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GP 24-40
Applicability Group
Date 27 July 2006
GP 24-40
BP GROUP
ENGINEERING TECHNICAL PRACTICES
27 July 2006 GP 24-40
Guidance on Practice for Fire Protection of Atmospheric Storage Tanks
Foreword
This is the first issue of Engineering Technical Practice (ETP) BP GP 24-40. This Guidance on
Practice (GP) is based on incident investigation reports and parts of heritage documents from the
merged BP companies as follows:
British Petroleum
RP 58-1 Non Refrigerated Petroleum and Petrochemical Storage
Amoco
A PS-FES-00-G Process Safety - Fire Extinguishing Systems - Guide.
A PS-FES-00-E Process Safety - Fire Extinguishing Systems - Engineering Specification.
A FE-TK-00-G Fabricated Equipment - Tanks - Guide.
A FE-TK-00-E Fabricated Equipment - Tanks - Engineering Specification.
ARCO
900-97 Welded Oil Storage Tanks.
Copyright 2006, BP Group. All rights reserved. The information contained in this
document is subject to the terms and conditions of the agreement or contract under which
the document was supplied to the recipients organisation. None of the information
contained in this document shall be disclosed outside the recipients own organisation
without the prior written permission of Director of Engineering, BP Group, unless the
terms of such agreement or contract expressly allow.
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27 July 2006 GP 24-40
Guidance on Practice for Fire Protection of Atmospheric Storage Tanks
Table of Contents
Page
1. Scope .................................................................................................................................... 6
2. Normative references............................................................................................................. 6
3. Terms and definitions............................................................................................................. 7
4. Symbols and abbreviations .................................................................................................... 9
5. Fire hazard management philosophy ..................................................................................... 9
5.1. Tank firefighting philosophies...................................................................................... 9
5.2. Firefighting resources ............................................................................................... 10
6. Tank spacing, bunding, and road access ............................................................................. 13
6.1. Minimum requirements.............................................................................................. 13
6.2. Bunding .................................................................................................................... 13
7. Firewater main ..................................................................................................................... 14
8. Requirements for all type of tanks........................................................................................ 15
8.1. Tank equipment not specific to firefighting ................................................................ 15
8.2. Incident prevention and detection equipment ............................................................ 17
8.3. Firefighting equipment .............................................................................................. 17
9. Fixed roof tanks ................................................................................................................... 20
9.1. Limitations of use ...................................................................................................... 20
9.2. Tank equipment not specific to firefighting ................................................................ 20
9.3. Fire detection equipment........................................................................................... 20
9.4. Firefighting equipment .............................................................................................. 20
10. External floating roof tanks................................................................................................... 20
10.1. Limitations of use ...................................................................................................... 20
10.2. Tank equipment not specific to firefighting ................................................................ 21
10.3. Fire detection equipment........................................................................................... 23
10.4. Firefighting equipment .............................................................................................. 23
11. Emergency plan for tank farms ............................................................................................ 24
12. Fire system testing............................................................................................................... 24
Annex A (Informative) Typical emergency response plan.............................................................. 25
Bibliography .................................................................................................................................. 27
List of Tables
Table 1 - Minimum design requirements for fire protection of atmospheric storage tanks.............. 10
Table 2 - Water needed for foam production only for a full surface tank fire (fresh water; add 20%
in case of sea water use) (add cooling of exposures if needed) ........................................... 11
Table 3 - Foam application rates for most common foam destructive liquids................................. 12
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27 July 2006 GP 24-40
Guidance on Practice for Fire Protection of Atmospheric Storage Tanks
List of Figures
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27 July 2006 GP 24-40
Guidance on Practice for Fire Protection of Atmospheric Storage Tanks
Introduction
This Guidance on Practice (GP) will clarify policy with respect to firefighting and fire detection
design for new or retrofitted atmospheric storage tanks. The intent of this GP is not to examine all
possible situations but rather to aid fire risk assessors and fire protection engineers in settling on a
hazard management design that is fit for purpose for the most common tank types on sites.
Recent mergers and reorganisations have resulted in some confusion within BP Business Units as to
what the policy is with respect to tank fire protection design as regional and heritage practices are
different and what are preferred options. In addition, due to the proliferation of suppression/detection
system existing on sites and that have materialised in the industry over the past few years, those
responsible for facility fire protection are often faced with a confusing array of alternatives.
Application
This document may refer to certain local, national, or international regulations, but responsibility to
ensure compliance with legislation and any other statutory requirements lies with the user. The user
should adapt or supplement this document to ensure compliance for the specific application.
Users are invited to feedback any comments and to detail experiences in the application of BP ETPs,
to assist in the process of their continuous improvement. Please use the ETP Library comment feature
to provide feedback regarding issues with this document. Use the Shared Learning System to enter
shared learnings related to this document. You may access both systems through this link
http://technical_practices.bpweb.bp.com/. The ETP Library comment feature allows you to ask
questions to the subject matter experts and owners of the document content.
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Guidance on Practice for Fire Protection of Atmospheric Storage Tanks
1. Scope
This GP provides guidance for selection of fire detection and firefighting systems for new or
retrofitted vertical atmospheric storage tank fires containing Class I, II or III hydrocarbons. This GP
applies to all facilities with atmospheric storage tanks.
BP suffered three major full surface tank fires in the past 20 years. In all cases, what
started as a minor emergency (roof stuck, rim seal fire, etc.) escalated to a major
incident that lasted for days, with involvement of authorities and severe legal and
reputation issues. On the other hand, response to some other serious emergencies
(rim seal fires, sunken roof, etc.) has demonstrated the value of good design and
adequate emergency response preparedness.
The challenge for the fire protection engineer is to select or develop a risk based
and cost effective fire hazard management strategy for the protection of life, the
environment, and assets that also complies with societal expectations. Confronted by
often confusing claims and selective reporting of fire test results, it is crucial for
those responsible for fire protection to recognise that all the systems currently
available represent a compromise. As such, an appropriate balance must be struck
between efficient detection, extinguishing efficiency, environmental impact of
extinguishing agents and of the incident, damage to protected assets, the costs of
installation, changeout or maintenance, and the potential risk. Reference the BP
Fire Booklet Series and LASTFIRE Study 1996 and 2005 revision.
It is also recognised that, in some areas, there may be prescriptive legislative
requirements that will have to be applied. However, every time the requirements of
this GP are greater than local rules, this GP shall take precedence.
2. Normative references
The following normative documents contain requirements that, through reference in this text,
constitute requirements of this technical practice. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or
revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this
technical practice are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of
the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative
document referred to applies.
BP
GP 04-20 Guidance on Practice for Civil Engineering.
GP 24-10 Guidance on Practice for Fire Protection - Onshore.
GP 44-10 Guidance on Practice for Plant Layout.
GP 44-60 Guidance on Practice for API RP 500 Area Classification.
GP 44-65 Guidance on Practice for IP 15 Area Classification.
GIS 58-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Welded Steel Atmospheric Tanks for
Oil Storage.
GN 24-001 Safety Gates and Bar for Vertical Ladders (BP Std Dwg S-1969)
LASTFIRE Foam Tests 2002 LASTFIRE Live Fire Tests and Environmental Assessment of
Fire Fighting Foam Concentrates Used or Being Considered by
BP or Joint Venture Companies, September 2002, Resource
Protection International.
LASTFIRE Foam Tests 2003 LASTFIRE live fire tests and environmental assessment of fire
fighting foam concentrates used or being considered by BP or
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Guidance on Practice for Fire Protection of Atmospheric Storage Tanks
For the purposes of this GP, the following terms and definitions apply:
Application rate
Volume of foam solution (premix water + foam) to be applied on a unit of surface per unit of time
(i.e., l/min/m2 or gpm/ft2).
Expansion ratio
Volume of finished foam compared to volume of foam solution: for example, expansion ratio of 6:1
means that one volume of solution will produce six volumes of finished foam once air has been
injected.
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Guidance on Practice for Fire Protection of Atmospheric Storage Tanks
Foam concentrate
Pure foam compound, usually used at 1%, 3%, or 6% concentration, to create foam solution. Once air
is added to solution, this is finished foam. In some areas, foam concentrate is referred to as foam
liquid.
Foam (finished)
Foam solution mixed with air.
Foam solution
Water with 1%, 3%, or 6% foam concentrate. Foam solution may be referred to as premix, but this is
normally only used if fluid is mixed before actual usage (e.g., foam extinguishers contain premix).
Retrofitted tanks
Tanks that:
will be subject to maintenance or modification work, including full cleaning and gas freeing of
tank and performing repair or modification work that involves hot work; OR
will be containing Class I, II or III liquids, when their previous service was products with a
flashpoint above 100C (212F).
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Guidance on Practice for Fire Protection of Atmospheric Storage Tanks
Unmanned location
Site where no operator will tour tanks during 12 consecutive hr or more.
For the purpose of this GP, the following symbols and abbreviations apply:
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Guidance on Practice for Fire Protection of Atmospheric Storage Tanks
c. Between options in a., different alternatives are possible (mobile, fixed, or semi fixed
equipment, etc.).
This GP is intended to help designers and ensure consistency throughout SPU for
new or refurbished installations.
d. Table 1 summarises basic requirements for design of tank fire protection systems.
Table 1 - Minimum design requirements for fire protection of atmospheric storage tanks
5.2.1. General
a. Controlled burndown shall not be an option for new tanks.
b. Resources shall be in place to extinguish full surface tank fires.
If calculations show that the intended tank is too big for local resources, the intent
of this ETP is for the design to be reconsidered either by:
Decreasing tank size.
Using two (or more) tanks instead of one, each tank being of a size compatible
with resources.
Increasing resources.
Mix of the above options.
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Guidance on Practice for Fire Protection of Atmospheric Storage Tanks
b. If seawater is used, values in a. shall be increased by 20% to take into account significant
degradation of finished foam quality.
c. Table 2 provides indication of minimum water requirements for single full surface tank
fire.
Table 2 - Water needed for foam production only for a full surface tank fire (fresh water; add 20% in
case of sea water use) (add cooling of exposures if needed)
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Guidance on Practice for Fire Protection of Atmospheric Storage Tanks
Table 3 - Foam application rates for most common foam destructive liquids
c. Values provided in d. or foam manufacturer data or material safety data sheet values,
whichever is highest, shall be used:
1. If percentages in a. are exceeded.
2. For pure polar solvents or other octane enhancers.
d. Water soluble, certain flammable and combustible liquids, and polar solvents are
destructive to regular foams and require use of alcohol resistant foams. In most instances,
6% foam solution shall be necessary. Some Vendors now provide 1% or 3% alcohol
resistant foams.
e. Foam availability shall be calculated in accordance with NFPA 11 and tripled to allow for
vapour suppression by post emergency foam application and immediate refill. Also refer to
GP 24-10.
The requirement of this section can be met by either:
on site stocks, or
on-site plus offsite stocks(i.e. through Mutual Aid agreements).
However, the strict minimum on site shall be at least equal to the NFPA 11
requirements plus the quantity necessary for 2 hours of vapour suppression
(calculated as follows: 40 minutes of application at a third of the application rate
required for extinguishment).
f. For usual hydrocarbons, as defined in a., 6% foam concentrates shall not be used. 1% foam
concentrates shall be used for all mobile equipment options for tanks of 70 m (230 ft)
diameter or bigger. 1% foam concentrates shall be considered as preferred concentration
for all fixed or mobile equipment options for smaller tanks.
Application of foam at 10,4 l/min/m2 (0,26 gpm/ft2) with mobile equipment on a 70 m
(230 ft) diameter tank requires a minimum of 1,2 m3 of 3% foam concentrate per
min. A large foam carrier of 20 m3 will only last 16 min, stretching logistical
resources. A similar carrier with 1% foam concentrate will be able to supply foam
systems for 50 min.
g. Foam concentrate used shall have demonstrated good or acceptable performance in
accordance with LASTFIRE Foam Tests, if used with relevant type of foam nozzle most
appropriate to application for tank considered.
The LASTFIRE foam tests use the following three different nozzles to replicate real
application conditions of the foam on a fire:
Monitor aspirated.
Monitor semi aspirated.
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Guidance on Practice for Fire Protection of Atmospheric Storage Tanks
Fixed pourer.
6.2. Bunding
6.2.1. General
a. For new bunds:
1. Bunding shall be designed in accordance with GP 44-10 and constructed in
accordance with GP 04-20.
2. The exposed surface of spilled hydrocarbons shall not exceed 6 000 m2 (65 000 ft2).
When a bigger bund is necessary, it should be subdivided by internal compartments
smaller than 6 000 m2 (65 000 ft2) each, that overfill into one another. The use of
siphons should be preferred to prevent fire spread.
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Guidance on Practice for Fire Protection of Atmospheric Storage Tanks
Spill fires above 6 000 m2 (65 000 ft2) would be very difficult to tackle due to the
difficulty for the foam to spread over such large area, and to the intense radiant
heat.
Use of Medium Expansion Foam through MEX Pourers is preferred in bunded
areas, to quickly cover the surface with foam, minimise splashing of fuel, cover
valves, flanges and pipework under a cooling foam blanket, reducing escalation
potential.
b. Access shall be provided to bunded area for handling of equipment and for general
maintenance. Pipework should be designed to facilitate this access.
c. Access roads into bunds shall be blocked by a physical barrier or chain to prevent vehicle
access without proper authorisation and permit control.
In many incidents, vehicles entering bunds have ignited a spill. It is therefore
necessary to strictly control bund access through a control of work system.
6.2.2. Roads
a. Site roads shall separate bunds on all sides. Refer to GP 04-20 for minimum width for site
roads.
Attention should be given to accessibility under emergency conditions. During
incidents, the downwind side will be inaccessible because of smoke and radiant
heat. In multiple incidents, some major roads were unusable by emergency vehicles
because of direct damages (such as sewer covers blown off, sewers on fire, water
and product runoff) or being littered with debris from explosions (glass, trees, pipes,
etc.).
b. Equipment shall be located such that site roads are not classified as hazardous area as
defined in GP 44-60 and GP 44-65.
c. Minor site roads shall not be in area classified as Zone 0 or 1 (Class I, Division 1).
d. Any minor site road or in plant road classified as Zone 2 (Class I, Division 2) shall have
controlled access.
e. For new bunds, near each fire hydrant and near each semi fixed system connection point,
adequate parking space should be provided such that two fire trucks can park on one side
of a road, and road will still be free for other vehicles.
f. If elevated platform trucks are used for firefighting, adequate parking space should be
provided on side of road that includes deployment of stabilising outriggers on stable
ground such that road will still be free for other vehicles.
7. Firewater main
a. Fire mains shall be sized to be able to deliver sufficient water to tackle largest full surface
tank fire of bund. Hydrant capacity around each bund shall be equal to at least 133% of the
water required for the biggest tank fire scenario at this bund.
This provision is made in case some hydrants become inaccessible (smoke, radiant
heat, emergency vehicles and hoses pile-up, etc).
b. Fire mains shall be arranged as prescribed in GP 24-10 and in grid pattern sized to be able
to supply required amount of water at all exposures with one leg of grid isolated for repair.
Clearly marked valves shall be located to allow isolation of any fire main leg.
The fire mains should be arranged in a grid pattern, with sufficient isolating valves
to limit the loss of all firefighting systems from a single fracture or blockage of the
pipeline system or to better manage firewater usage in an emergency situation.
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Guidance on Practice for Fire Protection of Atmospheric Storage Tanks
For other water related equipment (pumps, water tank, pond, etc., refer to
GP 24-10). Attention should be given to the resilience of all the firewater equipment
to explosions, fires, and spills. In multiple incidents, the first equipment destroyed
included the fire pumps, and in some cases, the fire tanks/ponds were inaccessible,
damaged, or set on fire by product leaks. Redundant fire pumps with multiple energy
sources (electric/diesel) and water resources in different locations remote from
hydrocarbon storage/process areas and a grid pattern fire main with adequate
isolation valves are vital parts of a resilient water system.
c. If freezing can be a problem, fire mains shall be buried, with hydrants supplied through dry
risers.
d. Fire mains shall be cement mortar lined steel pipe or GRE materials. HDPE is also
acceptable for buried sections, provided there is no risk of hydrocarbon ground
contamination.
e. Fire mains and hydrants shall be protected against vehicle impact.
f. Hydrants
1. Hydrants shall be installed at least every 45 m (150 ft) and near every semi fixed
system connection.
This is intended to limit flexible hose deployment that is both manpower consuming
and an access issue. It will also make sure that even if some hydrants are
inaccessible or out of order, enough will be located at reasonable distance.
2. For sites with storage capacity above 1 000 m3 (265 000 gal), hydrants shall be at
minimum DN 200 (NPS 8) hydrants with least 6 70 mm (3 in) outlets or 1
150 mm (6 in) plus 2 70 mm (3 in) outlets.
3. If large cooling water or foam quantities are to be used, larger sized hydrant
connections shall be installed, particularly to supply special equipment, such as large
monitors.
Large modern monitors can apply up to 60 000 l/min (16 000 gpm) each and require
adequately sized fire main and hydrants. Average industrial fire trucks usually have
pumps of 12 000 l/min (3 200 gpm) or more. Traditional municipal hydrants with
2 70 mm (3 in) outlets are useless for these pumps.
According to equipment needed, and scenarios, key hydrant points should have
150 mm (6 in), 200 mm (8 in), 250 mm (10 in) or 300 mm (12 in) Storz/Victaulic
outlet valves, so large diameter hoses (LDH) or XLDH could be connected.
This section should be read in conjunction with 9, for fixed roof tanks, or 10, for
external floating roof tanks.
8.1.1.1. Stairways
a. If two or more tanks are sited in one bund and distance between tank shells exceeds 9 m
(30 ft), each tank shall have separate stairway.
b. Stairways may be radial, tangential, or any combination of these types.
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Guidance on Practice for Fire Protection of Atmospheric Storage Tanks
c. Support
1. Radial and tangential stairways should be designed such that their support
foundations are placed clear of tank foundation.
2. Supports should be designed to allow for differential settlement between tank and
support foundation.
3. Spiral stairways shall not be used.
Self supported spiral stairways (if all the steps are attached to a central column)
have been the source of incidents, either by the disorientation sensation after
multiple turns or by operators tripping over the lower handrail. They are also
making the deployment of fire equipment difficult. Spiral staircases also create
issues for tanks designed to BS 2654, where the nominal shell thickness exceeds 13
mm (1/2 in) and for insulated tanks.
d. Landings
1. Intermediate landings shall be provided at approximately 10 m (33 ft) vertical
intervals for all types of stairway.
2. If required by local authorities, vertical intervals may be less.
8.1.1.3. Gangways
a. If two or more tanks are grouped within one bund and distance between tank shells is less
than 10 m (33 ft), gangways may be fitted between tank roofs, served by stairway(s)
common to several tanks, arranged such that escape route is available from any one tank
without crossing roof of another.
b. If common gangway services number of tanks, additional means of escape in emergencies
shall be provided. Vertical ladders may be used for this purpose.
To provide easier access to the tank stairway from outside the bunded area and at
the same time facilitate escape in an emergency, a gangway may be provided from
the top of the bund wall direct to the bottom of the stairway. Steps from the gangway
for access into the bunded area may be provided.
8.1.2. Pumpout
If possible, product pumpout arrangements should be provided to allow operational measures to
reduce duration of fire.
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Guidance on Practice for Fire Protection of Atmospheric Storage Tanks
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Guidance on Practice for Fire Protection of Atmospheric Storage Tanks
potential liquid leak source. However, it must also be recognised that top pourers
are more vulnerable to damage from an internal explosion or the subsequent fire.
Subsurface application is ineffective on polar solvents because the foam dissolves
and topside application is required. It is not suitable for floating roof tanks, cone
tanks with internal floating roofs, or water soluble fuels. There are also semi
subsurface injection systems that are designed to protect the foam from the
hydrocarbons, but these cannot be tested or maintained without taking the tank out
of service.
There is no positive experience of subsurface injection systems in BP or heritage
companies, despite some attempts during incidents.
When tanks equipped with subsurface injection are retrofitted (as defined in Section
3), their foam systems shall be made compliant with this GP.
b. Foam pourers
1. Foam pourers shall:
a) Comply with NFPA 11 or equivalent (including any necessary foam dams).
b) Be fitted to shell of tank, not roof.
This is to minimise possibility of damage during an incident.
c) Be accessible safely for maintenance, inspection, and testing.
2. Inlet connections shall be compatible with national design code applicable to country
of operation.
3. Access to platforms shall comply with GP 04-20.
4. Accessibility for maintenance, operations, and refill of foam equipment/pourers shall
be considered during design phase.
5. Battery limits for foam feed shall be in a safe location outside bund (dike) wall.
Systems shall be fully operable without need for human intervention, even for short
duration, inside bunded area (i.e., actuation and/or connection points shall be outside
bund). Actuation and/or connection points for a particular tank or bund fire
suppression/deluge system shall be located at the greatest distance of the 2 options
below:
a) Outside of the 4,7 kW/m2 contour for this particular scenario;
b) At least 20 m (66 ft) away from closest edge of equipment on fire.
6. Piping shall allow supply of all foam pourers from single source.
7. Battery limit piping shall terminate in single foam solution inlet connection, and all
valves controlling routing of foam solution supply shall be located downstream of
foam solution connection, outside of bund (dike) wall.
8. Manifolds and valving required to supply more than one tank from single foam inlet
shall be located outside of bund (dike) wall.
9. Strainers shall not be used on inlets of foam makers to minimise possibility of
clogging.
10. Air injection point shall be as close as possible to foam discharge. This air injection
point shall be visible and accessible for maintenance and inspection.
High back pressure generators are not an acceptable application for top foam
pourers. Flowing finished foam through dry pipes will result in most cases in poor
quality foam, of too low expansion to be efficient. Also, maintenance will be difficult
if these systems are located at high level.
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Guidance on Practice for Fire Protection of Atmospheric Storage Tanks
11. Clear signs should be installed at foam inlet point, giving operating conditions
required for foam making, and, in the case of manifold feeds, indication of which
valve corresponds with which tank.
12. Air inlets of foam makers shall be arranged to prevent rain and debris falling into
them and to prevent blockage by snow.
13. Rimseal pourers shall have wire mesh/gauze to prevent birds/insects nesting inside.
14. Systems shall be designed such that pourers can be foam discharge tested while tank
is in service.
Testing of foam systems while the tank is in service can be difficult because of
potential contamination of stored product. Also, testing on internal floating roof
tanks cannot be done if the roof has not been designed to cope with water load.
Therefore, foam pourers shall be designed such that they can easily be accessed and
reversed for discharge testing outside of tank if necessary to avoid contamination of
product (not normally a problem for crude oil tanks). Multiple solutions are
available from manufacturers.
15. Piping runs within bund (dike) area should be as short as is reasonably practical.
c. Firefighting systems shall be adequately designed to prevent corrosion and plugging during
decades of predicted life of tank.
d. Unless evidence can be provided that other materials are adequate, the following shall be
used:
1. For aboveground dry or wet piping below 150 mm (6 in) diameter: stainless steel or
GRE.
2. For aboveground dry or wet piping above 150 mm (6 in) diameter: stainless steel or
GRE.
3. For below ground and large diameter: HDPE, cement mortar lined steel, or GRE.
e. At bottom of vertical pipe runs (i.e., foam and water risers on tank shell), section of
vertical pipe of 1 m (3 ft) of same diameter shall be fitted to trap large debris, with drain
valve of at least 100 mm (4 in). Area under this valve shall be at least 1 m2 (10 ft2) wide
concrete to prevent ground erosion.
f. No gaseous fire suppression system shall be used on tanks. Reference BP Group HSSE
Position Paper Halocarbons and the Environment.
g. Fixed foam systems shall:
1. Be designed to be easily and quickly refillable or allow content to be transferred to
foam carrier in case of emergency.
2. Have adequate capacity for use on one tank on fire and on adjacent tanks rim seal
areas simultaneously (external and internal floating roof tanks).
In case of a tank fire, the rim seal areas of adjacent tanks will have to be quickly
covered in foam to limit the chances of escalation.
3. Be protected from vehicle impact.
4. Avoid use of bladder systems that cannot be tested or checked easily.
5. Protect foam stock from extreme temperatures and sun exposure.
6. Be designed or operated to minimise area of concentrate/air interface (e.g., by
providing expansion dome and always filling tank to this level).
h. Semi fixed systems shall be preferred to fixed systems only if it can be demonstrated that
there are sufficient mobile resources and manpower to activate them. At unmanned
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Guidance on Practice for Fire Protection of Atmospheric Storage Tanks
locations, fixed systems shall be installed, with either automatic or remotely controlled
activation.
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Guidance on Practice for Fire Protection of Atmospheric Storage Tanks
2. shall not exceed maximum value of 12 psia (83 kPa) for double deck roofs without
relief valves.
b. In some very specific cases, the use of double deck floating roofs fitted with relief valves
may be considered up to 13 psia (90 kPa). The design of such an installation shall be
compared to other alternative options (use of pressure vessel), formally risk assessed and
subjected to a comprehensive Process Hazard Analysis.
Above these values, product is considered too volatile for floating roof tank, as it
may cause roof collapse due to instability. Many incidents, including full surface
tank fires, were caused by high TVP product storage. It is therefore essential to
ensure that the TVP values considered during design include the whole life cycle of
the installation, including worst cases (i.e. off-specification product during process
upsets, winter/summer specifications, etc.).
As the TVP increases, daily heating of the product underneath a single deck will
produce sufficient vapours to balloon the deck. It is common for these vapors to
condense during the cooler evening hours, allowing the roof to resume a normal flat
shape. It must be emphasized, however, that if the tank is in an area of significant
rainfall, ballooning of a single deck roof may not permit normal water drainage to
the primary roof drain. An unbalanced load can quickly be developed that can sink
the floating roof. Also, with increasing TVP the overall effectiveness of any floating
roof design is reduced. More evaporation will occur and this vapour will escape to
the atmosphere above the floating roof. Air pollution and the risk for a fire is
increased under these conditions.
Above 11,1 psia (76,5 kPa), a double deck roof will maintain its ability to drain
water while containing some amount of product vapour. The double-deck roof can
help reduce vapours from product heating due to the insulating effect the design
provides to the product surface.
Above 12 psia (83 kPa) relief valves are needed. However, discharging vapour onto
the deck from relief valves increases the possibility of a fire and therefore, the use of
a pressure vessel is often safer, as it solves both the roof stability and the flammable
vapours issues.
Above 13 psia (90 kPa), floating roof tank shall not be used.
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Guidance on Practice for Fire Protection of Atmospheric Storage Tanks
Ref: LASTFIRE study and fire safety video on "The manual response to rim seal
fires" and Refining Quarterly Safety Bulletin 1Q 2003 item 3.3 on Bulwer tank fire.
For inspection, maintenance, operations: how to perform routine checks of the roof
integrity and other operations that require roof access (changing legs position,
checking drain sump, opening manholes once the tank is emptied, etc.)?
There are many checks that are needed on a regular basis on floating roof tanks
(see typical list below) to avoid incidents.
Critical Items for Inspection
Vents and pressure/vacuum valve.
Tank shell.
Bund/dike drain valves.
Grounding/earthing equipment.
Tank top access, walkways, emergency exits, etc.
Floating roof.
Roof drain valves.
Roof drain sump.
Pontoon compartments (including LEL testing).
Seal, weathershield, and metallic shunts.
Lower internal roof drain valve.
Emergency roof drains.
Wax scrapers.
Guide/gage poles.
Ladders.
Foam pourers and foam dam.
The usual good practice is to do this when the roof is in the HIGH position, but this
may not be always possible. Removing the rolling ladders then creates a dilemma:
safety risk to personnel or postponement of checks (overdue integrity check).
A recent major incident in the Group has highlighted the importance of performing
pontoon integrity checks regularly by gas testing them (element 9 in list above). The
same incident also highlighted that rolling ladder incidents could also be a symptom
of a more serious problem (tank differential settlement, shell moving away from a
circle shape, high RVP product creating vapour pockets under roof, etc.).
c. Handrails shall be installed round full circumference of tanks that are equal to or bigger
than 18 m (60 ft) diameter, to allow safe access on the wind girder for maintenance and for
firefighting (see 10.3.a).
d. If no wind girder is planned, design shall provide safe access to all foam pourers and at
points at top of shell at least every 30 m (100 ft) apart.
e. Pontoon covers shall be secured (for example with bayonet type fittings).
This is to prevent water/product ingress as unbolted covers can be removed by high
winds or firefighting water streams or if the roof is tilting. In the past, some
designers preferred to have loose covers in the hope of minimising internal
explosion damage. Experience has proven that these covers cannot act as explosion
relief doors, and letting them loose can increase their potential to be transformed
into dangerous missiles in case of an explosion. Also, regular gas testing, as
recommended in f., will minimise the risk of an explosion in pontoons.
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f. Gas testing hatches shall be installed on pontoon covers, and each one shall be clearly
identified by distinctive number or letter with tank reference repeated regularly (e.g.,
Tank CO10, pontoon G).
Gas testing is the only reliable way to assess that the mechanical integrity of
pontoons is intact while the tank is in service. Leaking pontoons can have
hydrocarbon vapours above LEL without any sign of liquid inside, particularly in
hot climates. A pontoon filled with vapours will quickly explode in case of adjacent
rim seal fire and escalation to full surface might follow (as demonstrated during a
recent fire in BP).
Therefore, regular gas testing of pontoons is a good industry practice that shall be
allowed by adequate design of the pontoon covers.
g. Fire retardant material shall be used for rim seals.
In the absence of fire retardant material, a punctual rim seal fire will very quickly
become full circumference rim seal fire. This emergency will be more difficult to
tackle, as it will require all foam pourers to perform fully and will multiply the
chances of a pontoon explosion and escalation to full surface (as demonstrated
during a recent fire in BP).
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c. For tanks up to and including 35 m (115 ft) diameter, foam pourers shall be fitted for full
surface fires. Above that size, site shall choose between:
1. Foam pourers alone, designed for full surface (possible up to 60 m [200 ft] diameter).
2. Combination of foam pourers designed only for rim seal fires and mobile equipment
for full surface fires.
Under 35 m (115 ft), there is no significant cost increase to design fixed systems for
full surface fires. There is also no significant risk of sinking the roof by applying
foam for such rate on a rim seal fire or during a test. A cost benefit analysis in line
with the procedure described in the LASTFIRE study report can be used to help
decide which option is most appropriate.
d. Central foam distribution systems from central foam manifold supply located on roof
(same principle as roof drain but flowing from bottom to top) shall not be used.
These systems are relying on the roof being stable and afloat. Any problem below
the roof requires taking the tank out of service for repairs. By injecting foam under
the weather shields of the rim seal, they can also push product (and therefore the
fire) onto the roof.
a. Detailed emergency plans, including detailed foam, water, and equipment resources as
calculated in 0, shall be available for each tank emergency.
b. Format shall comply with pre-fire plans in BP 1994 Fire Response Workbook (which is
also in accordance with latest version of IP-MCSP-P19).
See example in Annex A.
a. On construction completion, fire systems shall be tested by full discharge (with foam for
foam systems) and records kept.
b. Foam systems shall be discharge tested annually with foam. General principles described
in OGB Fire Systems Integrity Assurance document shall be applied.
It is recognised that it may not be practical or necessary to discharge test every
foam system in large tank farms. However, assurance must be provided that foam
quality (expansion and drainage time), foam coverage, and foam concentrate
proportioning rate are within acceptable tolerances (for example, in the case of
several tanks of the same type and dimension being fed with foam solution from the
same source, it may be acceptable to only discharge foam through one system and
water only through the others).
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Annex A
(Informative)
Typical emergency response plan
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EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN FOR Description of type of fire anticipated and plant, pumps, tanks, or
equipment first involved.
STRATEGY Fire control (firefighting) strategy that states overall objectives to prevent fire spread, bring incident under
control, and extinguish fire.
Usually control room Logical step by step What equipment Any specific resources not As required.
or site personnel who actions that are required to perform previously mentioned or
will alert and required according to actions. personnel who will need to
shutdown and fire type and location. Valves or devices to react immediately.
evacuate, etc. Typically, alarm, isolate.
evacuation, isolation,
shut down, informing,
etc.
May be site personnel Logical step by step Valves or devices to Any foam concentrate As required.
who will use portable actions necessary to isolate. required. Anticipated water
fire equipment or fixed isolate fuel or perform Fixed fire systems demand for fire. Fire
fire systems. If no initial fire control installed onsite. hose/nozzles required.
personnel available for actions. Number of hose will be
this, first response Portable fire based on hydrant locations
would be site fire equipment for initial and fire vehicles used. Fire
brigade. control. Any water or vehicles from local fire
foam monitors department and manpower.
required.
Usually supporting fire Logical step by step Fixed fire systems Any foam concentrate Foam application
group or local actions necessary to installed onsite. required. Anticipated water rate applied, etc.
municipal fire brigade. control and extinguish Any water/foam demand for fire. Fire
Site personnel may be fire. monitors required. vehicles from local fire
required to do other brigade and manpower.
tasks at this stage.
OTHER CONCERNS
Any other concerns. Personnel safety, gas releases, public exposure, etc.
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Bibliography
[1] BP Fire Booklet Series, Liquid hydrocarbon storage tanks: prevention and fire fighting (2003).
[2] BS 2654, Specification for manufacture of vertical steel welded non refrigerated storage tanks with
butt-welded shells for the petroleum industry.
[3] Fire safety video, The manual response to rim seal fires (available at BP Fire Engineering - General
videos).
[4] The Large Atmospheric Storage Tank Fire (LASTFIRE) Joint Industry Project, 1996 original study
and 2005 Risk Reduction Operations report (available at BP Fire Engineering LASTFIRE &
Boilovers).
[6] Technical report 1998 Singapore Refining Company (SRC) tank fire.
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