Course:

Soil Dynamics Module 2: Theory of vibrations

LECTURE2

Course: Soil Dyna

amics Module
e 2: Theorry of vibrattions

DEGRE
EE OF FR
REEDOM
M:

The
T number of indepenndent coorddinates requuired to desscribe the solution
s of a
viibrating systtem.

SINGLE
E DEGREE OF FREED
DOM SYST
TEM:

A system havving only onne single cooordinate avaiilable to desccribe the possition of masss
m
m.
T simplest vibratory syystem can bee described by
The b a single m
mass connectted to a sprinng
(aand possiblyy a dashpott). The mass is allowed to traveel only alonng the sprinng
ellongation diirection. Suuch systems are called Single Deggree-of-Freeedom (SDOF
F)
syystems and are
a shown inn the following figure:

Equation
n of Motion
n for SDOF Systems

SDOF vibratiion can be analyzed

a by Newton's second
s law oof motion, F = m*a. Thhe
annalysis can be
b easily visuualized withh the aid of a free body ddiagram,

T resulting equation off motion is a second ordeer, non-homoogeneous, orrdinary

The
diifferential eqquation.

MULTI DEGREE OF
O FREED
DOM:

Systems having more thaan one degreee of freedom

m are MDOF
F system.
Course: Soil Dynamics Module 2: Theory of vibrations

The system must have as many equations of motion and as many natural frequencies
as the number of degree of freedom.
The equation of motion can be expressed as in terms of influence coefficients, aij
which is static deflection at point j due to unit load at point i.
The general expression:

xn = an1.F1 + an2.F2 +-----+ ann.Fn

Here, xi = Ai . sin wt

..
Fi = - mi . xi ,= mi . w2 . Ai . sin wt

Stiffness Influence Coefficient, Kij

Fi = kij . xj

Fi = force at point i

xj = displacement at point i

The multi-degree of freedom system differs from that of SDOF in that it has many
natural frequencies and for each of the natural frequencies, there corresponds a natural
state of vibration with a displacement configuration (normal mode).
Mathematical terms related to these quantities are known as eigen values/vectors.
They are established from the N simultaneous equations of motion of the system and
possess certain dynamic properties associated with the system.
As in the SDOF system, forced harmonic vibration of the MDOF system takes place
at the frequency of the excitation.
When the excitation frequency coincides with one of the natural frequency of the
system, a condition of resonance is encountered, with large amplitudes limited only
by the damping.

SPRING MASS DASHPOT SYSTEM:

This consists of a single equivalent mass supported by a perfectly elastic system.

Course: Soil Dyna

amics Module
e 2: Theorry of vibrattions

T soil is reeplaced by the

The t spring and
a a dashpoot is also prrovided haviing c as thhe
damping facttor and z ass the velocityy of the vibrrating system
m at any insstant the forcce
inn the dash-poot opposite the
t motion will
w be equal to c . z.
T elastic sp
The pring represeents the real soil support.

Figg. Spring Maass Dashpot system