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The computer mocleling software used must be able to A harmonic modeling study was performed i n
provide predicted total harrnonic distortion of voltage and conjunction with the addition of a 1250HP, 2300V. medium
current for each bus or branch of the system. The calculations voltage. variable frequency drive system. The utilit) feed to the
are usually performed by creating a system of n equations of mill was at 69KV and the main transformer for the system was
nunknowns, applying Ohmsand Kirchoff s Laws, and using 20 MVA. The primary elements in the power s>.steinmodel
sparse matrix techniques to sol\.e for the unknown voltages and were transformers, large induction motors, power factor
currents. correction capacitors, and the drive as a harmonic current
The voltage and current distortion figures can be source (see Fig. 1). For the purposes of the stud) it was assumed
compared to the recommended practices of IEEE 5 19. A high that all motors operated continuously. and simultaneously. I n
distortion levcl in a particular portion of the system may reality, there niay be times when only some of the motors are in
indicate a resonance condition. The software package should operation.
also calculate the magnitude of individual voltage and current
harmonics. Analysis of individual harmonics can help in Results
predicting a resonance pricir to energizing the system.
Most of the predicted harmonic levelswere within the
Impedance ainalpsis recommendations of IEEE 5 19 except for tlie vciltage distortion
at Bus 8 (Fig. 1) which was expected to be about G.8?4, THD.
Impedance versus frequencj for each bus of the system After reviewing the impedance plot for Bus 8 and re\iewing the
in a tabular and/or graphical format IS another useful feature in individual harmonic levels for this portion of the system it was
a modeling system. A self impedance plot gives a quick visual apparent that resonances were at the root of tlie excessive
indication of the natural frequencies at a specific bus. A peak in voltage distortion. The 7th. 1 Ith. and 13th harmonic currents
the impedance plot indicates a parallel resonant frequency and a were predicted to be higher in this branch of thc system than the
valley indicates a series resonant frequency. levels produced at the input to the drive. It was evident from
the impedance plot that parallel resonances around the 8th and
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12th harmonics were causing amplification of the nearby PLANT POWER FACTOR CORRECTION STRATEGIES
harmonics.
The 8th harmonic resonance was due to the parallel There are tradeoffs in planning a power system for
combination of the system inductance and the 4.8 MVar acceptable power factor while avoiding harmonic resonance
capacitor bank on the 12.47 KV bus. The 12th harmonic problems [4]. If a single large capacitor bank is implemented at
resonance was due to the system inductance in parallel with the the main bus on the system the number of resonances is
550 KVar power factor correction capacitors on Bus 8. The minimized but if a resonance does occur near a harmonic
capacitance on this bus actually consisted of 2-250 KVar frequency, the amplification can be lugh since there is very little
capacitors and 1-50 KVar capacitor switched with 3 different resistance to provide dampening. If multiple capacitors are
motors that added up to 2750 HP. Some analysis was done to switched with individual motors, then power system natural
investigate the effect removing the capacitors on this bus. With frequencies will constantly be changing, malung it d~fEicultto
the 550 KVar of capacitance omitted from the power system analyze a harmonic problem if one should occur. The
model the voltage distortion at Bus 8 was predicted to be 3.9%. resistance between the individual capacitors and the system
Th~srepresented a significant improvement over the 6.8% inductance will be lugher, however, which means that less
distortion expected with the capacitors in the circuit. It was harmonic amplification would occur compared to using a
also noted that harmonic levels at most other busses in the single, larger capacitor bank on an upstream bus. A tlurd
system were predcted to decline. The recommendation was possible power factor correction strategy would be to implement
made to disconnect the capacitors from the three induction tuned capacitors. By adding a reactor in series with the
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41s-E64 I
motor starters in question. The customer decided that the capacitor, the bank may be tuned to a specific frequency
benefit of avoiding possible harmonic resonance problems (typically just below the first sigdicant harmonic frequency).
outweighed the drawback of losing a small portion of the plant This approach has the benefits of nailing down the resonant
power factor correction and disconnected these capacitors. frequencies in the system where no harm can be done as well as
Harmonic filtering is another option that could have been providing some harmonic filtering effect. Where: synchronous
considered in this case. Adding one or more series LC filter generators or motors are present in the plant it is sometimes
legs at the input to the drive would limit the amount of feasible to correct the plant power factor without the use of
harmonic current injected back into the power system. The capacitors.
filter would also provide some power factor correction. A
medium voltage vacuum contactor would be necessary to switch CONCLUSIONS
the filter with starting or stopping of the dnve so that a leading
power factor would not occuf with the drive energzed but not Harmonics is an issue that is not going io go away any
running. The benefit of improving the power factor would time in the near future. IEEE 5 19-1992 imposes more rigid
have to be weighed against the cost of designing and harmonic limitations than in the past. Although the likelihood
manufacturing a filter. of harmonic problems is low, the instances in w b c h they do
No harmonic related problems have arisen on the occur can result in reducing the reliability of the power system
power system since the addition of this medium voltage drive. and potentially affect plant output. When adding large non-
The drive has been in operation for about two years. linear loads to a power system, performing analysis up front
It is difficult to perform analysis of every possible may reduce any surprises during commissioning.
resonant condition on a system such as this because of the fact An approach to harmonic modeling of a power system
that a new set of resonances OCCUT every time an induction was presented that allows one to determine at the design stage if
motodpower factor correction capacitor is switched on or off, hannonic mitigation techmques may be required to avoid a
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resonance or keep harmonic levels within those imposed by the
utility and/or IEEE 5 19.
A case study was presented that gives an example of
hartnonic modeling and one approach to harmonic reduction
Alternative plant power factor correction strategies
were presented with their pros and cons. It is not feasible to
single out one strategy as being superior in all cases.
REFERENCES
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