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Industry Extraction of elements Synthesis of different compounds
Environment
Redox reactions - transfer of electrons between species.
Oxidation Reduction
The Loss of Electrons is Oxidation.
An element that loses electrons is said to be oxidized.
The species in which that element is present in a
reaction is called the reducing agent.
Mg Mg2+
Cu2+ Cu
Balancing Redox Equations
Fe2+ + MnO4- + H+ Mn2+ + Fe3+ + H2O
Reverse of disproportionation
[Red1]a [Ox2]b RT
Q= E = E0 - nF ln Q
[Ox1]a [Red2]b
E0 = Standard Potential
R = Gas constant 8.314 J/K.mol
F- Faraday constant = 94485 J/V.mol
n- number of electrons
G0 = - n F E0
Reaction is favorable
Hydrogen Electrode
consists of a platinum
electrode covered with
a fine powder of
platinum around
which H2(g) is bubbled.
Its potential is defined
as zero volts.
Hydrogen Half-Cell
H2(g) = 2 H+(aq) + 2 e-
reversible reaction
Galvanic Cell
-
Diagrammatic presentation of potential data
Latimer Diagram
Frost Diagram
Latimer Diagram
* Written with the most oxidized species on the left, and the most
reduced species on the right.
w x y z
A+5 B+3 C+1 D0 E-2
What happens when Fe(s) react with H+?
Iron +2 and +3 G = -nFE
2+ -2 x F x -0.44 = 0.88 V
Fe + 2e Fe -0.440
Fe3+ + 3e Fe + 0.109 F
= -3 x F x 0.036
+0.036 Fe3+
Fe
+0.44 Fe2+
-0.036
0.36
[Fe(CN)6]3- -1.16
[Fe(CN)6 ]4-
(1) Concentration
(2) Temperature
(3) Other reagents which are not inert
Oxidation of elemental copper
Latimer diagram for chlorine in acidic solution
- +1.2
ClO4 ClO3-
+1.63
HClO Cl2
balance the equation
+0.89
+0.89
+0.42
ClO- Cl2
Balance the equation
+0.89
Disproportionation
Element is simultaneously oxidized and reduced.
2 M+(aq) M(s) + M2+(aq)
E0 E0
M(s) 2M+(aq) M2+(aq)
+0.42 +1.36
ClO- Cl2 Cl-
Reaction is spontaneous
Latimer diagram for Oxygen
1.23 V
Disproportionation
the potential on the left of a species is less positive than that on the
right- the species can oxidize and reduce itself, a process known
as disproportionation.
Is it spontaneous?
Reverse of disproportionation
XN + Ne- X0
NE0 = -G0/F
Look at the Latimer diagram of nitrogen in acidic solution
a b c d e
f g h
c
a
b
d
g
G = G + G
-nFE = -nFE - nFE
N2 E = nE+ nE
f n+n
h
a NO3- + 6H+ + 5e- N2 + 3H2O E0 = 1.25V
N(II): NO (2 x 1.68, 2)
NE0
NE0
NE0-NE0
N Slope = E0=
N-N
E0 of a redox couple
HNO2/NO
3, 4.4
2, 3.4
NE0-NE0
Slope = E0=
N-N
1V
Oxidizing agent? Reducing agent?
If the line has ive slope- higher lying species reducing agent
If the line has +ive slope higher lying species oxidizing agent
Identifying strong or weak agent?
NO Strong oxidant than HNO3
Comproportionation
In acidic solution
Mn and MnO2
Mn2+
Rate of the reaction hindered
insolubility?
In basic solution
MnO2 and Mn(OH)2
Mn2O3
From the Frost diagram for Mn.
* Thermodynamic stability is found at the bottom of the diagram.
Mn (II) is the most stable species.
Any species located on the upper right side of the diagram will be
a strong oxidizing agent. MnO4- - strong oxidizing agent.
Any species located on the upper left side of the diagram will be
a reducing agent. Mn - moderate reducing agent.
Disproportionation
Element is simultaneously oxidized and reduced.
2 M+(aq) M(s) + M2+(aq)
E0 E0
M(s) 2M+(aq) M2+(aq)
Best wishes
In acidic solution
Mn and MnO2
Mn2+
Rate of the reaction hindered
insolubility?
In basic solution
MnO2 and Mn(OH)2
Mn2O3
From the Frost diagram for Mn.
* Thermodynamic stability is found at the bottom of the diagram.
Mn (II) is the most stable species.
Any species located on the upper right side of the diagram will be
a strong oxidizing agent. MnO4- - strong oxidizing agent.
Any species located on the upper left side of the diagram will be
a reducing agent. Mn - moderate reducing agent.
* Although it is thermodynamically favorable for permanganate
ion to be reduced to Mn(II) ion, the reaction is slow except in the
presence of a catalyst. Thus, solutions of permanganate can be
stored and used in the laboratory.
*Exception: Cu
*Reducing strength: goes down
smoothly from Ca to Ni
*Ni- mild reducing agent