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Chapter 50
Multiple-Choice Questions
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 50.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 50.1
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
3) If a stimulus is to be perceived by the nervous system, which part of the sensory pathway must
occur first?
A) integration
B) transmission
C) transduction
D) reception
E) amplification
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 50.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
4) What is the correct sequence of events that would lead to a person hearing a sound?
1. transmission
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2. transduction
3. integration
4. amplification
A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 1, 4, 2, 3
C) 2, 4, 1, 3
D) 3, 1, 2, 4
E) 3, 1, 4, 2
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 50.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
5) Immediately after putting on a shirt, your skin feels itchy. However, the itching stops after a
few minutes and you are unaware that you are wearing a shirt. Why?
A) Sensory adaptation has occurred.
B) Accommodation has increased.
C) Transduction has increased.
D) Motor unit recruitment has decreased.
E) Receptor amplification has decreased.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 50.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 50.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
7) Why does your arm feel cold when you reach inside the refrigerator to get a container of milk?
A) Circulating levels of prostaglandins increase.
B) The temperature of the blood circulating to the arm decreases.
C) Thermoreceptors send signals to the cerebral cortex where the change from room temperature
to refrigerator temperature is transduced.
D) Thermoreceptors in the skin undergo accommodation, which increases their sensitivity.
E) Thermoreceptors send signals to the posterior hypothalamus.
8) Which of the following receptors is incorrectly paired with the type of energy it transduces?
A) mechanoreceptorssound
B) electromagnetic receptorsmagnetism
C) chemoreceptorssolute concentrations
D) thermoreceptorsheat
E) pain receptorselectricity
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 50.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 50.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
10) Why is it less useful to think of behavior as a linear series of sensing, analyzing, and acting
than as a continuous cyclical process?
A) When an organism senses something, it reacts virtually simultaneously and too quickly to be
sequential.
B) When an organism is acting it may also be sensing and analyzing another stimulus.
C) An organism only acts cyclically and never as a result of just one stimulus.
D) An organism does not always analyze a stimulus before acting on it.
E) The brain of an organism must always receive sensation and perceive it before reacting to any
other.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 50.1
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
Answer: A
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Topic: Concept 50.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
12) A given photon of light may trigger an action potential with thousands of times more energy.
How is this signal strength magnified?
A) by the receptor
B) by a G protein
C) by an enzymatic reaction
D) by sensory adaptation
E) by triggering several receptors at once
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 50.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 50.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
14) "Hot" peppers taste this way because of capsaicin. It is said to taste hot because
A) it excites the same brain region as other spicy foods.
B) it causes pain even in small doses.
C) it elicits anti-prostaglandins.
D) it is a G-protein mediated effect.
E) it activates the same receptors as something heated.
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 50.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
Figure 50.1
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15) What is the structure diagrammed in Figure 50.1?
A) a neuromast
B) a statocyst
C) a taste bud
D) an ommatidium
E) an olfactory bulb
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 50.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
16) What impact would a nonfunctioning statocyst have on an earthworm? The earthworm would
not be able to
A) move.
B) sense light.
C) hear.
D) orient with respect to gravity.
E) respond to touch.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 50.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
17) The pathway leading to the perception of sound by mammals begins with the
A) hair cells of the organ of Corti, which rests on the basilar membrane, coming in contact with
the tectorial membrane.
B) hair cells of the organ of Corti, which rests on the tympanic membrane, coming in contact
with the tectorial membrane.
C) hair cells of the organ of Corti, which rests on the tectorial membrane, coming in contact with
the basilar membrane.
D) hair cells of the organ of Corti coming in contact with the tectorial membrane as a result of
fluid waves in the cochlea causing vibrations in the round window.
E) hair cells on the tympanic membrane that stimulate the tectorial membrane neurons leading to
the auditory section of the brain.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 50.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: C
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Topic: Concept 50.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
The following questions refer to the diagram of the ear in Figure 50.2.
Figure 50.2
19) Which structure(s) is (are) involved in equalizing the pressure between the ear and the
atmosphere?
A) 1 and 8
B) 5 and 7
C) 8
D) 9
E) 10
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 50.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 50.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
21) Which number(s) represent(s) the structure or structures involved in transmitting vibrations
to the oval window?
A) 1, 2, 3, and 4
B) 2, 3, and 4
C) 3 and 4
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D) 4
E) 5
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 50.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 50.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 50.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
24) Which of the following is an attachment site between sensory hairs that open ion channels
when the hairs bend?
A) tip links
B) statoliths
C) otoliths
D) round window
E) statocysts
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 50.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
25) Which of the following contains mechanoreceptors that react to low frequency waves in
much the same manner as our inner ear?
A) our sense of taste
B) pain receptors
C) receptors for light touch
D) lateral line systems
E) eye cups of Planaria
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Answer: D
Topic: Concept 50.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 50.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
27) What portion of the brain has neurons that receive action potentials from chemoreceptor cells
in the nose?
A) gustatory complex
B) anterior hypothalamus
C) olfactory bulb
D) occipital lobe
E) posterior pituitary
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 50.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 50.3
Skill: Application/Analysis
29) What is the relationship between taste cells and number of expressed receptor types?
A) ~10 : 1
B) ~100 : 1
C) ~1000 : 1
D) 1 : 1
E) 1 : ~100
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 50.3
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Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
30) Which of the major senses responds by means of a very large gene family?
A) taste
B) smell
C) vision
D) hearing
E) equilibrium
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 50.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 50.4
Skill: Application/Analysis
32) Which of the following is a correct statement about the cells of the human retina?
A) Cone cells can detect color, but rod cells cannot.
B) Cone cells are more sensitive to light than rod cells are.
C) Cone cells, but not rod cells, have a visual pigment.
D) Rod cells are most highly concentrated in the center of the retina.
E) Rod cells require higher illumination for stimulation than do cone cells.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 50.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 50.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
34) Which of the following structures is the last one that sensory information would encounter
during visual processing?
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A) ganglion cells
B) bipolar cells
C) primary visual cortex
D) optic chiasma
E) lateral geniculate nuclei
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 50.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
35) If a baseball player is hit in the back of the head, which part of his brain would be the most
likely injured?
A) the primary visual cortex
B) the thalamus
C) the optic chiasma
D) the lateral geniculate nuclei
E) the tectorial membrane
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 50.4
Skill: Application/Analysis
36) What structural feature(s) contribute(s) most to the diverse adaptations for animal
movement?
A) sensory system
B) skeletal system
C) muscular system
D) nervous system
E) B and C only
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 50.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
37) Skeletal fibers may be classified as either oxidative or glycolytic. Which of the following
muscles would be called glycolytic?
A) those with a high concentration of myoglobin
B) those with a large number of mitochondria
C) the dark muscle meat of poultry
D) those with the smallest diameters
E) the ones most easily fatigued
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 50.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 50.5
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
Figure 50.3
39) The structure pictured in Figure 50.3 can be found in which types of muscles?
A) skeletal
B) cardiac
C) smooth
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 50.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 50.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 50.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 50.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
43) Which of the following does not form part of the thin filaments of a muscle cell?
A) actin
B) troponin
C) tropomyosin
D) myosin
E) calcium-binding site
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 50.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 50.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
45) Muscle cells are stimulated by neurotransmitters released from the synaptic terminal of
A) T tubules.
B) motor neuron axons.
C) sensory neuron axons.
D motor neuron dendrites.
E) sensory neuron dendrites.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 50.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
46) Which function associated with muscle would be most directly affected by low levels of
calcium?
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A) ATP hydrolysis
B) the initiation of an action potential
C) the muscle fiber resting membrane potential
D) muscle contraction
E) muscle fatigue
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 50.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
47) Which of the following is the correct sequence that occurs during the excitation and
contraction of a muscle cell?
1. Tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross-bridge binding sites.
2. Calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex.
3. Transverse tubules depolarize the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
4. The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin
molecules using energy from ATP.
5. An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine, which
depolarizes the muscle cell membrane.
A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B) 2, 1, 3, 5, 4
C) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5
D) 5, 3, 1, 2, 4
E) 5, 3, 2, 1, 4
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 50.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
48) Which of the following could you find in the lumen of a transverse tubule?
A) extracellular fluid
B) cytoplasm
C) actin
D) myosin
E) sarcomeres
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 50.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
49) A sustained muscle contraction due to a lack of relaxation between successive stimuli is
called
A) tonus.
B) tetanus.
C) an all-or-none response.
D) fatigue.
E) a spasm.
50) Which of the following are shared by skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle?
A) A bands and I bands
B) transverse tubules
C) gap junctions
D) motor units
E) thick and thin filaments
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 50.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
51) What are animals with hydrostatic skeletons able to do that animals with exoskeletons or
internal skeletons cannot do?
A) elongate
B) crawl
C) live in aquatic environments
D) grow without replacing their skeleton
E) A, B, and D
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 50.6
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 50.6
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
53) Which of the following would be expected to expend the greatest amount of energy for
locomotion per unit mass?
A) a tadpole
B) a bony fish
C) a terrestrial reptile
D) a robin
E) a whale
Answer: D
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Topic: Concept 50.6
Skill: Application/Analysis
Self-Quiz Questions
1) Which of the following sensory receptors is incorrectly paired with its category?
A) hair cell-mechanoreceptor
B) muscle spindle-mechanoreceptor
C) taste receptor-chemoreceptor
D) rod-electromagnetic receptor
E) olfactory receptor-electromagnetic receptor
Answer: E
2) Some sharks close their eyes just before they bite. Although they cannot see their prey, their
bites are on target. Researchers have noted that sharks often misdirect their bites at metal objects,
and that sharks can find batteries buried under the sand of an aquarium. This evidence suggests
that sharks keep track of their prey during the split second before they bite in the same way that a
A) rattlesnake finds a mouse in its burrow.
B) male silkworm moth locates a mate.
C) bat finds moths in the dark.
D) platypus locates its prey in a muddy river.
E) flatworm avoids light places.
Answer: D
Answer: B
Answer: A
Answer: C
Answer: B