it,'ni -::.r., ,;.f1.11
. ;r.l i1p J',tli,tt' !),r:.iJtt
', j
r-i,ri..'n ir l1 F,rll;''r p 1" 7! r'l)
c()jri.r;'1 \ ililli..,iii. (,i,,:iri-lil'ti. .: t
i... it i';til.,,.r:|i,rr, 1L,r ilt.:.,-,.i tlt"tj r',)llr,
'J-l:: :,,.,-,.,.r
lllilllallts:1i!- s.)tital lrt!'\ ,:)i:.-\rt.rl f,!-,.i.ir.lt! |1,.:g1i ;-r., t.r;t, , i-1:l ir S i;ti'c lrr':r,-'kr'rtri rrr tl5l ){1\ and ib) .lll(.'\c iirc grlln-
llt.tt ii i:tii: ia rai,)Lt)i-it il]' l:iai tlt:ti ti girr ri ii(_.111 :)r.1, j.,i--!. lLt,,r. lir.,.l 1.ti! nr:r I i. r lar- r!i. lr--Liiu\a ilic'\ lltc llacotllltcd lor br rr'rle
( tl:tti..lel;tt-t'ri Pl:r-:t.;c: irrr r'\::l:l11l:.;: 1,..1-r. \JLi) :i\ i:ir.,']l1jl.1 i1,(\. lurr \{r i 1r;,;- tir;qI1-ri-1r,|111i;1ittr:.1Ltsl l'ili it is lli:rI Ntruns. Ar'i-
ilir))
]11!-lll0|lls r-1t-r]11 \I'(i)l.itlL'tjtf:| :riirl,t I'i'{"ijiltnlt.]liat:i !1. ircti' ,

l6r- l6r
 {J rltcr Pltrt.,,,t
l;rtl(tliltsiti< ( Ltttqrtrtti ilult: ,i.:

{ }5-i) 1:rt iil) lriir tl, iire ini;tuicj nt\i', ri-,! ti i

r lr1 .:.r iL':rt ,'; .i.rl..l ,,t. rr;1., ,i
1a) irll lfl!!del lllf er)rrrlltfl tii{'!LI! it t!ti:\tit t:tt)]
Itlt rLtriitill'r:i'1;,,1i7,,i,'

ll{-iic(r\cr.lllllrtt.rtri.icr'l.r,\r\-t(i(.lilr.lr\).il\c('nl:titlit!l)sCiil}lljSLrlre
u:irl lr5 \-brrr :rlLriiriltc:: i('i a\itn1|le . iii ii:'-s! bclcril ii:c trr:le l;ctecl c-rprcs-
: i.:! lliilbL1il\u prcnlcr'lilicls Oi'thc
ii:lireircrl \-irlrr e.,ir:iiirrtrri>

t l-i',t i.Li iir. ll.lr;r iil;5t':r:i.l ri': il, r, i(lr,;/rriit/l

iirI ilt. i:p.'L -itc i'.rill,?.ir )r,r./,irl,, Ii.:jti.r'iiii,)t!
i! i lll: 1t.e53.,r ntr itriririra'Ur j tti i|.;.it 1i.,ll r1lit\
: r,1/tr /.\
itir lirc lt[,nrc illi!t lLr]t(] 1rl{ :i.'lr:j: :.jllrr'

Ihu:-.lnes nrl)..\l). \ l'. lrrr.i I)i] ilrr..'iliii;ri: c:rlt Jll iiiltctir]n ir: \-bltr.\itri-
(lilr I'" ' ( \ I)) l)' { i)r('pr)slitrrrlli Si:rcilit:. iiujr:t t'|I[!'\. \\d l])tlhl Pfi)il!)5c li,) rittforii.lf,c'lratnit):ti JttribLLtcS bY lr rUlc Sucjt a5
{ i:;{,} b( l(,,.!:
(Jir,Cn ihr ASfill!lrljL)ll iii !t.,)\|-Ltri!.:,ir.r-;.,i r,l, ii,-ilit-trj \!,l|)l\.ll i
. \\r, 1, ::rll I)a,\i1 (l5t,i \. \ i' '.'i\L',r,il:rl
thlii i1'linr l_\;ia ('i litrlr::rj,-:rtc_-,:. .\ri::. :t, l(rrlrr
.,ir;-i.r!r,i, r.,,:1.,5,-,..,..,11..t , '.1
i)-i:;11
JOtlSlit!t!.i)i. litC;i ivi 5h()ulr: e\p",Ci i_tc.siltt-.E.lir
i)j ifii:_ 1jr ])i,it!jiri .rl trl ittr' .{rtij i',t ilr)Litl il\::uilic ir er)n,,ellirrit) tL' liti eil!'al that lLii lcculr.irc ruits ttrc
sillg.'-b.f eltliL(,fi!5. -Lcc.rr.riiit.gir. !..iiti i
i-al i ri:i!lil ir. .:itir,r.ll15ui! r(rlt!''iltC Optia)lliri.:tr th.ri rljt;r.'uld ti'lcn [tc:in '.ji]!tr):lri iLrle: thi: riUuld irnttrunt Lo
Iines ol i I-i-l i 5ci,'ri
ti;r'ellLritril:ri \-lr.:r'.-\',lr',br,.Liri:r-,.r1;:r'i..!-'n:titu(tltsul \P.
(I i-r \'t\r'l'i ()1 cotn':e. ue -i'riiri acr)irirli\i ri.iii rl-{tt,:tili iullitrr irv repllein-g tltc cili!'-
)
\ rijc;rt'l:t1...:.tltij,:.
,g!)r'1, a!,11\1.!tri i\ t.,, litle()t-t!':n!)n(iili_sLr!,,'1,-rr\ iitriliiti.'-\. ll'iiC\\!'tClOrj0
50. rtri.t 1 iStri st,rrlti iilr'il lte tclrliret-( b\ i l:l:i b!-l!l\\:

ili')
Andrrrlcilrltr,.Lruld]niountlL)thaLii.{jrniridillrViliDtl ol lirrasaiL:oristilr.lcni
ciln bc uie(l illr iriil rl]Lltl\(' llrcir j(]dllier oi ilnv k;r'td ()l singic-biiJ cOnstituent.
i.r5

Circrr a,Lrr-i!)n\cnirln'ri)ti r'acul:,1!e rult: ure Lrplionirl. {hcn rttlc t157) will
5pecil\ tj)iil .\ttrihute: iil'c irl-llicniri rl()iiih.rs trl -\-bur. Oncc again. rule (1.57)
riili rr:iir ()\eigt'n(riita lr) \)lr\i()ils $a\s. lt:tij lll dolng:r) will dc'tiltc] Iill Lrs art
intcJ.e':Iirrg -.ci !rl'l)r,'l]linr5 lin p,iitlLril:{r'. ihc' prLrbicn.i ol'iictcrnlining \'hut
l:liiri r,l irrincrpli: crr'i;, 't 1r-r ;il-1'r.'rnrcttne-,-. ()1 u!rr.rritirnatical ()Lttlluts ot'the
f ulc )

Let.. irtrn nr)\\ l(.) !or1:i(idr riirctlicr r',t -.tir gerteftrlj:.e tlte rUir'S gcn!'riiting
.lllurtL t l),/li r/.rr.i rrr lr f,.! alLl l;.t:itiLrti. iit i lt.rptcr'1. \\,c:ir{ur'd thut e r arietl of
Phnrses c-ln iLrncllr)n lr) nr)n)i;rilj AcijLrncls a.\plndil)!l N-bar irrLcr N-bitr': lbr
cxillntrlc. tirc'c;rp:lall:ctl Pl)- \P. entl AP frr:lsiiiuents in (i5E)overleill-l-ultc-
tion as .'\diLrncis to lh!' itrilicisc,.i \-bar:
t6$
I t,l)
Orlrr Pltrtt.tL,t
E,t;nriit;tii\{ (-{rt(.qt)riatl Rul(r -).,\
llSSr iet tiret l1-, l'N 1'.r. rrrri 1t/ \!at,',1f r)p rlt iil rliI,RIll iLrlc i lrrl r:|)-rit-rrrs lr- thc cllirr ilr:rt ln\ kinci of lhlii'ai ti.e . cloLrbie-irar)con-
{bl tl:c[5' lf t:t:,;,'i!i,t;trj] ri,'r,'rlilp'.rYirr..'rl I .itrtitr-lt. I.illirLitrr.,l ;r:iiil \d.jr,iirc: l.!.ctii\i\.jlvr-\ltljlrrlinIrsingie_barcrtnslitt-t_
{c} tho5g [1' [1, .r'll ,l'L,rrrd'rrr,li 11> rnsrlit iRoi\t i j .\Si] I
'llli ;lll() . ;,,r11r,,'r sttt:ll.'-b1t Ci)1 i,f ir'tel"1 1l- ihr. Sltnte cltle-qoriitl 1\pr.. Gi\Cn OUr
In tlris chaolcr'. ut'hitr.- ia--| ilt.ti lr rtrl; rlir-itir 1ri'plir;.;;: ciilt lri;tcl:ir;t tr ,ll,rl\rrnlir:t iiritl t'i-atil5;..a lrrl('a.|.gprlip11iii. tl6l) rr jll bc lri opljonal t-Lrle. Ol'
r\r'1.1,.ir,c{s to
-v'-L.ar.
lor c.,l'r'rpie. !iir- ,,rtiri;u jiscil I'P. \l). iind ,\l)\iP rclt(l:ir,, rl()it;s... r !t,.t),:i.rl ir.i. ai)lag,)1-\'- t,.'rria:tl) rtrlC srrclt iii {lSll tvill cr,.ergenefatein
,tb\ i(tLli ',',,rr r: i{ iirllrr r. tlrt-r'c,.,r'e_ tit;rl irrilrltltdt:nt ni.inciplcs in other conr_
enls in { l5lt ht'],..r,, funitl,::t us 4,,i'rrr ''-' lr iit,' it:rllc:.,--tt V.birl':
r(rr)a;rr'i 1)t i\iir 'i|rllrirlirr r,ill l,,r:r 1rr r'ir.rrl uitit tlris rr\afqenefilliorr (in *ltvs
(I5i))(ii) .J,rirn riril 11, lr. r-,i,1ril[1:r t1111lv'-' t
l', itir:l; r' ' :i'.tll Jii,.l:' ir', \'.rill .: l .'.,r )

Ib) .Lthn iiili i1,' l', ,;,,,rrlll i\p I(i\'{()ulli)\t'1-ip..:1rr:ii

(.1 .l,rhrr rrill lrr', i', r',,..i'iitj l..\D., ?\r:',') i -\Ri!r j ! \I I
5.fl i.lirnin:lting ('irtcgrr:iiti Rrrlc{
A:rd sir-,rilarlr. I nu!lhi't' -l' aillelcr:t l\'|r.\ (rl' Phrust' t"ll l.rt- i.r:c,.i lrs f,-ir"ii-
,\ I rhir
|!,i11i. i:'\ |],!.]iri r(, t.rk. ]loak ol'thr. tlireciirrit oi'our argu_
Ati.juncts - e.g. Phritsts sii.'ir its lli,r:': capit:liise,.1 1p I l(rii) hcl11r,1 I
llli'lliliiltil'l s(r I ir. \\lt:ri ric,tlLt,.rr-.i iit th; ilst scciiili) \\itS thal hV rcfJaCing
(i//('q,)li t,:n\tlni.\ ln iujr.\ j)\ i.,::i,g/)/t tLlt.inhlc.r- \\,CC:tnConllalr.setsOf indi_
I I 6{.)) i3} ^frri111 1r ;ls [p' ii
,rt rrriri;l IJrp \.\ l'fT tr]\ i'trr:'it)sl I '.iriilrrl Iirl.. inlrr r 'i;r'r!rli'q{'rrr'rr:jr.r';1 nrlt'. :rirti thus achir.\c lt nru,.:h higher lcvel
(h) I .:nr [p' [p r i,1r.r',;rrl l5p 'ri r tr11, '1 11i I ,tl .rcrtct..llilr irr tltc l,,llrrlirtii',: rtj Caicgorial Ruics. Bl usinc catcsor\,\,itri-
{c) .ti'ltn i; lp. lp :it ,i;,.r1 ,r),1ti i,\l)\.p ({r\1r,Li'il:r Yl I rrlrlcr in rlrir rr':rr. \\ c lr.i\.' nlri.ririrl i() subsir!r!- nll i.ur r.rlrlier (drc.qot.t'-slr( ( ifia
,\rld tlrc sittltc p!)itll. c(itilLi iiirliitusl\ bc'lIadl-'i:t rcl:riioit t,.r r.illcf n;,ci,.i iulcsu:t,j:,'tltrlirril l(,i,,.{,)rr-/r,ri.iiri'nrlcssLirrtirlirrisa(l il{I63)}rc-lou,:
,\djLrnct as ncil. iii
l6.rr \' r)'l't \' {tl,:nr-r'ijjscd Spccilier-Rrrl-t
O1- t-oursr'. olrc \{.rl of .l:lilin{ ..',tth {cl.luncii suclr ls lha:1 g11'rir,1liq.(i in
illl \' \'? \' tfier-rr'llised .\ttl'ilrLrrt- R'.rlt-)
(l5ii 6(i) noulrl fre i1 plsi. r ciilli':--rrt ..\tijLrlci ii,-rlc selr.-ilrrir-'r *rch .\cij-rnct riiit \ ' \ \'i) {(ir-r'.::1l1sr'rl ,.\d junr:r Rlrie 1

t)'pc. so ihat w.: rnrsirt ('!r.,,;iitltL- a ilt. oi',\rl.iu:tct RLrl:-s ircluciilr: thi. ilil,r ii:tr: { l\ J \' - \ \ i)i' i(ir-i.:i.rliseiJ C'(ltlplcntrnl RLtlc)
(l6i) (r i N -- N' Pl' ,-ii.gn onl.a,)ii\'(-l?ti.,il thti ra,,,il\i'r- nllac itrc o|ti(tnal. lt follows that the
(ij) \'-. N' \P .\tliiht'lr';utii ,\c1.jlle t Rrrit:s {il:.rtir) anrl tiiil u,ill bc,tptional.
(ijj) N *N' ,\P
ll is i,l:;r-itin: tl) ir.ic.:i 1:rr illa itil1L'e r-.1- ilie genrtrlliseC .rlcs which we
(i\ ) V' -" \' PP ,i;,1\!':r'1 :\!'.i :tt in t i/r-l)ltbr.rc. \c,i ot.e ol'thc- ir.l.ntS l}tr.ntiOlte<1 in any Of fhe
1\) \'''-' \'' \P r1;rg.;jr;r/a'l(,,r,r)ri Ii)ti\'t,rr,1i. a,1tilt,Ja0ntt.lil..r,.i,lltertrtrslrCCiiieClii)therUi!.Sare
(\i) \r' -' V' .{Di P ://('(,)r'r' r',ir r,il'l''i. lhis sirqgcsr. riii.!t (lir orde r to achicr c lraxinrurn gcneralit)'-
{r'ri) P' '' P' PP ()ur l.'il]ilr1,'11111',r1 {-l:rtcrl:r;:l Rul:-stric nright ir]1ptrse a rrniversal crrn-
'irr
(r'iii) P'- P' \P .iiiiilirl (\ir .1ll )r]tia]]ar--j'(j:'lltiltt,rtr ru[.< l. t]tC c-flrct that thev rnLrSt be lbnnu-
{iri Ir '- P' \D" P illi.'(-i !irrll,.'l', ili { r/r, r'/)1 r'-/;i'irii. r:crr;-rs r.c. in ler;Is of {.7legl)r.} r'irrlizi/c.r. \\'e

\\'eli. bv nc\\ 1.r-\u ;irIirltl xnl'i ,:rlcil.' u l'.ti I"| .*oi:r'l t() i.t\ rtc\'r R i'h-l- tiiglrt llrlt..,'|,.islitC ir !i'natrlliiti trir:'nr tlrt l[tr]s Oi-( I6-1) hcltr$,:
ihtn sta,tci iruck :lnci aCrnl r thc in:r:rr:ri: bcilui't ,ritaj i\'nlu{lir\',tl llt.'t lrii,tl,:- i11Jl (- \T:.,iliR\ \1 I iil-\l r\ ( {)\STlt \r\l
rai RuL's v,'r- hn,,,t ile..isc,.i ir, iihll. \\'-. .rhorll,.l irlri!.ti(1 b,: :,.r','tr:l ,)ltiii.l\a\ -\ll (,rte.l,"i:ti Riti,. f-i;i' ir:- llirnullrtcd cirlit.elv iir tcrrns oia,/1c-
wh.'ihcr \\'e udn't genrnrli::. titr' ,LrlL::r. Ti': tlns\' ci ii. itl'c,)lirsa. tf:.it ..ra a.] j il' a, r, i, i.tj,.i, r/ /r,\
\.,e tniikc us.',:)l-ca:alor'' it:;'iai'i,-'s: Jittrt'r- rt)!-.-iii::iil\. ihr. ri.r!..11'!af!-g,.'i_\ \tili-
ahlc's eneblr's ris i(\ c()ni-l:llr,'ull t.irr-: s,,'tr:iru1r ri:lcs ir: t l6l )abLr,,.t ,ntr-r llrc sltiglc ilr-'({)lirtr;iir}i llfr-li r'np.111qr1;. i,: i}ra snirit rrl'sto."'.cll's sripr:l;rtron (l9gl.
url!.!ot'.'i-ttt'tii trz/ tLllt I l/rl t r.tirrrr. ' s5itlr.rr 'J-lll Pir;:rr:.'Siiirrf ri:,.r litrir:s.rr-lrll i.rn:n:tlis rtre unrble io feler to
'ilit'!Lri i li rr'.:lLrft-r'.
{l{rlr \ -. X' \'F r{i.':rrrrllri,.'.1 .AtllLrr,:t I1.'.lii) \,r\i. tt'rii.] :itir,L':rh,-|t it.-.:tr,:l-Lrllr'. r,.rr,i'll rraiise;h,rt (16_1tc:lptures the
170
 {)!iiL,r }'itr<i:;,.t
L i i til iri u : tt t g (' tt i t..g r t r iit ! llu ! c.: j.,\
\ef_\,s,\\iiiai ai'-\'-,tr(j/ )l/7i(i.\ ;)iint(ir, lil!.ilrtsriinlril(,it ihJl :t)arr j\
r/.{,.!.::- posilion: !ililictseai ilt r lirj) br'lori lri:!cr,ilr l,\recedc ii',eir ibruckited] Comple-
tttr(.:tt'.i.l rrrt!|r(!t.r'iI lilc i,,.rr i11 \\hi-rr ri:rlri,icrrl !iiiar:,\fir.i
crn h. rncnls in Lnglisir: ci.
J"f1.lli1r1citl ltttLl Lritfit\i--lc',r'i l;tr.-.:.r,.i..: i..r,ii;tri. lr,l
.\iti;rlllc- l,.irgrli5 pg;n11i
J\aCti\ lilc \lrtl',C l'ilitJC r-ri ir.ttrr_i;.1.':.::r2t-: pitfit\.ii j\rr.rrr.t\.1\.rr.\.,.ij.:etrrt:. i l6-{l {x) ( lr,.rt line .i.rc; i (\ - ( r)rn| .rntni}
rrl.
llr.'ltit:ritt,-tnt. ctc. l. l iti: Jl.u)),!:ji(,.Lr)i t:ll :.\ i;lrlicii\. tii.tljrle i: ..:t:b!die,rl l lt r t0r:r/ [,:1 \lrir.] ] i q : ('\r]lti)ir' trr'Da i
i\i iDlri
!)llr Th'-'i\r'\ trl (lt:tn;rtt:ir l:l !r'i;,.'(.i -ii! ( r.tr.(,{}i<i i\riritt.\iri1 to\srRAi\i (cr rl..rlt'ilrrluiiungcl (l\ | (-!,il,ititiitclti)
{l('-+) hr' ','i|iLrr ,rl'iiri rircr '!i1.ii i I{:j{) itli,.ilic\ \I5 i'i iri!\c ii }iJr!li. (cl) iir iLirrttltrn jii)-Cornl''icrrte riit
sor (,i.
driegi)i\-l):riiil'ai Llriclrt'ri;ti P.irir,: l:i,: r l(:,rr tir scr).1,:rrt' lril rirr,..r
r)i cr)rstitr- u'c lind iltlt tire !'Lrit,,arsc olcicr l-,Lrlel; ir li l;rngirir::r: such irs Kofcan. where
enr.
N()lit-1\. i)iarllr\iii::lS. illrri \ !'rb:i lK!)t(J r tnaki-. ll0 rjla)r'phOl!lgrCal di:tiltCti0n
.\s5!Lrr,,.'11 tir)le-\ilglii-|. Ili .,,\f \,.u:.!.i.,itnllr,-.r ljtirr,llrit.r,lrl
llt,jltliill birt\\i'cn .\.i1.1.:ctirt':.[rd Vcrhri ;iii l'l;,'r'their l-jends- s'] thilt. lbl tibrious
lrii scntr:t,-'e-i,,finiriio!) r-riies |rIr': lr.'-,,;1ir111,,,-'l Cl.lll-r_\ lrl.,;ir!rrf. -tt:,iirrrtl
iili:')!l:. irtfr'll()Stit!'t.i: lt:e ilriltrl iJ..tyi1tr,, l:1//l\ ilt >ufll Jlritgua{es): Cl.
iclttt:. ilrcri Eili.uiirc'jr. fitt: rvLrLilri.ittlit,:lr ilt,: (-,.itr-:r,ti;ri ( f)ll1:tr,'r,t.rt
l. lhe
tr-arlitiontti rfitsi. i{Lr!r .t,.' ',\L.li ijti,rt,l.._ i:r:fllcg rrl lt:rdili()ii.,l { lf'til (iri [\'l,,irD-:llj ilil;r:-trt. tL|;n1,,,';r'rerri r \')
L-.r.rittrrilLl
lttriesrurttil_\thr):crrhl.it *ci,.I.r;:lij;rt;.,-i ir,r'it:,n:ir..,,.r_,ilt.ii lt,.\c\Dil]ltj!.J I)or.r-L)\1 ckr:;.--l\1 t ( i,.Is, lilr doLrt )
\/)t r ,I,L ..;/r i/., /l { {.-),\ l'- ( 1\l li l f'!': : i' 1 -- l irl ircril tii e N{ al ker }
)hjddi j \ !'
!\r- nllglrr i.r\ rh:ri tirt'LrlL:: q(ia )!iiliirl:l!.(r.i rrri;liri ,:r :"irr.] !)r i bl ibi :i-,'il;,ett.rlll t,ri,/ri,i/i.' ir1 (Lr)iliriontant + N,
rLrri,,r
,r,,1 -,r.l.i ,1,,ii-
.\j.,'/1\.jl']!.':ilt..Ii1'Ltl.,ji',t..l' r'illn:,.-!,-,i ii,:li:-lr\'1i'dc:ii!lcrrhlill!(')
!rLrri)ri[ \\.f ilr1 !]r'!i!.(i -\!i,,i !.iir.-!,i\ r!]i1\r.iirr\. 5i1...i:litirri.rrr:iri 0ilsiiir!rlir, t \ h1 .- \,-rrr:ll:,'it'f a Lnlrt-iic, l

Slfualufl i{lrlc.r,,vc'tc li;ririi;jriiri.. li:j.eli rri ijr.l}li.,j !.rli.-jL)i\ (: ritil,l\..lrjd (r ) l!e.rL:lt-s-lct 1t !'!ltirlcl:1cl)t i)l
jilt(; \\r-'lt:l\i lta$ i-ci)lii!c i litc:i .rr U(trut-.iilr;iii fiij,_\{jit,,,i|:l\ Se,rirj -rn r in >e,-,1;i't
i.,i I.t1gl;11g.,t a,,-
iricl\ in rirlll: f i cilr!r{r);\ \irfiiri},i... ,,rr iirrrt tiicefiiri_r r.ii:riiliilic.., r!.ii(iirloi}Ji
[]ri: ritc:r:rs tilrt ihc (,t111p1y111;'s'r liir1c l':: iartr:uu3es iikt'Englis]r wili generate
cirlt:ror\-:ircLriii i'';ri.'l:r,r'i:ii [ii,ic: r^iill,li:cr"ir.1)ii] (,r a i-ili.tll.\. ,.:.(iriiirll)iir-.
'l'itLtS. iin\ h,i.r(lc:.rt!'gL)r\/ \ lrr tl:t'ic.ltrrirr:: a.lni'Liirient.-l thc r.ninrntal X-b:rrctrntaiu-
tt'ilt:ctis titL'L:iic,*Oti"ri (. i,:llriiriti,lri i',,t.rrtcril" ,,:it:;r;.j.;;1i: ii1:ii
\!-l Ii i;.tg rl {r.,' i:l lli)r-}rii h,c'llu i. wircttri: ll:( eorii,'sl.1i)itdin.,:. (t,tttfletten t Rlic in
ir.:d,ri.iLi.rl !lrsrL)r'\-rlr!-friil rLrl.-:. ir1r1r. 1..r;;],11.;.,es iir\:Jil\i lr
irrqi iV r.!,:)iricitd Kor.'lr:r u il! ,tr'le r':ile llclitis ll: tiic rigi'^tino:t col.rstitucnt ol' thcir culltairiiitg
5al i)l iti:it-i|ltilll; uiltti:t1 Lt{tL'!:r-J;i,it!,tilJ.tt ].rjli-:diri,;lt,lrt i,it!.jt :L: i
i6l) iibri\a, .\-irlir at,;rstituciri (:r\ i!l { i(,1i lli, l)clr,\,, :

if,,Jclhcl i,ilit:i:rl,-)l (ric:ta)i.,,-,i,.:Lii.i1, liill_a';tril.l,,r;, rl,tl:.,.

lltu I),j){i-
r'I,\iRI('i I\ (r):,51ii\r:.. l'lil(-,r- .iri \.ti )t )lt Iii \!l\t),1 irit,i ii)\:;J r..,1\t t 1b71i11 .\' , -\ \'i'* rl-rrgir:ii (ur, r'ictrrci'1 Il tlcJ
it-il)
JnLl ini (.irr('ri:{\ \rrt l)r \riil i r, .\r"ri 11r. 1 ; lrl-ir. \\,: \:lr: rllr..
lr.r.ir.cri rri ir
(ir) \' -, \ l)* "\ rK..,rr'ut: ( \rli,i)l!'ltl!'ni ilulL')
tttrrtlcl iri r',1,t..1t ijt; ( :ila-!!,t.iilj i. r!irtlr:i,rr..rri !!)]ltl)it\c: :i li!,1i. ililtr..llLli :r itil'itilittit tlct\\(jen ia;rguagcs;rccord-
rl1 llnt,.- re'\ce thlii tit,:te rrill 'Oc
7t,1r,1,,1.1,
C:.llc{Ll'\-i).1!ii.:llirijlt(iiti.jsili:1.-,i.,t,..,il:rr,rlLit..rl1,-.-(r)rirll.lllri_,r.
ir)! t(, irlrr'ihcf Lil!'! l)(,s1ti()r'r ilcil,l: its iltc lifsi crr it5i cr)ltStil.i!e11i O1'thr'ntin-
lj0werc;. rirtri i: iiir itri)i,ai.:ir. r-iiljtr.rrui irtl;iir'ir rj,rr.-\r/l(rri,r.lrl(i |ir/L-
irn,tl -\-b;ll'a(\it:tiiu!'nl ror-:iliining ttrcli). Hcnac. \{e rouid se\'lhli llt.ruuitges
t()!1.\!tLti!it.\. I L!-. i\itJtr';i\ ri;ii',,-,r: !li:lri)i:, ;:ia ,,1.,i)s.. 1r.i(tiliL)lic.i :!lll\!- l'e
-\Lrcir rrs [:nuiish lrir itt,rLJ-itrrt ilrnrril-il-.. $h!:]etls iitcsc such its Korean ilre
pflliltl\cl\ itIit,tt,ti It;[\]ji'li:ititr:l-.. r.r, Lt-r(...,;.ir,,, itit.:i:;.1 tr-,tiit;i...,irr.r,ijtrrlrjs
itL'dtl-ld'l l:ltttulr-tcs. I-()r'ol)',i,-Ju: !eir\,)ns. lhis rs i,licrln as thc lrr,rril-ln':r'
iirt'l,li rtrit:ttitrr,:il. in :iij l,.n-t,...:... ..:_.1 rr tj1,t rrlrt;\ .r,t)5!- iilr li,ti,i\;tfl-iliia jirL;tl-lttt t)(r(tiijt-!\r. \\hlt iri,th itpe: ol langualc iralc itt con)niotl is (as
pl-rtll(i,\ Ol i):Llricl,l',, 1:iir.:iir.r... r,:rii tr: i:i:,:li:,it1. b., irrntrrrsl i.i:tc-sflrt'lltr5
Stit,,icil (l9li l). i].;il nLrtc:) iilti'l-nc iiclrrl lrluais:iirpcurs adjacent to olre
:[ieil :ii 1 i1,-i1 ,1i]r-r'"g lric i ]!']r \ ,i1.i:t:.r-J, - i-.r, ,-. r\ lii . \\'ill. ri:r L]r1!. riurig. br-ii111,.ix11 ,rl \-bai i.c. both lrpcs oi'i.ltr{tragc llo}ition j,in\ ltci.td cittcgor}" X
clrtar'rrr"\-ll(.rri:ll r-Lrlc: .lrrll .,s r lf,;; ri.:line.r lircii liircri; r)r,-i..fin!1.,i) doir:tir,_
itt th. /r(,/'?1?.r'r'iriz ici-tliuntl or lighilr:rnd cnd) of the ntinirnal .\-blr con-
(rtts: r11!i sil,(e \\i,fr.i-!rfrlii\.Lrir-,,-.;rr,:r.,.r-ilir-!(r.j;in,lllraf.ilr.,lltr,,rsririLt
)trtLlinl aoJrliiiilii): it. -l htIr' $rii L-c sirnrlitr pal:lnlcilie \Jfl:luot1 i.lcf!)ss
tila ur)lrcsl'rJjn.iirl'- rLijL:i-\elrir!r::r ,iil i:ri.,ri>,. !irr. ir.,ill \rriu r..1r!uii:l( [() lr!nSri;isa\ rrr tlrt ii;rilir'(ifriunn! ()l e()it:,irlilcnts in irt ielsi t\\.o lilrtht'r fcspecis:
lLn()ljtct. l:r,i ur;inrIlt. rritr'tc:rs r.lI ir,::r:j \',:; i... \,i1.,,.iiri,- \q,1;1 ...ilttl pit_
{ii \rrr1r(' lrr|r-rtirl5,rs i)o:itioil Spt'e iiicis ,r'. iirr.'. ii:rci 5a)]n,i .//1('r ihe crtritsl.itrrenis
lrl
 Ot!:tr Pi;rt.t,'s i:!intitr.rti:t:y L-uit'\o'i,tl Rui<'s -i.,\

iher ntoili!'r' lsa iniit ',\(- i.l:tl L. il)/'i,:l!.'t .ii.il ltn.tj.lt::t,a\ a)n ti.l!, oi.tr. h:ltii. :t;-rcl r:1i,lll si)\ lllrt [hd urini,'t:A,'i.t i)i11-olijcr in iiugitsit is ltru,l-ltr.sland.r/aciller-
J/)('i'l/ia/-ir1.\/ lLrr!',i:r,1.-; ,r;t tlt:- Crilti'l: .rnd iirl San.iL. ltltl]llllgr ir,r.jiilr;r l,;: rl. :tlLl ih,li tita ;t:iri,)l itit'1:" ,!i;'ttLt'-l,t':t lnil .i/r,'r';l,il",/(i f/ ofiJi's repl-esellt i'.
AlillbLrte>..\tijll;tcls i';l,it, :rt,:t \::,lla :jr.,..r lir:,:r.1-,ii.,rin;tr llrt,r lrro,iii\.rr,-, r;i,'j,,.r'\-r\rstil!aii,r;t \\'i;tti':'l ai.jlai,-r t.r liil(l tlrilt ttt,trkt't{ collstructl(rns are
-I-il:s,'ertain,l'seenls to b!'
..lrnjcc:1,. l-riail icii-'.il.i:tci.'.l:sijc eollitl-iliili\.
riillgLl:itCi ].
:t.re.rl rl'1'.1,1 ,,r1 i'l,i'1 1.';.1131 1;.li()rl illu\iriliitl iir Iil,')(b). For olle thing.
l;t t:tore c!)ttcir'le 1g1pr5. 1i1is nli.:tltj ilttl :-.lter.':ii lrr-lt.j-lirst ]lt,iq:::tgcs lt:lr,t 1rs1'1-,''.i:ir."ri,.itisrrlric:i I.,i'lirl\r'rrl,'r.'lrcsiriiiirrn:{i.c.rcstrictionsonthe
tlle ('{lmiljo:riclit Rlrla ii6l; rtii h,'ilri. \;1r.i-i.rir iu:t!i: rsLtr ltar,: lhc .lirjii,t: ilr,.ii,: , l l.,r,l,' ulri.l. t,-ilr't i', tii;.ifli'rt' itl thc' !.lllirl llalioll). since lha vast
lnli|je rLrl\'IIt.'rI nI,ir,r.iii ,'i'D,'laiirjlr'rrt'r i:t i:,:,isll c,illil')i ioil,ls illt- tltrnlir,lll which thr)'
(16R11i1 \' - \ \'l+ rii,r,r.l-1ri',:t ( {\iitiii(-l;.--:.ti Ilrll,j j lllr,!lii\:r:i
(ri ) \ - \'P" \ (i iLtrt,..l,lr:rt ( ,.ilIia.ltaiti Ri_iL"1 ;l-ltit:' ;J r:.1\,'.,-:tt';t-'rt..li,i;r'
AtlCi uiict"C:ts :nCcitlq.r-llr'.:t ri;l :li,,rLil:,,iirq Pi lsi,t:'rt *,r'.i1tr,it:!: Pt'r'sitlr-:rt'lrt'
lrtrqlirr!ri lt:r,.r. tl:C5i,:Citlcr iit:lr I ll,9ii:i i:;i,:.,.i
spt'cilict'-!:t:i l.lrqlrligg5 i lir L lltc',rr j1'q-.,. j'1-, qe lr i,: i l i,r, t l l ll ia; li:.tl1l, 1.,.1g r1111:r...'.-il /il.
r
irlt l,i,'.'ll !rlli.-l' 1'g1r1ri1 -'r;;'g1 l-'t'1'l)lC r?1,'/'.1'
{r6a)(i) \' - t) i)r X' ;\i-.,:i'iiier'-irrr: [tuict iJr ,ril ,tlli: lir.:,-li t'' ll''l lilalirri(l/i
{i;) \' - \ {\'l}1 i1,p.-.;11r'1-l.rst [i,itcr
\'i()i!-()\fi.. r.lti'coirirliirtrlil:1 ii:tl\,r rlr'/rrli,rrl/r'illi rl,rLi in thc stnse th.tt {l7l)
And \\ h!'fl-us adjunct ilfst I r:r!ll:ts.\ nir\ r. rhc Aiilrrircr ilrric t I 7()r rl ) l)cl,ri\ 1111 j;.r ilrll;riliyi:ili';t; rihr,:lt rr,''11,1 l.:; i-r'or,,,1ts-1i rtlc,n jrt llterarv sti'ie.
itri.lttttcl-1iist liir)gu:rses hlrr',; pg'r'r'rit.r,rr i11:tge' r-itla { i lr'}) {ji): lt sicrr,r cilir:rilr',.'11';i1 lh:r,. il:i"('-atttl-11!'lll!'itt + Pre-llosilion' o|det illuslrlted
{l70tt;t \ --\'f \ {,\,llu.r,r-lirl[lr1l.-1 irl r!1.ltr:tr i: llkr*i..'higlrl','r :,r'l,cd..rrrj lr!-r'ar'suh.it-ct ttr hcttrv rcstrictions
\ -' \. \'l'i \:il|tcr-l;rsr p.ui.) ,t jt li:r itst \|tl )irllt- irir ,jites ir.-,ltr.l see nt {o be the case: Ibr ollc
1r]l "iil.t att,
1ljrrc. if,rr'rr q11,;11 1y: tl:, ttL:lir-i. i:"rLin. i,litii'6t ltrr- stvlisticallJ'highll'ntark.'d
Tirir uiii rncril: th:lt ihe lei.'r;111i 1r'p1l3qr;;1i iltrj:rrirr |.tl,.L-r-r.) lerrqulr::cr,.r:jl l-l :r. l]}r'i ir,r'r' ,\iri\ L::r-,-l i:r pl';iicttlltr r,:r-ictr-rs siiih iis i!-gel lSitguagc). For
hr' rr-dlicad f (t ii'lc rlU!-sii,tllt Ci' \\ i.t{thar fl1.c (:!,a!t,r.ittl (',7177r;,r;1,7,1 ._.f' 111.. :.,;t1rtir,-'r t:rir:1. llrir-c ']ii- i3\,-r. .r:rl.ltIic r'r'\t]-icti,rll.,r11 the consttuction: oniv
grur'nn-r:rrol'irgi\c|l"rngual,:-or)ii)i!t\nrlis(i6s)(i).,rijj)^116()j(i)i.r {iir.:,nrl .r l(-ralili\ r' Pl rr:t.rir:r ii'lrr ,'/:i,i . I . r, . tttt j tr /i,'t. c.tll br- USc(l as a pracedillg Conl-
{ i7{l) tri or tii,.
lilcllar'l ,.1 ;; Ir;1;r,rr!liljti illi]ta.) lit--'.lttgrrtttrnllttiaelii! ol'-i..ttndon li'ortr.
In tcftrts OI'iite' 1."'plrlari (irt\cl{)ncii lif,rr.g i1 6ti,tl1t ir,atr-r qjit.l5lg. q11ar1glt 11r ;'ir)ti, )t|: r'lt j. lrtrilr'-'rtir,rtt'. t,t.tra.trcltlso/,."irr/rr-striclionson thcconstruc-
classil'r, Fngli:h lrs {t,I ...;.i1111-.1,.t:i h.-:ltl-irrr.rir,.j rf,:..;ilrr.-iji\l^ liit)qli.jrr-.,)il .ia,lr i.i railiicritrisrrnllre-cl'r,li,-col L.tcilosilionsuhiihcitntitkr'aprcceallng
tite hasis \rl' e\ J t'ltplai :ruclt it.r i hr f ,. I lrr' ;,1.,.
i.r,-.,tiirt i (ijni'.lL']]t,tilt. 1(ir !'\'.,1)irll. \irt clln l'r:',\c tit,'r,'hy, lh(t'tin. llrL'ra/t;.
ilTl)(ir) irrhr'r,.'.(l-lcli,-j i-t',r,,riiti,rr1 1 /. 11;,..111:j,11_r1 .'1111 t!:,t,.tr'ir1,,ii1dlir(r,/r',,r/'. lrt'i'i.'ssll-*ll',.'.'l/1.'rr'ttll(/('/.Llr.)1/1('ra(i!'r:'r.andnotet
{irr A,,rl.lc,lln :1tti \-{,rr,. tSl-:irii,:i* \rr:l.iri:tjr ili *rli. r, ir;r;111. t;,it, ,,1'r.i',',t,,'c;-:. i:i l.lcl- tllc ar)llsll-ilcii{)!i is s,l icstrict.-cl in its
irr.: iil \1,,ii,:nt l:1",:lit:.lr tit:rt i1 :'{'L!.'sli(rrlilhla shr:iilt-t'it slioul.l h!'regirraied aS
IJot'cit-r. llir':',:ltltl'ir ri'Ic rlt:ri .rl1rr.r- 1,.)trtilli\i ,::i ] l| ,L:!a,.1rrt \(.iil!.rf:!,.1 ;11 1111r r,r;rr: lrrriilr,rlir:'. Iirtiqrt.i 1!re \":r'. !'irct til:rl lhr i:nglish rir!-lling systenr
hr, nrrt.'i. [:c,r. ;.tlr;t.lsiilt r.rl r.l.1,;.1 .ric;t :t\ i ]li r rir, ir;i,_i tlr.-.ri <r:cit :1.; I I ,.1r rritlr-.: tr; ',,1,1,.1. r,.,.,1 \rl)t!]i irl;1 i|r'?i ill Is f.,la \\'i)l(l tliillli irC lllLCn aS Sug[est-
hclr,r :
,1-I ll'r li ,il.tl\ lltq. i,'r.i1e; j' 1 ,r1.r1111,;rira \\'ilt:ic'riC L,'o:tstrtrCtirrrt in \{trdeln
tl;l){at /7,',i ir li rri)tfi.l-:r'iti 1 }li-lirl !)1.:i.,..i1 i,:rrlr.h. rlr! l:rlLrrl h,'it;!:t lr,r'. , \tiii"1 !a'rlsltLiLl),rlr \\hicil h:rr lcl'i behind li
r,-,,.q r;r;;;l t.a1rlr.t:tls r: ilir !i.;t i)i ('aJi.;ir1rL:!trl utrl.,.ls s'-t,:lt es l/lr'r.cbt..
(h) .lr,ltp :,11i \'lltll ,i. ,rl, i\1,i,-.1]lli , Si:i,.
\t llli' t,,'iitt. lrl s u;rti ct :,':ilit:-r ', lt'irlrtts lilr)sc. r-lldi. lltlJ lt'r ltnti paint a
ilo\\ aic \\!'to (1-'iil uiih sliclt t:tr:rr(r)irr, ilh(t,i.iti.li cti.;f.'
rra irl :lrl riia:iril l:, .lr'l ,11-rli;ltirtlr:li llt;ill lll()\ illg to\\'ilrlls
"rt'ill'tl
Ottc:ttttr,.ct irllcl.. rir. l]r:J;:i !t\.irjl):-,. i,.'rlt:r ri,,rt.ri,rn 1,,.rr111{ jr., y;1 i:l.lkcrl ::til,l'ii:l"liol alit!'gol'\-
lrirr'rJlllri! I tll.r;'.,:{it.lll-ltlltt
tht'77ir'r;r'r, r,/ \lt:tit,11'-,tr '.:,r.j3)1 .,r.g il)itait!-rl L11,lt.r 11 Ci:ilp,.,r I I'l r.rl rir,,:-.-'lr, r; ' -ii-1r.1. 11''sq':rLttt'lte';c,1 trt rltlil riit i:l tl63 i(lt

l7-1
 Otlter I'ltrtsc.s
i:!it,tittcttittK ( titt.{ortui llulc.: -t-,)

i)nl *.ry ,r,';Lciric,:r! thi.' iiiiil {)Ll,J!e:.(i: i-., :l rlricl'r t,1'lir:-fuists il'trn ihc
l9f,(l\ r)i,\,\.i rrs)\\rjil,ii ba l():(plri'irlc ol1 i!re t$ir ilitl,:rerlt l-unciiLrrls (ri Cat-
tr:t,.'iirll [{ul.i" j]ii;nil\ ii} celirLing (()nst,ir-icni'\ rL'liriri)il5, ilnd (r:} 11e'iining
lillcur ,.'r'ticlirtg r':'iirli!,ii5. C)tr.'i.r'.tpr...i :11,. n-! the-ir'lutes {adapted lronr Light-
l()(ri { l\.)l(})i'.ri-rl:111J h. 1s l,-rjjq;rir \\r- iligi:l \rip})osi lhtli L'nr',ersli Crlu.iirt:.ir
f(.i'rliiir)s ii :,-'1 a,i'Ll:ii\ta\.ll ( tjit.\ljlui,r1t... /.1;;,'... ,.i;righ gJijCfatc'uitOi-di'fed SeiS
rr! rcrn:r.jlir,.'t!irt: rriijll iLllc5 lt',i;i'rt iitciudr the lbiii'\!ing {$hclc- the notatlon
'\ \ - rnriie:,ic. iln unitfdiicd \ci. ):

Il'O){r) \"' \.{\'P) {Sfcctlitt-RLri"}

lril \ -, \. \i) l.\i1_ilinet l{ult
l;lil 1.. - \,. \'l)' 1 L r)11i-''iciilcrr'. ,i.iila )

.{ i i.rl,-'\L:ii, ,r: i il(,;ritiiiii a!'1r'!iliJc{i .t, r,-i-\ jn.!:'l-hc t*,' inrnleuiatc fonstitu-
illt:, r.;l'\-t1ouiri,:-ir,ir ure \-'nlil iiir,i r;t ol1'rrrrliil Spccilitr Pltrasc': the rule im-
f()st\11!,liric:iIrr'.:*r'ingt!)naar)!ltircni\. rlic'( irnsliiirenci l{Ltic:'in(]75)lre
'lLrciit!r'lLiirir;illiC.rl ,i,: u:c Li:tlliia,.ii'5 tr::rJ: lir;ii i:. tiier irc'pitli ol !he
(I 7-t) (i) \' ' \ \ P^ tflc,tri,1ir..,: r r,l)iri_.rlini l-liliir i

(lt) \' i\ , jjli,iiil.ltjt:i i iri,.,i. L'l' (.-rlrr:lrilr:u lu!i ,r,'i ,'J l'r'L, .i.tr 'r-,n-:ir.lri' il-i-ghtlbot f i97'l).
- 11'* -\ {l-lci,ij-j.rri li:,,iii-}
1r. -iJ r. iJlr: I riui.ir'
(rfi;irirlirt:: \'lli :riilcfrli,':.,-''c \l)tjriiili iitit'uri.s,tti,,t (i.e. rlrtl-
"l
Let's thirL iiir.Lrr rhc i:lirtls i)i.:jiirLI(lrji v,,llii.h tr.rir 1-li;a r:-,,!,,.iillc!
jLrsL
!'iricf|.,.lr,j1il,.r1r\ jlll i,l,lJlil!'jJ!: l,i.,.Jrr.L..,!;icjrl.r\ \ilai).is tjltrisa ill (176). SO
Strppttst=\!d tal:d thc cair'gol-\ r.li;.i:ii.:i .i rit I 17-ir tr) ilit\,r, I jtj I ltirrc, r,l i,{c; tir:rt i,iiirt;,r;/ oiriea-i:(.i r.:rie::irtir ii5 t;..)sc rir (lltr) abt'le uill thcrchr be
bi.
ltnii thcCiitcgor!r'a;ilrl--lc'\ tc,h:iveLji:r,ltjrrctrl),rsr11;1 l.lirill:t.,,
l.urtlrr.rsirp_
'iicrirrtl f)iii irlir) !)titi t'r!,tr t.r.ici-.1t;riii. i-r,il!'i 5rlai) lls thLr:i3 ln ti68 7tt)
ncso thiit B'c lirnit Lrur'\cl\c5 r{r r!'rici..1rr.r sltuurr rcs ii,itlt :r rjirgit (.,n:t.i.-- :ri.,,rt. \tiilicra)ai: itllciil.l!1\!- \!-l\i(rrls rrl ii.lis t.;1-.e !ll itiolt(is.il hart'beerl put
lllrl11t. Cr\!-n tllcsc irri.;Lrlll,rtiuit:;. tiirit r.ulc iil.1iri, rrill li,r'*:iri in 'rlrrl I.l:{ iilra.r ri:a:iJcs: llii)s lin}(1riili tt; i:tclorin-!: Constituent
.us:r..ilrie sit.:rLi1t.c5
such its II7-5)liii hdjow. \\hiJr lulc iil-l;{rj) lill .trnct.lrd 5tt.uciul.cs:ilch ils Si.LLictrirc Rults rnlr.r l\\!) )cDiiiittc sub\\:'.(Its. rlz. (il lt sct ol ('(r/r.t11,ll{a'lt( l
(i7j)(t)): l(ti/t r rrlticii titii:it tii,l iiiltit;lt;tlt rlr,tit!tt,.'1ct'tililiir)Jls bcl\r'ec'n ec'nslltucnls-
iurli iiiilsJr.!rl l.;jrr'i1/j\(tij,t'tllttt<,rrhiciiL!ciin,:tllci)tt r(lidleltrLtedtrttt'(i.t.
tll,i)(ul (-r)
-_1.-. ._r.\ \\,!jf (l-Llf Li,il' I i cllr t ii'ttr il,:Lrr c.'it !r)lr5lt'. ut:Lr).
v. -Ni, \\ lil'icrrt tcrhnic.il (lc\i(!'i :i|r (i,j\cl!,r)ili lo de.ii uilh the probL'tn. il i-s
\ir
' rle.rr tlrrrl oi.ie ol tile l)iuiiiricicr-\ (.'!'\:il'1iLii'r] irerr)ss l.rltguages (and hcnc!'onc
\L)i\. i.ililt!-1ugh lite l\\() jirLlUturas rn t il-:;.iiil.:r in [csl]cr(-,t i\i iirr r.cllrlirr jirrclrr
\)l llic l-riir.l:-.rc'ir:ii \\i)rri!'ralirc lrr: t,.r bc:ct hi tlrc iartguagc Ielfn'ir) is the
ordcrir)-q.i1'\'rLirt-l \P.thcl jrarrtire i;.lirjl,i,/'(/r, itjLLtl ,r|ilL,,rrrL,{inbothclis;s.
!irt til rtrLkr!tt! ii.e . \{ttrl-t'trje r't i,iilii|iicl.r . Ilc.u.'rer. i!-{.!'!1t [c5elich hls sug-
v-bll iminedilrai\ drrnrirarcs ! irnti \i--. Jo tir;1a V lrirtl \r) ilrc ilie !*rr r;un.rc-
gc:lcd iilirl lIei'c irr,tt'li5a' [)e l)Jrilnlairjc bcitrccn ltttrguagcs rrith re-
dlate cor)\lit{.lents !'l V-h:lr). l-hLi:. ,ru: i.,rr f {iit': iD t I_:-.ii ,l,it:r,,. iiit.sL:t)t,. "lr;liion
.tL,t ttl :rprlt l!) llrr )irrlrr'.lrr;iii ci,trtniiril_r ir)l !1(plii' (\i stru,;ture ) tr1'Phrlrses. Ftrr
Lott-\litLIt,(,! ddtitiil.jil(,1' rt,l,J!i1.il\ ltirr:,.:t rlt ti.c,\ oi,r,Lrrrr;ii. tlr-i,rlc djl.lt.ir, .cs
l,L ;c.i: ('\riil-rf,l!'. iiri i;ir'.'r r ruclt lr: l,:rtgit:it lltirfc iit!'ga)oJ reas()lls iLr stlppo\t'that
trt-lineel ,rrtierirrg rJisriL).5)..\irJ 1ci. iri ii)lr-rriililli'ii rll-lrriiiii.iri (ir i is
r$(l tilc niltriniriitr',.riLrc'r,:i th.,'i.:,.r1-riirirbic rr r: I irur rh.tt ii'c hare doubie-bar
!-ntlrej.v s( irrrliic rrri.':r. \\c lii-e LinuiriL: 1:!) -!r]lrrfi lirc iUrr"urrr-ri ,,irc'
e rt h jtir tie roir)lliLrL'r:i5 irLrL ir(t trchi.'-i:at i()rlsliariallls rn i:nglisir). I-lorit'rcr, lirr
Iwo ru]r's ha'e. l-iris iras sec'r'cti t() s,)j)c ii13ul:i:;1.' De;ili uniirtisi.rctr)r_\
la;rtuagc' sLLci.l as Jlrpltne5a liler()idil1-t t. irdrlDcr { I9\-i)) it nrat' be thlll the
SitUatir)n ithe prr pi1l.'n1 Ol 'LDlt-flrj in!.r-li ! LrlCr ,r;rs irr:l drs,:Lt>:er.l Ilt
!iciitil in ntrrinrumr:rjiido1'r;is l.soihlicirtcgcnasirare sitigic-b;trplojecttolls,buttlo
Lltltgachet (igi'liJ. h)). Is thc"rc;.i,v \,,ii1 ol c\ir:iati(rg lire'c.,rrrrr)tt'co!t'
o,t (louirlr-bl't! ;rli jtctiolrs: thi) \i'r)L!l(l ttleitlt iitat JaJ';rttcsc Phrltses wc-'trld hare a
of sr.rcli relnted plrtr:i ,Jl' rul!.s.,
illj-r.il lilltlL'f's'rILl!triic ihl.tn in [;nc]i.h l: rrouicl alstr entaii oihcr structurui
t?6 )1i
 ()rl;t'r I;ltr,t,,.',
.iiiTt|cncr'i. l-i:r'cr:llri.lii'.iiil-,c:r:1,:iriirJirniiar\itll\ ir_.tntccii.iir.alllt\litLii.ltiilri
N{rrriliritl l)r''rieeii,rrrs- lhcn ri'ilrc lrr:r'ir-,.r} i):-(rlclli1)l iri'\ i. \" ;n I:rrrli.il iirl
Y itt.lan;r11'11.. it lbllov,i'lr.ri !n.'..i;;crs rtr.c d::ri_shtcrr,-.! \'rt Fntli.h. i.ut
d::Ur:hlfr-S O!- \, lrr .l:it,.ltrir.r.. lr'r,.g ;1ii1r tJl,a irrlaj iiai,.,Lnt; r,,'.il-o;.iii,i tii!lii_
cltai-r hcireL'J) [:',tglisjt:pt,i.iir]r:t;t,;.. lt.g I rtr:li.ir ts:i /i,,,;,,/-i:;..1j;1{..1tg,-":1t.1
SC, i)OStijan\ Iir.:tris itc-i,rt,t ( ,lltrltir- |t.tii. \\i:.1-,tlt..|.t1.,t,;,.s; i< ,'1.1;ri,-r,r:1,,r'.,1r1j
lrenic pirsitri|rs lir'llti:. aiit- ilLri.- f' .rrrrlc;rleriiir. il'rar lirc rrrrrr.;:cll <irr.:,rirrrc
iri silrirlr' Plt|l.cs ci.rtl.rirl :,: :r h:l,l \. ir Si,e,.' r;,.. ir1!l I (-(,1-.i:lr-ry11;rg ,.r iii f.,;
i i 'i.r) l:t I '1.'',' ,l:t... -r .r1 1,.i.' '."r.,.
1li7){:) X ('\:ia|l(1;-' il..-.|r:r1r;:.,:l'i)]r:..s,'lr:,iri:ti.],:-],ltt.Ilrtjr.L-'lirrns(rl'\\'otriClltr-g0l'ics
\ lrr ,\.iir.iirr.ti .r:t,.: \rli,.'ril:ll ;r',r.1.:c' r.'l -{ -l- .ut.1,tl P'en )s il-rll:tl Plrr'.tscs in
S1':'
" i:
\ { rrltllli::rtalrl
--I
\{ot'eouc-r. il'lc'lr':strlttr. li:'r1 S1.q-1.1|i..;q itr!'litircrs:tli\: ai 11;11:lgr-: iri';llttil.l-ti
p1r.rj1'111111-r1. i|'rl iitet C(-lltli.li.tltcnl..lr!- rtilnciiltl]., iI:nr!i.]|r-r.r Ol siir:tic_irlti-
!on\liiu!-lt\. illclt it loll,)\\i ihtii ,.\| \r jii lr.. lrhL- ii, rjilli:rcr.:r,:tt.- Sl,r,.ill..is l',..,nr
{-(rnrriirir)!-iris in rrrnligiri.i:j,rrlrl itrnri ri.c il i,.il)rf t', i,t:ii,tirt,,'rfilriii,f\)
trtll\ ill 'ili(-rllfciliclrl' l:ittcll: E!-i :ikc F nllislt lrrrt jrr 'tl-rt- lrrrtr(rill..s lrkr.llil.:,1-,-
osC. \\ihv so'l \\'cll. rn I rr-rlrr,i. S1:1-1.iligyq llrc- jtStr.r\ ,r j'\-]-:rr itrtrl (l:1.-rlt1-l.s ol'
\-dotrirlc--hiii.',rhrrt':r. (,i\11roi,-'prL'6ii irr \i:irlis oi \ rr:rcl alirrg,)ir-r\ ,rl' \-irrri.
so ihlii it is pqr55;i61.. io cli;1,::.t:trit.tl,t'.lt; l*,r iit pirrc-l,r ..,:,lftir,/ll,)ijr.,/ t.:nr.r\.
Br.tt in jep''tnls,l. b()llt Sg,:,:tii :l's :jtl,l {- i.h.t}rl--:_rtalts itrr- \Jirrarq ,)l \ .,r(l
Cll:ir-nltiirr ol'\-blrr'. fir tlli,i ir ii ri1.r ;,,.1;.i1.1g t.:, iichpr. il,:-;r i,r
itl1.!,1\. i,:/;_
li<tililli'trtitlt-'jn.ri. F*l'il(lj,r'g rirq ;gi1'1 .!lf la'!-rr,l,ri,r:-1,i1) :,n r\l)i r(rii.r \,1r,--. ,ir,
rttitht q.t', iit:rt f:r-,,:ljsli-t'" l',. i;il!rr.t.:rtr :,i,1 , ,,,rrlr.--iij.,r/ji,l./1. :ltjta;.rs It[.,.tir.:;.-_
tjlla ilillgL:a::ir,lt-i'',r/r,irl,r;/ 'ti /.iittii:tii'. l; irttt:rC litsr.lrrit l.t,r,irit-.; ii1.1r1;-1...| ;.j-
Crrl st:hrltt;t:i:ti:{)l l,ll lir:., ,,-1.,t'n. ilt,.i. lt fi:1.1i..,:r. ;-1lii,|lr,i,-.i. rri'r.|.i:iii r;.:
llt'illr'e:': llt',Lt::iir'. iriii l.c i .t-., /)titt.::i.-,1;.tjj,r.t;t\ tt.;tti,t-,r, / I a iitc (;t,,..ii,,n
,ll ilht-lilei-li1lt!'-litga\it.r"r-..,,,r1;,:-;,i.,/,,il,,i.it.lt1.irlftr\l!..'lt-:i{l;ti,:t)ith:r\r,.
O!':f il:ti n!)t)t1)ttiit't,Ltl,,,,trl ,r,,t,.rlr::..,1\ I s,l,-111:1 \\'tslt:ii] l.r.it,1.;:11r,1
.1t-laiir-ri r-jjsiUrsi.rr iri'ihis ,.ril.- r:t \',rl;:l:r,: l-r,, r. i-,i,; ,',-)i. i!ii- tjlti. l.,.,il::r. ,r,,
.l'.'i;.:rt l:.. .: ...: .,i. '.,.. .....
I ,\'',i ,i,'5llr:r,tii!!l {l'i,tl rirlt',. jltat1t:r\ i'r)f ditfl-raiti larirrirltgr-s llliqht ia[\'a](tng
-J
.\ttniq).trI .t.4,,
5,t) Srrmn::rr',
\\'r'lrcrtrrn ii)ji ci tr;1.ar l.r rtir:-lcstiir,: tlt,tt rltc irrttlntri strrrctrrre oi
\,r1r;1 lriqr.1.1.. rLii..rlrsc.! 111 1l:1'1r1q'rirrrr gl111p1r1;) ltri!11 i)c rc-fir-cted in Lhc.
a(rn<1i,rr'rrl \lfl:r'l-!'(jl iliit-.i Pjltrsts In 5.1 lt;rrguccl lhltt thi- X-bltr.
:lll;ll.rl- i\a l].rri l)i.rl\{-i\r-ii in ;itl ltfar i,ir.r. ih.1|1gl li ; \P: tt'tr. tli[r.Ctlt rppliC-
lrblt- l,' \.'ii. l)!r:l:.r'.. i;t tlrt rr Vcrl.:rrrr'l ils (-,r:lplcrr-rcnts (i1':in\.) tirrnt I
\'-i-, i rrl,lr lL lrill (..r:r l.'11,-;.i1.11c1r',:rpr;i'1111'1{ r}tii) ilnitllicf \'-hrr hv thc
"t,';'. l1r: ,;..lltlr1,'.1,.. .-1.r-'rili'):itt! {)l'ii{i\crl'i;tl .\tl.junrt Attrilttrte: lnil
:r,.lrlrri
\\f \ir!r::j-!i:ai th.lr ilta l:1-,- 1,'11 ALrr!ltat'irs /t(?)( ii!tLl /)(,tlt:lt l'unclir);1 ts
r.':i'ii \r.'-'ej1r'-'r'.. rririr'li c\.|;,,i,.i \'lr.ll inl,r \'-'.irJrlhlc-birr ii.r.. into V[tj. Wc
i -1 l:l 'i -i ,iq'1,.1.r1 ,It l,) stjt_..::1 thltt tlt,J!'!. tc,-iltiliIlIii\,'itcr'()sS ieXiCtl Calc-
::i)ir!\ 'r;tlr 1;rD;'r i t,r llia ir,t.-'t;lltl r',11,;li{:.icitl itrUCitrfC (ll'i)hnlSCS. ntOIC
1.\'e \rlr.gr".ir-al iil',! :ittr 11iit-:l ilt:tltl Ctilrliri'\ \ Cltrt hc Crp.ntlcti
"iraalllc.ii!',.
iil1.):trt \-lr.i I it.,'iitt.rrl,iiiii',1 {)i li \r-i ip,.rs:tlrii lt!tll}{rf Corrrplctnents: X-bltr
r'llll ;lr iirlll lrr-:triitijttlr C,l.iltlrltd itrl,' lttl,-iihat \-bal'ltv thc- lltjtlitiOn Ol'a
Ir it., jii)it .,\ itt ilr,i:c ,.r l'r..llL..' :1-q .\\i.llti!t: irnd \-hllr c:lrr lre gril;lp61gd into an
\-Ljoiliri,,:-brrr^i., ll:-'liiltliri,r,r ,,1'a SLrcciircl pillltsc. \ir':tlsrt srrg{esteti titat iis
ur-'il 11-,r111gi1.-irir .\.lju'r!rs ,\it:-iirirlcs lthich crpal,.l \-lltr irrrrt \-bar). there
rlr:r\ iii'a ir.'ij,"triric-1r" .\ri.jr,:t,:i' ..\tlr ji.rrtr-s (rlhicli t-rn.tnri \-iloulrlc-hal into
\-tir-iitri.'-i.lir'l..,riii ,trr;rr-lq'\..1 i...1.ir,trc1s .\tlrib,-iics tiiirich erI'lirril X inlo \).
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Other Piirases

( lc) Presidents ol'Anreric:i can distort trutb 4"q

D:
Which of the foiiorving Noun Phrases u,culcl prove problematic lor ihe proposed ana-
lysis, on the assur'^rption tha't oniy identical categories can be conjoined by Ordinary
Coorciinaticn?
lauses
( i I ) (a) Presidents and fiheir adviseis in the White House]
(b) Some [piesidenis and senior poiiticians]

(Brackets are added to indicate the intended leading.) Can you think of any v,,ay of
overcoming the problem concerned, while still maintaining that pre sidents here is onlv
an N, and not also an N-bar c,; NP?
Are there any other problems which the MTNIMAL sTRUCTURE HyporHEsrs ,'r'ould run 6.1 Overview
into? In the previous chapter, lve took a detailed look at the internai
structure of varicus dift'erent types of Fhro.ses (Noun Phrases, Verb Phrases,
Adjectivai Fhrases, Adverbial Fhrases, and Prepcsitional phrases). Now, by
contiast, we shail turn to look in some detail at the internal structure of
(llcuses. since mucli cf our subsequent discussion will focus on similariries
and differences briii'eenfiriie and nonlinite clauses, we shall begin with a brief
characterisaaion oitire essential differences between these two Clause tvoes.

6.2 Finite and nonfinite Clauses

The aistjnctionbttween.f nite and nonfnite Clauses is based partly
(though not wJ-roily) on morpholo gical criteria: thus, a Clause isfnite if it con-
tzins a.finite Verb 1i.e. a Verb inflected for Tcnse/Agreernent), and nanfnite if
it iacks a finite rb ie.g. if it is a verbless Ciause, or if it is a Clause containing
Ve
a nonjinite tenseless a:rd agreernentiess Verb). Let's look briefly at the relevant
Tense and Agreeirrent properties which characterise finite Verbs.
From a mor:pirologicai point cf view, English can be said to have a binaiy
(t.e. two-rvay) Tense conirast between present and past tense forms (in finite
Ciauses, cbviousi;'). The relevant set ol"inflections for finite regular Verbs are
listed in (l ) below:

(l) pASr rni\isl: -(e)d for all persons and numbers

lRESElir reusr: -(e)s for 3rci person singular forms
-O for alt, other forms
(Note that O represenis a'zero inflecticna! morpheme', and hence indicates
thai no overt enciilg is added ro rnark Tense in the relevant forms.) Hence we
find paradigns such as the fcllowing:

(2) pRESE\.r
:txse : Iiyoulwelihey hcte Syntax
Heisheiit hates Syntax
pASrrE\sE: Iiyou/heishelitir.veithey hatedSyntax
)?.1