INGENIERIA DE MATERIALES II

FUNDAMENTOS DE LA
INGENIERIA MATERIALES
Diagrama de fases binario
PPT 3
Esta ppt esta basada en las ctedras y presentaciones de :
Dr Christopher Blanford
Dr Zhu Liu
Dr Enrique Jimenez-melero
Ademas de libros como:
Ciencia de Materiales para ingenieros, Shackelford.
Fundamentos de la ciencia e ingeniera de materiales, Smith.
Shreirs Corrosion, Bob Cottis, et all

Lainformacinaqucontenidaes CONFIDENCIAL, ynopuedeserdistribuidaniusadaportercerossinautorizacinprevia.

TESA
Temario
1. Unary phase diagrams

2. Binary phase diagrams

1. Solid solution

2. Lever rule calculation

3. Microstructure development in isomorphous alloys

4. Eutectic system

5. Systems with compound formation

6. Peritectic reactions

7. Eutectoid reactions
8. The Fe-C phase diagram
 Introduction
Some definitions
System: a specific body of material under consideration (e.g. a ladle
of molten steel), or the series of possible alloys consisting of the
same components, but without regard to alloy composition (e.g. the
ironcarbon system).

Phase: a homogeneous portion of a system that has uniform physical

and chemical characteristics.

Components: pure metals and/or compounds of which an alloy is

composed. For example, in a copperzinc brass, the components
are Cu and Zn.

Solubility limit (at a given temperature): maximum concentration

of solute atoms that may dissolve in the solvent to form a solid
solution.
 Introduction
Nucleation and Development of
Microstructure
Unary (single element) Phase Diagrams
Typical and H2O
 Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Freezing Curves
The simplest binary phase
diagrams are obtained when
there is only one liquid and
one solid phase.
For only one solid phase to
occur there must be full
solubility over the full
composition range.
Components must have
similar ionic radii and
crystal structures.
Start with Solid Solution
Freezing Curves (example
Cu-Ni)
Binary (two element) Solid Solution
Phase Diagrams
Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Cu-Ni phase diagram
Binary (two element) (Inverse) Lever
Phase Diagrams rule calculation

Mass fractions:

Volume fractions:

(in this case, L = )

 Binary (two element) (Inverse) Lever
Phase Diagrams rule calculation
Determination of the composition and amounts of co-existing phases

Locate temperature
and composition in
diagram
In the two phase
region, draw a tie line
Fraction of phase
present depends on
ratio of parts of the
tie line
Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Cu-Ni phase diagram

Solid solution strengthening

DIAGRAMA DE FASE (panorama)

Determine las proporciones de fases lquida y slida para la composicin de 50% de nquel
del sistema cobre-nquel a la temperatura de 1 260 C (2 300 F).
 INTRODUCCION
DIAGRAMA DE FASE

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 Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Microstructure development in isomorphous alloys

Typical systems:
Cu-Ni; Ag-Al
Composition of the
liquid phase and
solid phase change
with temperature
(defined by tie
line) during
cooling
This is for slow
cooling
 Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Microstructure development
in isomorphous alloys:
non-equilibrium cooling

If cooling is rapid
the centre of
grain solidifies
first with
compositional
gradient to the
edge; leads to
cored structures
and possibly
poor mechanical
properties
Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Eutectic systems

It is unusual for two systems to be completely

soluble in each other; usually only possible to
dissolve a limited amount of one phase in the
other before a new phase forms. Typical
diagrams are shown on the next slides.

Note: over a wide range of compositions,

solidification of the alloy occurs at a fixed
temperature, the eutectic temperature.

Four main regions in the diagram

Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Eutectic systems (Sistema Eutectico)

Copper Silver phase diagram

 Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Eutectic systems Lead Tin phase diagram
(Sistemas eutectico)

TE

Eutectic Invariant or
isotherm Eutectic point

CE

Invariant or eutectic point: CE, TE

Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Features of eutectic phase
diagrams (see Cu-Ag and Pb-Sn)
 Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Eutectic phase diagrams
general rules

The melting point of the eutectic alloy is lower than that of

the components
A maximum of two phases can be in equilibrium within a phase
field
Single phase regions are separated by two phase regions
DIAGRAMA DE FASE

Determine las proporciones de fases lquida y slida para la composicin de 50% de nquel
del sistema cobre-nquel a la temperatura de 1 260 C (2 300 F).
Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Eutectic systems

B
C

For points A, B and C determine compositions

(wt.%) and amounts of phases present.
 Exercise
For a 40 wt.% Sn-60 wt.% Pb alloy at 150C:

(a) what phase(s) is (are) present?

(b) what is (are) the composition(s) of the phase(s)?

(c) Calculate the relative amount of each phase in

terms of mass fraction and volume fraction.
At 150C take the densities of Pb and Sn to be
11.23 and 7.24 g/cm3, respectively.
 Realice un anlisis de fases de la solidificacin (ideal) en el equilibrio de las aleaciones estao-
plomo en los siguientes puntos a partir del diagrama de fases de plomo-estao de la figura
a) En la composicin eutctica justo debajo de 183C (temperatura eutctica).
b) En el punto c a 40% Sn y 230C
c) En el punto d a 40% Sn y 183C + T.
d) En el punto e a 40% Sn y 183C T.
Un kilogramo de una aleacin de 70 por ciento en Pb y 30 por ciento en Sn, se enfra lentamente a
partir de 300C. Utilice el diagrama de fases estao-plomo de la figura y calcule lo siguiente:
a) El porcentaje en peso del lquido y del proeutctico alfa a 250C.
b) El porcentaje en peso del lquido y del proeutctico alfa justo por encima de la
temperatura eutctica (183C) y el peso en kilogramos de esas fases.
c) El peso en kilogramos de alfa y beta formados por la reaccin eutctica.
 Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Eutectic systems microstructure development

L+L+
Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Solidification at the eutectic composition

L+
Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Solidification at the eutectic composition
 Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Microstructures in eutectic systems:
compositions other than the eutectic

L + L +
Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Calculation of relative amounts of micro-
constituents (eutectic comp= 61.9% Sn)
 Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Systems with compound formation

All previous systems have involved only elements

as end members. When one or both constituents
is a compound the same features appear in the
phase diagrams. In addition we frequently find
that one or more compounds are formed,
signified by a verticalline in the phase diagram.

These compounds has distinct chemical formulas

See Mg-Pb (e.g. Mg2Pb), Ga-As, BaO-TiO2 etc

Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Systems with compound
formation

Intermetallic
compound
 Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Peritectic reactions (Reaccin Peritectica)

A solid phase and a

liquid phase can
together form a
second solid phase at
a particular
composition and
temperature upon
cooling.

See Fe-C system

 Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Peritectic reactions
An invariant point at which on heating a solid transforms into one
solid and one liquid phase. E.g. at point P above:
 Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Eutectoid reactions (Reaccin Eutectoide)

A eutectoid (eutectic
like) reaction occurs
from one solid phase
to two solid phases
(for example
+)
At the eutectoid
point three solid
phases are in
equilibrium
Both eutectic and
eutectoid in diagram
Summary of types of 3 phase reactions
The Fe-C phase diagram
Eutectic: 4.30 wt.%C, 1147C
L + Fe3C

Eutectoid: 0.76 wt.%C, 727C

(0.76wt.%C) (0.022 wt.%C) + Fe3C
The Fe-C phase Microstructures in
diagram eutectoid Fe-C

Depends on
composition and
heat treatment
The Fe-C phase
diagram
Microstructures in
eutectoid Fe-C
0.76%C steel
composition: on Colonies of perlite
cooling forms
Redistribution of
pearlite 2 layered
carbon atoms by
structure of - diffusion
ferrite and
cementite (Fe3C)
0.022%C in ferrite
and 6.67 wt.% C in
cementite (Fe3C)
The Fe-C phase Microstructures in hypoeutectoid steel
diagram + + Fe3C

(0.022 to 0.76 wt.%C)

The Fe-C phase diagram
Microstructures in hypoeutectoid steel
The Fe-C phase Microstructures in hypereutectoid steel
diagram Fe3C + + Fe3C

(0.76 to 2.14 wt.%C)

 The Fe-C phase diagram
Lever rule

HYPOEUTECTOID HYPEREUTECTOID
 Exercise

For a 99.65 wt.% Fe-0.35 wt.%C alloy at a temperature

just below the eutectoid, determine the following:
(a) The fractions of total ferrite and cementite phases.
(b) The fraction of the proeutectoid ferrite and perlite.
(c) The fraction of eutectoid ferrite.
 Exercise
Un acero al carbono simple hipoeutectoide que se enfri lentamente desde la
regin austentica hasta la temperatura ambiente contiene 9.1 por ciento en peso
de ferrita eutectoide. Suponiendo que no hay cambio de estructura con el
enfriamiento desde una temperatura ligeramente inferior a la temperatura
eutectoide hasta la temperatura ambiente, cul es el contenido de carbono en
el acero?
 The Fe-C phase
diagram

eutectoid steel
(0.76 wt.%C)

hypoeutectoid steel
(0.38 wt.%C)

hypereutectoid
steel (1.4 wt.%C)