NBSIR853195

HeatReleaseRateChara
cte
ristics
ofSomeCombustibleFuel
SourcesinNuclearPowerPlants

B
.T.Lee

U.S.DEPARTMENTOFCOMMERCE
NationalBureauofStandards
GaithersburgM D 20899

J
uly1985

Sponsoredi
npa by
u
.s.NuclearRegulatoryCommission
WashingtonDC 20555
NBSIR853195

HEATRELEASERATECHARACTERISTICS
OFSOMECOMBUSTIBLEFUEL
SOURCESINNUCLEARPOWERPLANTS

B
.T.Lee

u
.s
.OEPARTMENTOFCOMMERCE
Na
tio
nalBureauo
fStandards
G
aither
sbu
rgMD 20899

J
uly1985

Sponsorinp
artby
U.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommission

WashingtonDC 20555
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 E R R A T A

NBSIR 85-3195 Heat Release Rate Characteristics ofSome Combustible

Fuel Sources in Nuclear PowerPlants

B
.T. Lee

Please delete the sentence on Page 9 For ease ofreference
 Tab1e of Contents

Page

List of Tab1es .V
l

v
List of Figures

v
1
Abstract
. Introduction
1

4
2
. Cab1e Tray Burn Characteristics

4 F D u o o n w d A 4 ' a a
3
. Trash Fire Burn Characteristics
4
. Wood Fire Burn Characteristics
5
. Combustib1e Liquid Burn Characteristics
5.1 For Combustib1e F1uid Depth > 20mm
5.2 Finite Depth Spi11s Opaque to Therma1 Radiation

A
' A T i
5.3 Finite Depth Spi11s Transparent to Therma1 Radiation
6
. Summary
7
. References

1
.1.
1.
 List of Tables
Page

. Heat Re1ease Rate Per Un1t Area and Heat of Combustion

Tab1e 1 ^

for F1aming Fire of Cab1e Samples in Norma1 Air at 60 kW/m~ 17

Tab1e 2
. Simu1ated Trash Fire Experiments at Sandia Nationa1
Labortories 18

Tab1e 3
. 19nition and F1ame Spread Characteristics Under Constant
lrradiance Conditions 19

Tab1e 4
. Rate of Heat Re1ease perUnit Area for Se1ectedWood
Products 20

ab1e 5
. Unconfined Spi11 Depths for Hydrocarbon Liquids on Epoxy-
Coated Concrete and Steel 21

Table 6
0 Data for Large Poo1 Burning Rate Estimates 22

Tab1e 7
. RadiationFraction of Combustion Energy for Hydrocarbon
Pool Fires 23

1V
 List o
f Figures
Page

. Laboratory-Sca1eF1ammabi1ityApparatus
Figure 1 2
4
. Horizonta1Tray Test Setup
Figure 2 2
5
. Mixed TrayTest Setup
Figure 3 2
6
. Tray SurfaceArea Over Fire-
Figure 4 Affected Cab1esVersus
. .
BurningRate forPE/PVC Cab1es 2
7
Figure 5
. ~ Versus QA 2
8

. Fire Inv01vedAreaVersus Time

Figure 6 2
9
. Rat
Figure 7 eof Fire CoverageVersus Rate of Heat Re1ease 3
0
. TrashFires
Figure 8 3
1
. TrashFires
Figure 9 3
2
Figure 1
0. FireTests o
f Pi1es o
f Clothes and Fabrics 3
3
Figure 1
1. Heat Re1easeRate Corre1ationwith Size of TrashFire 3
4
Figure 1
2. Heat Re1easeRat
e Corre1ationwith Size of TrashFire 3
5
Figure 1
3. Enve10pe Containing Al1 o
f the ObservedHeat Re1ease
Rate Curves forTrashFires 3
6
Figure 1
4. Corre1ation ofVelocitywith F1ux 3
7
Figure 1
5. Enve10pe ContainingVe10cityVersus F1uxData for
WoodProducts 3
8
Figure 1
6. AverageMaximumBurningRatevs PileHeight 3
9
Figure 1
7. Heat Re1ease Rat
e for Sing1e Stacks ofWood Pa11ets 4
0
Figure 1
8. Measured Surface Temperature of anOpaqueSemi-
infiniteMedium ComparedwithTheoryUsingThree
DifferentVa1ues o f Net F1uxof 13.88.9 and 6.8
2 _ _ ~ _~ .
.__ _.__.2
kW/m-and An Externa1F1uxof 13.8 kW/m 4
1
Figure 1
9. Measured Surface Temperature (Shaded Region) of Four
Semi-transparentsemi-infiniteHydrocarbonLiquids
2
ComparedwithTheoryUsinga Net F1uxof 10kW/m-and
2 4
2
An Externa1 F1ux of 13.8 kW/m
Figure 2
0. Comparison o
f Theory and Experiment forNet F1ux o
f
2 _ __ _ __ __
~ _
.2
43

15.6 kW/m-andAn Externa1 F1uxof 2 6 kW/m

Figure 2
1. Comparison of Experiment and the RangePredictedby
two Theoretica1 Limits forAn Unconfined Spi11 of
Pennzoi1 30-HD on a Stee1 Substrate 4
4
Figure 2
2. Unconfined Spi11 of Pennzoi1 30-HDon An Epoxy-
Coated Concrete Substrate 4
5

V
 Abstract

A major risk to a nuclear power plant is the possibility of serious fire.

There is a need toknow the heat release rate behavior of combustible
fuels in the plant in order to help reduce the fire threat to these
facilities. Heat release rate characteristics of cable tray fires
and some of the associated potential external ignition sources are
discussed. Existing correlations are given to determining the time
to ignition and the subsequent-
heat release rate of spills and pools
of flammable liquids. Approximate correlations are developed for heat
release rate for trash fires as a function of fire size and for one
particular cable tray array arrangement as a function of the type of
cable. In additiona scheme is given for calculating the heat release
rate fromwood fuel fires.

keyw-
ords: cable trays; fire safety; flannnability; flammable liquids;
heat release rate; ignitionliquid spills; nuclear power
plants; pool fires; small-scale fire tests; trash; wood

V1
1.0 1ntroduction

Cable fires pose a serious fire hazard to a nuc1ear power p1ant. 1n 1975
a major cab1e fire shut down the world's 1argest operating nuc1ear plant
the Browns Ferry Nuclear Facility. 1t 1s genera11y agreed that ignition and
subsequent fire invo1vement of cab1es 1n an uti1ity plantwould probab1y occur
as a consequence of exposure to an external fire rather anfrom se1f-heating
due to overloading or short-circuiting of the cables. Externa1 fires cou1d be
associatedwith a spi11 of flammab1e liquidwith a quantity of trashwith
wood fue1 in the form of boards1addersscaffo1dingpalletsetc.orw1th
a combination of such combust1b1e sources.

The U.5. Nuclear Regu1atory Commission 1s interested 1n 1dentifying data and

modeling or predicting techn1ques that canbe used to extend the exist1ngburn
characteristics of cab1es and of such "f1rst 1tem" burn sources. This is one
of the tasks in support of the RiskMethodo1ogy Integration and Eva1uat1on
Program (RM1EP) for theU.S. Nuc1ear Regu1atory Comm1ss1on. Other tasks of the
RM1EP program involve the identification of usab1emodels for the activation
of detection and suppression devicesthe ident1f1cation of cand1date room
firemode1s for use in the RM1EP programand the identification of areas
where themode1ing capabi11ty can be substantia11y enhanced for future nuclear
power p1ant risk analyses. These other tasks are not addressed further in th1s
report.

This report summarizes current informat1on on the heat re1ease rate characteristics
of power cables and some of the associated potentia1 externa1 ignition sources.
It includes the deve10pment of approximate corre1ations for heat release rate
for trash fires as a function of fire size and for one particu1ar cable tray
array arrangement as a function of the type of cab1e. 1n additiona scheme
is presented for calculating the heat re1ease rate fromwood fuel fires.
'
2.0 Cable Tray Array Burn Characteristics

A review of the 1iterature on cab1e tray fires indicated that therewere no

reliable predictionmode1s for the rate of heat re1easenorwere there direct
heat re1ease rate data availab1eon the burning of fu11-sca1e or intermediate-
sca1e cab1e tray arrays. This findingwas consistent with a review of the subject
by Now1en [1]. Now1en [
2] has estimated the heat re1ease rate fr a fire test
of two vertica1 cab1e trays burning over a 5 ga1 heptane fire based onheat 10ss
measurements from the room. Howeverhe did not separate the re1ative contribution
due to the cab1es a10ne from that portion of the heat release rate due to the
heptane. Hasegawaet a1[
3] attempted unsuccessfu11y to measure direct1y the
heat re1ease rate of cab1es burning in a sing1e vertical array. Theywere able
to measure weight 10ss which can be used to ca1cu1ate the heat re1ease rate.
Unfortunate1yextrapolation of data from fire tests of one or two cab1e trays
to 1arge tray array fires is hope1ess1y complicated by an inadequate understanding
of fire-spread and therma1 feedback among cable trays and the effect of vitiated
air within the array.

Weight 10ss data have a1so beenmeasured by Sumitra [

4] in a series of intermediate-
sca1e fires inv01ving arrays of 12 to 15 cab1e trays. This data togetherwith
actua1 heats of combustion for the cab1es would resu1t in heat re1ease rates for
these fires. The heat of combustion and the unit area heat re1ease rate of a
variety of cable samp1esinc1uding those used in Sumitra's testshave been
rneasured by Tewarson [
5] with his 1aboratory-sca1e test shown in Figure 1 for
2
the f1aming mode of combustion under an irradiance exposure of 60 kw/m This
. With such 1imited informationthe approach adopted
data is'given in Tab1e 1
herewas to base a prediction scheme on a corre1ation of Sumitra's data with
Tewarson's 1aboratory-sca1e data and to use the 1atterin turnto he1p predict
array fire behavior for other types of cab1es.

Surnitra used two test arrangements using open 1adder type of trays. For tests
1-14 with just horizonta1 traysthe array.of twe1ve trays shown in Figure 2
was used. For tests 15-17a r
nix
ed arrangement of twe1ve horizonta1 trays and

threevertica1 traysshown in Figure 3was used. As indicated in Figures 2
and 3a pan of heptane served as the ignition source. The estimated area of
fire inv01vement in the trays at the time of extinguishment was given by
Sumitra for tests 5 to 9 and 13 to 1
6. Fire affected areas were a1so given
for tests 10 and 11 where the fire se1f-extinguished. The fire inv01ved area
reported in each case was not the sum of the affected surface area of each
individua1 cab1e but rather the exposed tray surface area over the fire affected
cab1es. For examp1eeach of the 2.44 x 0.46m open trays had a maximum fire
2 . ._ _
_ 2
inv01vement area of 1.12 m- on the topand 1.12 m- on the bottom. When the
burning rate at the time of extinguishment was p10tted as a function of the fire
involved area for the PE/PVC cab1es in Figure 4the burning ratewas found to
vary 1inear1y with the area of inv01vement. The burning rates at extinguishment
weremeasured between 8 and 15.5minuteswe11 beyond the duration of the heptane
ignition source fires which burned out between 6 and 6.8minutes.

The rate of heat re1ease can be ca1cu1ated eitherwith the burning rate or
with the fire inv01ved surface area using the f0110wing equations:
o

==
HA
m-q
m

A
V

(1)
-

&
n
u

(
2)

~ --Rate of heat re1ease based onmass 10ss (

kw)

QA --Rate of heat re1ease based onpyrolysis area (

kw)

Rate of mass 10ss (kg/s)

kJ
HT --Net heat of comp1ete combustion (~;)

X -- Combustion efficiency
A
<
i
"--Rate of heat release per unit area fromLaboratory test (kW/m2)
2
A --Pyrolysis area (m )

The quantity q
"and the product H""XA measured by Tewarson are given in Table 1
T^A
under theheadings of actua1 heat re1ease rate per unit area and actua1 heat
of combustion. ~ is plotted against QA in Figure 5 for tests 5 to 9 and 13
to 16. The corre1ation shows that

 ~ =0.45 QA (
3)

The cab1emateria1s PE!PVCHypalonand si1icone!asbestos indicated in Figure 5

correspond to cab1e samp1es 58and 22 in Tab1e 1
. The cab1e tests with the
PE!PVC andwith the si1icone!asbestos used an extra tight packing arrangement.
The Hypa10n cab1e tests used packing arrangements ranging from 100se (test 11)
to extra tight (test 10). Howeverboth tests 10 and 11 had burning rates of
only about 0.1 kg!minwith predominant1y scorching rather than pyro1ysis of
the fire affected areas by the heptane ignition source. Consequent1ythese
two tests were not considered for the corre1ation in Figure 5
. Tests 13 and 14
with the Hypa10n cab1es in a different 100se arrangement exhibitedmorevigorous
burning rates of 6.6 and 3.3 kg!min. Sumitra stated that for unknown reasons
the Hypalon was difficu1t to ignite. Given this erratic behavior for the
Hypalon cab1esit was decided to consider on1y the worst casetest 13for
the Hypa10n cab1es in the corre1ation in Figure 5
.

Figure 6 shows the estimated area of fire invo1vement p10tted against time of
extinguishment for the three cab1e types. The s10pe of each 1ine from Figure 6
or rate of fire coverageis then p10tted versus Tewarson's unit area heat re1ease
rate va1ues from his 1aboratory test apparatus in Figure 7
. approachused for
Figure 7 was simi1ar to that adopted by Parker [
6] where it was assumed that the
flame area in the ASTM E 84 tunne1 test was proportiona1 to the tota1 rate of
heat oroduction.

Figure 7 canin turnbe used to estimate the rate of fire coverage for other
types of cab1es tested in Tewarson's apparatus. The resu1ting estimated history
for the pyro1yzing areawhen mu1tip1iedwith.q" from Tab1e 1gives QAversus
t
ir Equation3 then can be used to obtain ~ as a function of time. This
prediction method app1ies on1y to cab1e array arrangementscab1e packing densities
and exposure fires simi1ar to those tested by Sumitra. Hasegawaet a1[
3]
for instancefound that cable packing density could significant1y affect the
burning rate of cab1e tray fires. Thususe of themethod for significant1y
different situations may not be appropriate and wou1d at best give on1y an
approximation for the heat release rate of such cable tray fires.
3.0 Trash Fire Burn Characteristics

Trash fires by Van V01kinburget a1 [

7]Lee [
8]and C1ineet a1 [
9] were
e data is given on Figures 8910 and Tab1e
considered for this ana1ysis. l
2
. VanV01kinburg's fires were conducted in a room such that re-radiation
from the hot gases and heated surfaces cou1d reinforce the burning behavior
of the fue1. Peak cei1ing temperatures ranged from 95 to 3900C for the trash
fires shown in Figures 8 and 9
. This reinforcement wou1dmake the burning
rate somewhat high and thus conservative for hazard ana1ysis. Exc1uded from
Figure 8 was a fire inv01ving a 121 1iter combustib1ewastebasket fi11edwith
72 mi1k cartonswhich exce~ded a cei1ing temperature of 4000 C in a 1ittle
over 60 s and exceeded 8000 C in 180 s
. Radiative feedbackvaries as temperature
raised to the fourth power. At such e1evated temperaturesthe radiative
feedbackwou1d cause the burning rate to be excessively high and wou1d be
too unrea1istic for free-burning hazard analysis. t shou1d be noted that the
temperature of 3300 C indicated at 120 s for that firewas in error in
V01kinburg's report and shou1d have been about 6000cto be consistent with
its heat re1ease rate curve. Discussions with Fisher [
10]one of the authors
verified that conc1usion.

1n order to re1ate the heat re1ease rate from the burning trash with the
size of the firean effective diameter for each trash fire had to be determined.
Obvious1yon1y data where the size 0
f the container was known cou1d be used.
An examination of three waste container sizes of 30 ga120 ga1 and 8 ga1 at
the NBS fire test faci1ity indicated an aspect ratio of height to diameter of
about 1.25 This ratio was assumed for Van V01kinburg's and Cline's data.
Lee's datawere for 0.3 m high pi1es of c10thes and fabrics on the f100r
and the actua1 pi1e diameters were used. For situations where two and three
similar bags were pi1ed togetherthe effective diameters were taken to be
1 3times the diameter of one bagrespective1y.
2and 1 Figure 11 gives a
corre1ation of the trash fire data. The quantity A is the area of the
container opening p1us the exterior side area of a combustib1e container.
2 2
For exarnp1ea 32 ga1 container has 0.19 m on the top and 0.96 m on its sides.
The peak unit area heat release rate decreased with increasing diameter much
1ike that for 1iquid po01 fires [11] in the 1aminar range of burning. For po01

~
firesthe rates increase with size for diameters between 0.3 and 1.0 m. This
behavior was absent in Figure 1
1. One important parameter 1acking in the
corre1ationwas packing density. The trash fires cou1d be p10tted as in
Figure 12 where two curves ccrresponding to packing densities of about 30 and
loo kg/m3were observed Lee's data had rates whichweremuch 10wer than the
3
curve for the 30 kg/m~ packing density. l
e reason for this 10w rate was that
fire penetration into the pi1es of c10thes and fabrics was 1imited by the pi1e
height of 0.3 m. Consequent1ypyr01ysis of the combustib1es at depths greater
than 0.3m which certain1y happened for the other trash firescou1d not occur
and contribute to these fires. Without more experimenta1 data on the r01e of
packing densityinterp01ation and extrap01ation of the data 1n Figure 12 are
difficu1t.

Figure 13 shows an enve10pe containing essentia11y a11 of the observed heat re1ease
rate curves for the trash fires in Figure 11. l
e curve in Figure 13 was somewhat
10wbetween 6 and 12 minutes for the rubbish bag fire and for Lee's databut
the discrepancies were not serious. Figure 13 and Figure 11 may be usedwith
the awareness that the corre1ation was fair1y crude and that heat re1ease rates
might increasewith diameter when an effective diameter exceeded a va1ue of
about 1.0m.

4.0 Wood Fire Burn Characteristics

Fires r
nig
ht not propagate or cou1d spread slow1yrapid1yor a1most spontaneous1y
on a wood surface depending on the incident f1ux environment. The effect of
incident f1ux on f1ame spread on simp1e wood configurations such as boards and
even scaffo1ding is known. Once part of a board has ignitedinvo1vement of
the vertica1 surface direct1y above the ignition areawou1d be rapid. As an
approxirnationsuch vertica1 f1ame.
invo1vement could be assumed to be instantaneous.
F1ame spread in the horizonta11atera1and downward directions can not occur
unless a critical flux leve1 for that material has been achieved. Quintiere and
Hark1eroad [12] have tabu1a 4
;sin
this crit1cal flux for flame spread
Tab1e 3 for a variety of wood products. They a1so derived the fo110wing
expression for flame spread velocity:

 (
4)

(t) = 1

= ~ b A tS tm

l t tm (
5)

andwhere V - f1ame spreadve10c1ty

c - spec1f1c heat
C - flame spread parameter
h heat 10ss coefficient
k - therma1 conductivity
q
_
0
~_ -c
1g
rit1ca1 f1ux for 19n1t10n

(x) - externa1 rad1ant f1ux

b - parameter in equat10n
t - time
tm-characteristic equilibrium t1me

-dens1ty
Use of F(t) accounted for the trans1ent heating of the s01id. l
equant1t1es
q~
~
s' C q~ ~_
v ~o ig' b
and t
LI "_
m are g1ven 1n Tab1e 3 for severa1wood products. A
Q U
ol

typical p10t of equat10n 4 1s g1ven 1n Figure 14where the above quantit1es are
further described. The quant1ty q~ ~_ can a1so be obta1ned by 1ndirect measure-
o
ig
ment by extrap01ating the data 1nFigure 4 to zerove10city. These extrap01ated
values for q~ ~_ are given in Tab1e 3 under the heading of Number 2
. An enve10pe
oig
covering the f1ame spreadveloc1tyversus f1ux data for thewood products 1isted
in Table 3 is given in Figure 1
5.

Once the area of fire inv01vement has been determined from f1ame spread
considerationsthen it can bemultip1ied by its heat re1ease rate per unit
area. Va1ues for the 1atter are givenby Chamber1ain [
13] in Table 4
. As for

the radiative and convective components of wood firesAtreya [14] has determined
these to be 23 and 77 percentrespective1yof the total heat release from
the fire.

1n many industria1 and power plant facilities more complex configurationwood

fue1s such as pallets may be present. Krasner [
15] has studied the burning
characteristics of 4 ft x 4 ft x 5.5 in pa11ets weighing 70 pounds each individua11y
as we11 as inmu1tip1e pa11ets pi1ed in a sing1e stack. The averagemaximum
burning ratedefined by Krasner to be the observed relatively constant rate
of maximum burning over a four to fiveminute periodis given in Figure 16 as
a function of height of the stack of pa11ets. Alpert and Ward [16] presented
the heat release rate histories for severa1 stack heights. Their data is given
in Figure 17. From Figure 16a 4 foot high stackhas a maximumburning rate
of about 43 1b/minwhich when multiplied with a heat of combustionva1ue of
about 7500 Btu/lbresu1ts in the 4 minute averagemaximumva1ue of about
5400 Btu/s in Figure 17.

5.0 Combustible Liquid Burn Characteristics

Accidenta1 fires with f1ammab1e 1iquids cou1d occurwith the 1iquid exposed
in an opened container or with the 1iquid spi11ed on a surface. With a spi11ed
liquidthe fue1 may be confined or unconfined. 1n generalthe 1iquid depth
in a confined spi11 is expected to be greater than in an unconfined spi11. For
unconfined spil1s on a perfect1y level f100rthe time for the 1iquid to spread
he fina1
depends on the 1iquid viscosity and the roughness of the f100r.'
depth depends on the surface tension of the 1iquid and on the contact angle
between the 1iquid and the substrate.

Modak [17] has determined unconfined spi11 depths for hydrocarbon 1iquids on
epoxy-coated concrete and steel floors. This data is given in Tab1e 5
. For poo1s
of f1ammab1e 1iquidsBabrauskas [18] recommended that theburning rate" for
poo1s with diameters greater than 0.2 m be given by

t
 U
l" = (1-e-
k s D
~"'...~) (
6)

and the heat re1ease rate be given by

dzAhc t
n" A (7)

where:

Azpool area(m2
D = po01 diameter (
m)
Ahc=heat of combustion
kJ/kp)
k = extinction coefficient (m ~)
m= po01maS8 1088 rate (kg/m2/s)
=1nfinite-diameterpoolmassloss rate
kg/m2/s
s= mean beam length corrector (

Va1ue8 for the above quantities are given in Table 6

.

The time to po01 ignition (attainment of firepoint) canbe obtained from

equations byModak [
17]which relate temperature rise of the pool to incident
flux and exposure time. ~Qf wefe

eQuaelol
1L
lUdt
w.
...
?



'L._
---
a _
_
__

....~...'"".&.;;~-.

5.1 For combustib1e f1uid depth > 20mm

-

The surface temperature rise i8 givenby

q

f
/
2


b
E

= [de ~
m

[T (0
M

t)-T ]
p

EJ

e

k
r
z
e
c

1 O

-
(
8)
2
q
"

where: To = the ambient temperature

t = the time
1-y = the surface layer ab80rption
k = the absorption coefficient

 4
"=the net flux (approx. 65% of incident f1ux)
= the therma1 conductiv1ty

P1c1 = the v01umetr1c heat capacity of the f1uid

n=3.14

and

=
1 " 1
'
/
'
p
"

'
1
c1s the therma1 diffusivity of the oi1. l
-1
e first term in
Eq. 8 represents the classica1 solution for a non-transparent (y = 0 or k ~) medium:


EE
FIt

'

L-nv

-
-

EJ EEEJ
-

-
n
AU
&

-tIL

M

c
'

(9)
-

-
a

- i

where OT = (
T1(
O

-
t
-
) -T0) is the surface temperature rise above ambient.
-n

In the use of his equationsModak recommended that the fol10wing properties

be used for hydrocarbon 1iquids and typica1 concrete or stee1 f1oors:

PROPERTIES OF HYDROCARBON LIQUIDS*

(300 - 600 K)

Therma1 conductivity 125

l l
'm'
t
-/(m.K)

Vo1umetric heat 1.9

capacity p1c m3
-1MJ/ K)

Surface 1ayer absorption 0.45

(l-y)

Absorption coefficient 48
km l

*Va1ues representative of most hydrocarbon f1uids

1n
 MEAN THERMAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE AND STEEL

c0 m
aw

n
e

v
c
r2

nK
u
-G

d
mA

44

44

V
-L

Vo1umetric Heat Capacity

r


pc
MJ/(m3

'
K)

J
2-2

Concrete 1.8 2.10

(at 373 K)

Stee1 46 3.62
(at 300 K)

In his comparison of theorywith expertmentgiven in Figures 1819and

20therewas good agreement when the net f1ux ~" was aS8umed to be
approximate1y 65 percent of the inc1dent f1ux.

5.2 Finite depth spi11s opaque to therma1 radiation

The time-dependent temperature rise over ambientdTof the 1iquid 8urface i8

ZM

0.

-EE--J
Eti--1

11-JJ
n
E
EEE

e
r

A

c
-
E

EEE

44
4

/
c
-

(
10)
-

Hered is the depth of the spi11 and 0 i8 the ratio (1-m)/(1+

) where
m is defined by
-
-m

1
I'

'
c
c

n
0


aF

T-

q

'-

and 2P2c2 1s a property of the substrate

e
Equation 10 shows some fami1iar features: for 1argeva1ues of the para ter

7

)
-Eq. 10
F
l
ba
i

 d
For (thin spi11aJ _ oEq. 10 reduces to:
V1t

I 1/2
OT =2
q"(_'
:_ (11)
1 p "c J
""2~2-21 "

Equation 11 imp1ies that the temperature response of the thin spi11 is

essentia11y the same as the surface temperature response of the semi-infinite
substrate over which the (thin) 1ayer of oi1 is spilled.

5.3 Finite depth spi11s transparent to therma1 radiation

The surface temperature rise is given by

This imp1ies thatfor thin spi11sboth opaque as we11 as transparentmodels

yie1d the same solution. For thick spi11sthe transparent model is not a very
meaningfu1mode1: Eq. 12 shows that for the thick case OT tends to zero. The
semi-transparentsemi-infinitemode1 assumed for equation 8 is more suitab1e
for thick spi11s.

Modak compared theorywith expertment for finite depth spil1s in Figures 21

and 22 with the conclusion that the opaque solution is better suited for the
finite spil1 fires studied.

As for the radiation fraction of the combustion energy for hydrocarbon pool
firesMudan [
19] has studied the prob1emwith the resu1ts given in Tab1e 7
.
6.0 Summary

1
. There is current1y no direct heat re1ease rate data avai1ab1e on
theburn1ng of fu11-sca1e or intermediate-sca1e cab1e tray arrays.
Howeverexistingweight 10ss datameasured in a series of inter-
med1ate-sca1e fireswas used to estimateheat re1ease rate(s). The
latterwere usedin turnt
o deve10p a prediction scheme for fu11-
scale fire behavior based on 1aboratory-sca1eheat re1ease rate data
for cables. For cab1e array arrangementscablepacking densities
and exposure fires significant1y different fr thoseused for the
prediction schemethe use of thismethodmaynot be appropriate and
would at best give on1y an approximation for theheat release rate
of such cab1e tray fires.

. Trash fire datawas reviewedand thepeakunit area rate of heat
2
re1ease from these fires was corre1atedwith size of the trash container.
Packing densitywas shown to be significant in theburningbehavior
of trash. A genera1ized heat release ratehistorybased on thepeak
unit area rate of heat releasewas suggested for trash fires.

3
. A method for predicting the heat re1ease ratehistory of simplewood
fuel configurationswas given based on existing flame spread data
correlations and unit area rate of heat release data from 1aboratory
fire tests. Formore comp1ex configurationwood fuelstheburning
characteristics of wood pa11ets cou1dbeused as anapproximation.

4
. A reviewof the 1iterature on f1ammab1e liquid spi11 fires indicated
that existing theorywas adequate for roughlypredicting the time to
ignit10n for spills of varying sizethicknessand opacity and the
subsequent rate of heat release.

1
.
7.0 References

. Now1enS.P."A Literature Review of Quantitative Information on the

1
Behavior of Materia1s in Fire as Re1ated to Nuc1ear Power P1ant Fires".
Sandia Nationa1 LaboratoryA1buquerqueN.M. Rough draft June 291934.

. Now1enS.P."Heat Re1ease Rates During the Sandia/U.L. 20 Foot Separation

2
Tests". Sandia Nationa1 LaboratoriesA1buquerqueN.M. Letter Report
June 1984.

. HasegawaH.K.et a1Fire Protection Research for DOE Faci1ities: FY 82

3
Year - End Report. Lawrence Livermore Nationa1 LaboratoryUniversity of
CaliforniaLivermoreCa1ifornia; September 21983.

. SumitraP.S."Categorization of Cab1e F1annnabi1ity. ntermediate-Sca1e

4
Fire Tests of Cab1e Tray Insta11ations". FactoryMutua1 Research Corporation
NorwoodMass. Interim Report NP-1881 Research Project 1165-1; August 1982.

. TewarsonA
5 .and LeeJ.L.and PionR.F."Categorization of Cab1e
F1ammabi1ity. Part 1
: Experimenta1 Eva1uation of F1ammabi1ity Parameters
of Cab1es Using Laboratory-Sca1e Apparatus". Factory Mutua1 Research
CorporationNorwoodMass. EPRI Project RP 1165-1; Ju1y 1979.

. ParkerW.J."An Assessment of Corre1ations Between Laboratory and Fu11

6
Sca1e Experiments for the FAAAircraft Fire Safety ProgramPart 3
: ASTM
E84". Nat. Bur. Stand.(U.S.) NBSIR82-2564; January 1983.

. Van Vo1kinburgD.R.et a1"Toward a Standard Ignition Source." Lawrence

7
Berke1ey LaboratoryUniversity of Ca1iforniaBerke1eyCa1ifornia. Paper
No. 78-64; October 1978.

. LeeB.T."Effect of Venti1ation.
8 on the Rates of HeatSmokeand Carbon
Monoxide Production in a Typica1 Jai1 Ce11 Fire". Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.)
NBSIR82-2469; March 1982.

4
. C1ineD.D. andVon RiesemannW.A.and ChavezJ.M."Investigation of
9
Twenty-Foot Separation Distance aS a Fire ProtectionMethod as Specified
in 10 CFR50Appendix R" Sandia Nationa1 LaboratoriesA1huquerqueN.M.
NUREG/CR-3192 SAND 83-0306 RP; October 1983.

1
0. FisherF.L.Persona1 Communication. Lawrence Berke1eyLaboratory
University of Ca1iforniaBerkeleyCalifornia.

1
1. B1ackshearP.L.and KanuryA.M."Some Effects of SizeOrientation
and Fue1M01ecu1arWeight on the Burning of Fue1-SoakedWicks". E1eventh
Combustionpp. 545-552
Symposium (Internationa1) on. le Combustion
InstitutePittsburghPA; 1967.

1
2. QuintiereJ.G.and Harke1eroadM."New Concepts forMeasuring F1ame :
.
Spread Properties". Symposium onApp1ication of Fire Science to Fire
EngineeringASTM STP 882American Society of Testing andMateria1s
Phi1ade1phiaPA; (19851)

. Chamber1ainD.L."Heat Re1ease Rates of Lumber andWood Products".

3
Behavior of Po1ymeric Materia1s in FireASTM STP 816pp 21-41E.L.
SchafferEd.American Society for Testing andMateria1sPhilade1phia
PA; 1983.

1
4. AtreyaA
."Pyro1ysisIgnition and Fire Spread onHorizonta1 Surfaces
ofWood". Doctor of Phi10sophy thesis in Engineering. Harvard University
CambridgeMass.; May 1983.

1
5. KrasnerL
."Burning Characteristics ofWooden Pa11ets as a Test Fue1".
FactoryMutua1 Research CorporationNorwoodMass. Progress Report Seria1
No16437; May 271968.

1
6. AlpertR.L. andWardE.J."Evaluation of Unsprinklered Fire Hazards".
Fire Safety Journa1Vo1. 7No. 2pp 127-143; 1984.

1r
:
;
17. ModakA.T."Ignitabi1ity of High-Fire-Point Liquid Spi11s". Factory
Mutua1 Research CorporationNorwoodMas
s. Fina1 Report NP-1731
ResearchProject 1165-1; March 1981.

18. BabrauskasV
."Estimating Large Poo1 Fire Burning Rates". Fire
Techno1ogyVo1. 19No. 4pp 251-261; November 1983.

19. MudanK.S."Therma1 RadiationHazards fromHydrocarbon Pool Fires".

Progress in Energy and Combustion ScienceVol. 10No. 1pp 59-80; 1984.

lA
 Tab1e 1
HEAT ASE RATE PER UNIT A A oHEAT OF COUSTI~Rr~~ING FI
5J
OF CABLE SAMPLES IN NORMAL AIR AT 60 kW/m- - [

IEEE He~t.Re~ease .~~~e2~er

383 Unit Area (kW/m-) Heat of Combustion (kJ/g)
Cab1e Sa Rating Actua1 Convective Radi.tive Actual Convective R.di.tive
(1
ld PE ) NK 1071 398 673 31.3 11.6 19.7
5
PE/PVC ( ) Fail 589 325 264 24.0 13.0 11.0
XPE/FRXPE (
13) PaS8 475 207 268 28.3 12.3 16.0
4
PE/PVC ( ) Fail 395 175 220 25.1 11.1 14.0
PE/PVC
(6) NK 359 228 131 22.0 14.0 8.0
XPE/Neoprene (
*2) NK 354 166 188 12.6 5.9 6.7
pp/Cl
PE S.PE (
12) Pass 345 131 214 17.4 6.6 10.8
.
.
. PE/PVC (
13) NK 312 185 127 30.8 18.3 12.5

XPE!Neoprene (
17) Pass 302 144 158 10.3 4.9 5.4
PEPP/Ct.S.PE (
8) Pass 299 160 139 29.6 15.8 13.9
PEpp/Cl
S.PE (
11) Pas 271 172 99 26.8 17.0 9.8
FRXPE/Cl
S.PE (115) Pass 258 112 146 17.3 7.5 9.8
PENylonjTVCNylon ( 9
) NK 231 120 110 9.2 4.8 4.4
PENy1on/PVCt
Jy10n (
18) NK 218 107 111 10.2 5.0 5.2
XPE/Cl
S.PE (
16) Pass 204 135 69 13.9 9.2 4.7
Si1icone91ass braidasbestos (
22) Pass 182 152 30 24.0 20.0 4.0
1
XPE/XPE ( 4) Pass 178 107 71 12.5 7.5 5.0
PP/Cl.S
PE PE (
10) Pass 177 114 62 19.0 12.3 6.7
Silicone91.8s braid (
21) NX 128 89 39 25.0 17.5 7.3
2
Tef10n ( 0) Paso 98 82 16 3.2 2.7 0.4

aAvexaqe peak values NK - Not known

 PeakHeat
-m-
x
ro

n
eN

e+
P

Fue1 Source Re1ease Rate

(kW)

3 9.1kg computerpaper crump1ed 109

up in twop1astic trashbags.

411 11.4 kg rags7 .7 kgpaper towe1s 119

5.9 kg p1astic g10ves and tape5.9kg
methy1 a1coho1. Contentsmixed in two
40 gal trashb ags.

510 13.6 kg computer paper crump1edup and 109

divided in two 7.5 kg (50g a1) p1astic
trash c
an s.

9 4.6 kg crup1edup computerpaper 40

and 31.8kg fo1ded computerpaper.
Paper even1y divided into twobags.

Table 2
. SimulatedTrashFireExperiments at SandiaNationalLaboratories [
9]

18
 Tab1e 3

Ignition and F1ame Spread Characteristics Under

Constant Irradiance Conditions [ 12]

Critica1 f1ux
Critica1 for ignition
f1ux C
for spread (
1) (2)*

q"s q~ ig q~ ig b t
m
Materia1 (W/cm2)
(W/cm2) W/cm2
(s-1/2) (s)

P1ywoodP1ain (O.635cm) 0.4 1.8 1.2 1.6 0.07 190.

P1ywoodP1ain (l.27cm) 0.3 1.5 1.4 1.6 0.07 225.
Hardboard (6.35mm) 0.4 5.8 1.0 1.0 0.03 1190.

4
Hardboard (3.175mm) 0.1 2.2 1.3 1.4 0.05 420.
Hardboard S159M 0.1 1.8 1.5
Partic1e Board (l.27cm 0.9 3.2 1.7 1.8 0.05 342.
stock)
Doug1as Fir Partic1e Board 0.6 2.0 1.7 1.6 0.05 395.
(l.27cm)
Chipboard (Sl18~1) 0.4 2.2 1.6
WoodPane1 (S178M) 0.4 1.1 1.6
Fiberboard10wdensity 0.1 1.3 1.2
(Sll9M)

-1/2
*from intersect of V vs q F(t)

 T McanHRR.kW1
m'
.
...
.
N
E p
t.a
l Fnt F 1 10
a l
-'N
D
ua
aa
iam

h


d Ipi.

H
JUl

F



5D H
Avcrqe Avua
'
R
e /
m
fa
Bhuuff-

l(8cu/fr)
&n p iD
t
2..iD.1Mmbc:r s 1
7 1
34 9
6 1
09 5
7.7(}
g1IfIr
2""1 3 1
24 1
9 7
9 .
&
3.8(38J



pfIr
2b'6.
)
Iedwd
1
1
1

2byiD.1u
4

9
I
S

11
2
i

2
0
"
1
18
5
9

9
S
78

7
1
4
5

3
.

8.
3(
3

1(
3
9

3
}

}
p
6r
iD.ply
w 2 1
2 1
7 I
lS 9
0 70 3
8.8(
34)
&l6rt
.I
' D
anIpI)'lW 3 s 1
9 1
19 9
8 12 4
3.4(
382
0)
P
ana
drb
oar
d.
3 2
1
04 1
32 9
5 E
5
8.8(
518
0)


iliaJ&akA
h s 10 62 9
6 61
d~...1 B 5 9 41 1
( 83 6S
Hard
.
JDCt
aWr
Y
v
R.
Fm
zt
c
d.
1 1
18
4 2
.
s 2
9 l
5S
Har.
.
% 3 2
1 1
97 1
58 94 1
20
tw
.
a
ubd
c.
:ID 3 3
3 1
53 3
80 1
12

Table 4
. Rate of heat release per unit area for selected
wood products [
13]
2 i)~ F
1l c 1
PRCO~
t) Cot-ls.

DR
::
-r
I
C J -
e OI
'
. fCC-.
C
:
r
((~. ) i 1
-

20
 '
l
'able 5
UNCONFINEDSPILLDEPTHSFORHYDROCARBONLIQUIDS
ONEPOXY-COATEDCONCRETEANDSTEEL[1
7]

Li
quid Sp111 Depth }
.2 Puel oil 0.22
6 Residual oi1 NA
Mobi1 D'l'E 797 0.34
Pennzo11 301m 0.75
Fyrque1 220 0.84

21
 TABLE 6 D for Lr~ P
I1BUr
rU
n RauE
t
i1l
l4u [18]
.
'
8 h T

NctA
l z
ahg
mmi
r
yaaJKh
694&Jh
g
l
c
qJ
l
m -.' t
m-1
t UR
1m(l r


.

n.
c


0
7l
L
AN
qFGd
t
tE
H l
FCHd
T 442 1
20.
0 0
.16
9( O
. 6.
1(0 .
4' 16 4
.5


LPGtm t
lyCJiJ
415
685
619
426
.0 0
46
.07

0 .9
.
0
8(
O
.
.
018
)1
) 1
.
1( 0.
.
4(0
8
.
6
' 0
.
) 0
.
6 16 1
4 - 1
.
0
4
.
.
3
3
0
5

AlcohoL
s
Met.h
anltcH
o OHt 796 1230 2
0.0 0
.017 O
.
1)
13 6.22
.37
E&DOlfC.H.OHI 194 1)() 2
6.8 0.
01 0
6( .
(
0
1) 0
.
2
.
4 E 907
.9 .31

S
tmBu
puhn
OeF
t
(
ZC
CJ
J
4

i
.FL
.l
J
673 370 4
5.7 0
.078( O
. 3
)2.1(0.
3)
Benz.meCC. H.
l 874 4
0.1 O
. 5 O. 2
)2.7t0.
3) 4
.
- 6
0 1460S .
31.3
8
He.uDet c.H.J &0 4S0 4
4.7 0
.074 O. 5
t1.9 0} 2)()5.
38.3
9
675 5 4
4.6 0
.101( O
. t1
.1t0.3
) 22.
33
X
HH
epeu
ae
se
tC1C
J
i
HJ
.I 870 655 4
0.8 0.
090 O. i
t1.4 0.
.8
) s
AC2Df( CJi.Ol 191 670 2
5.8 .O
O -
i1 O. 3
11.9 0.
.) 0
3 .8 9.
29.3
7
DiOu.Df tC.H.OI 1035 630 2
6.2 0.0
1
8 6
.4. 33
D hyleUot C.H
..o
) 114 385 3
4.2 0.0
85(0.01
8)0.7(0.
.3
) s
P~trolm Pr cb
Benzine 740 4
4.7 0.
G- O
48( . 2
13.
6( 0.
4' 3
G. line 740 330 4
3.7 0.055 O
. 2
121 0
. .
3t 2.
0 14503.
18.2
'.31
.38
.39
Kero 820 670 4
3.2 0.039 O
. 3
)3.
5(0 .
8) 2.
6 14803
.21


JP-4 7 4
3.5 0.051 O. 2
13.
6(0 .1" 12203
.16.
21.3
4
JP5 810 7 4
3.0 0.054 O
. 2
)1.
6( 0.) 0
3 .
5 12 8
.14.
15.3
2
Tran

sformer
hydr arbon 160 46
0.039 0
.7. l022
Fueloil.b vy 9401 39.
7 0 .
035(:t0
. 3
)1
.
7(0
.6) 3.
6
Crudeo i
l 830- O 4
2.5-
'2.
70.02
2-0.0
45 2.8(0
.4) - 3.38

S
oli
d!
Polymeyl
meL ay1
ate 1
18-
4 1
611 2
4.9 0
.00( O
2 . 2
13.
3(~O.8) 1
.3 1 2.
2601 26
Va
1uei
nde
pen
den
tof am~ter rbe.n t gime
Onlytwodaupoin~ .\'a.ila bl~

22
Tab1e 7 Radiation fraction of combustion energy for hydrocarbonpool fires [
19]

Z
Po01 size Radiative output/
Hydrocarbon (m
) Combustion output

Methan01 1.
.22 17.0
LNG on 1and 18.0 16.4
" 0.4-3.05 15.0-34.0
" 1.8 6.1
20.0-25.0
" 20.0 36.0
LNG onwater 8.5-15.0 12.0-31.0*
LPG on 1and 20.0 7.0
Butane 0.3-0.76 19.9-26.9
Gas01ine 1.22-3.05 40.0-13.0*
Gas01ine 1.0-10.0 60.1-10.0*
Benzene 1.22 36.0-38.0
Hexane 40
Ethy1ene 38

*ln these casesthe sma11er diameter fireswere associatedwithhigher

radiative outputs.

23
1 LABORATORY-SCALE FLAMtBILITYAPPARATUS

24

@ @

40'
fi
ll(
tpi
cot
>
.

it I
A.
. H
.
.
.
i i ! T

u


.()pe
f

1 11 1 J'"

4
;1
so.p

1 1 1
_
.
1

1
0'.
1 1
t
dl 1 1

"
l8HI
TIONSOUACE:

.

AH.a'l a4.

"
"-
'''t1l

.
.
""
D p pon
0
111111J

2
.

.

zzlefor Ex t1n~u1shment

+-N

'LAN YIEW
Figure 2 rizontal Tray Test Setup [
.
4]

25
 Vert1:
cal Tr.y A

(16 h1gh 1n Test 1
S
8' h1gh 1nests

"llli
12 and 17)

-VerticalTray B

-
0
.
.

F
III ('"Itol)

i
.
11
./
1
L
__.
.J
T
L--J L___j I

4
;

.
0.

"
1L-LJ L
.JI
I

1
0'.

.
...
J L-..J
101
11-I

-L
J L.__J

;.
mm. i:

.
h1elded port1on of the array 1n Test
15 only
.

._
.-
.
-
..
@" :
.
1
'.
"

1..
.


-

eNozzl for Ext1n1
1 hment

LAN VIEW

Figure 3 Mixed Tray Test Setup [

4]

26
 28
150

T
estnum
berind
icat
ed
f
orea
chd a
tumpoi
nt
018

C 20

E
-
.

16


N

-
z
z

12

81
- / 05 08

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
TRAYSURFACEAREA(m2)
Figure 4 Tray surface area over fire-affected cables versus burning.rate for PE/PVC cables

o-

Fw
&

@
co

a" @coo
-
o

aa-
-
C
I

-
a
a
h
10

zv
'p""

e
'p""

~
'p""



@
0



'
.0 F
.
0

@
"

.c
@


~


E
C'
LH

'

@ @

(M

28
 40 PE/PVC
Rate-2.3m2/min
36
32

28

NPEVd

24 PEPP/C8.PE
Z Z

Rate-O.50m2/mln

tJ
20
1
.0

18
m

12

8 81
1ICO
"8glassasbestos
Rate-0.074m2/m
4

10 20 30 40 50 60 70
TIME(
min
)

Figure 6
. Fire involved area versus time
 2;4

2
.2

2
.0
CEV @ 00 J L L O

1
.8

1
.6

1
.4

1
.2

1
.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

100 200 300 400 500 600

F
.M.FLAMMABILITYAPPARATUS
RATEOFHEATRELEASE(kW/m
Figure 7
. Rate of fire coverage versus rate of heat release

30
 700

125I I
ter(32gal)r
. u
bbl8hbag1 8p O
lyeth
ylene.
600 ContentsareatrawgrassEucalyptusduff
. Total
welghto .1k
f4 g
.

2
. 6.6IItr(1.75g
e al.
)c ontai
nerispolyethyleneand
v
C

weighs0.23k g. Contentsaretwelve0.95l i
ter

500

cardbQardmikcaon8weighing0.45k
l g.
ZuhO

400

300
/RUbbiShbag

200 6.6t
it
erwastec
ont
ain
er

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TIME(min)

Figure 8
. Trash fires [
7]

31
 700
TRASHBAGFIRES
Each 11 ga.lbaghas 1polyethylenebag
600 12polystyrenecups17papercupsand
0.91 kgo ffluf
fed
-uppapertowelsf ora
tot
alo f 1.17kg

500
Z L O

400

4
J

300

200

100

1 2 3 4 5 e 7 8 9 10
TIME(
mln
)

Figure 9
. Trash fires [
7]

t
.i
 800

500

ZV

400 --2.7kg off

abr
ictorchi
gnl
tlo
nof
onecorner

4.5kgplleofclot
hestorch
ign
iti
onalongonecorner
ZLFZ

300

(
.
.
:1
(
.
.
:
1

200

100

2 4 e 8 10 12 14 18 18 20 24 28 28
TIMEFROMI G
NITI
ON(min)
Figure 1
0. Fire tests of pi1es of c10thes and fabrics [
8]
 500

400

E
N
E
300 OUC R



' ~
UC A10
Ouc A2


0

(
.N




200
" OUC A3

Q.

100
NBS-Cn
NBS-FU

0.1 0
.2 0
.3. 0
.4 0
.5 0
.8 0.7 0
.8 0.9
EFFECTIVEDIAMETER(
m)
I I I 1____ __L_~ 1 I I I I I I I I
o 0
.20
.40
.60
.81
.0 1
.21
.41
.61
.82
.02
.22
.42
.82
.8
EFFECTIVEDIAMETER(ft)
Figure 11. Heat re1ease rate corre1ation with size of trash fire

.
/
 600

P
ackin
gd e
nsiy(kg/m3)
t
500 i
ndl
cate
db e
sidee
achdatt.
m
O Ab 30kg/m3
6 Abot100kg/m3
u
400

E


.
a o~~
35
R
.0 UCA20
t
29


U
ba
2

200
100kg/m3

at-
"
UCA1

'S

a
4

RU
N
029

se
o

0
L

100

e
NBS-C 51n
NBS-F30V

0
.1 0
.2 0
.3 0
.4 0
.5 0
.8
.
7 0
.8
EFFECTIVEDIAMETER(m)
1 . _
1 _
1 ___j___~J___m 1 I I 1__L J___
1 I I
o 0
.20.40 . 60 .8 1 .01
.21
.4 1
.81
.82
.02.22
.42
.8
EFFECTIVEDIAMETER(
Figure 1
2. Heat re1ease rate corre1ationwith size of trash fire

o
v JZ

(Q/A)peak

L
L

f40kW1m2
Minvalueo

2 4 e 8 10 12 14 18 18 20 22 24
TIME(
mln
)

Figure 13. Enve10pe ontaining a11 of the observed heat re1ease rate curves for trash fires


2
.0

1
.0

0
.4 .
8 1
.2 1
.8
d
;F(
t}

Figure 1
4. Correlation ofvelocitywith flux
[
12]

37
 e

5 Envelopecoveringdataf or
plywoodwoodpanelp artic
le
boardchipboardfiberboard
and hardboard
4 Approximate8veragevelocity
(

f
unc
tio
n
)

3
Fl

1 2 3 4
q F
(t) W/cm2

Figure 15. Enve10pe containing ve10city versus f1ux data

for wood products [12]

38
 1 1 . I

100-

60

40

o 1
2
PILEHEIGJIT

F
igu
re1
6. AVERAGEMA MUMBURN
lNGRATEVS. PILEHEIGHT [15]
 2000

1
5
000
ue

n
v

5
000

5 1
5
Time (
Min
.)

Figure 17. Heat re1ease rate for sing1e stacks of wood pa11ets [16]

40
 150

u
-


Jp
q
LE
zs
e

.
e

s
ESE-aeF -uesm

- M oured
1Moretic
alC v
es
(Eq9) Withq..13.8
1.9ond6.8kW/m2

x
tur
P.nnzoil HDWith 10%
Lampblacll Mi
External Fx:1 !
.8kW/m2

e
Arn n
ilD p
t
t~ 299K
h:l20mm

50 10

Exposur. Time. S e
.
I
SO

Figure 1
8. t1easured surface temperature of an opaquesemi-infinite
medium compared with theory using three different va1ues of net f1ux
2
2 2
of 13.88.9 and 6.8 kW/m and an exter 1a
l l f1ux of 13.8 kW/m

41
 -
M

(.'lr"OI Flu.: 1
3.1l
W/" 2
4.22ae

A" t
ti
.' :2 "K
a
'oolDp
th:120"
''
''
.2a
gg ze-ae eta

1
1
11
11
Eaplrimtntol D F.

.
or..
2F
&0 Oil

. Mobil DTE 797
30HD nd F1rQ1220
P
ennz
oil

Thlor1CEQ 8
)
c
i-.
IOkW/" 2

100 200 300

[apOlur Tim" S c
.

(shaded region) of four seml-

Figure 19. Measured surface temperatures
semi-i niteh ocarbon 1 ids c aredUth?ory
ransparent
flux of iOKlVIII2and an external flux of 13.8k
W/IIl-.
using a net

42



M-.4.zsas
EItr n
olFlu
x:26kW/m2

oo
P l
DP
Ambin
t
h:1
2
t
:299K
0'
"'
"
.2a
EEE--

t
f
1
.
11
11
11 Eap r

i "'01 Ooto F
o
r Mobil DTE717

PonzoiI10HD "d 'J ~I 220

e
u
-

Th
Ior
LF

J (EQ 8
)

-
. 15'kW/" 2
.
-
FL

10 10 10 400

Elpo ur Ti.. S C.
e
r
u

U
.

Comparison of theory and experiment for net f1ux of 1

56kW/m
r

and an external flux of 26 kW/m-.

43
 1&0
J

U-
co
. n
fi"
. lf
dSpi
l A'
.n nzoil10HD0"
e

.

s Subltrote
--
aEa gea

E
.tt
r 1F
lul:1
3.8WlI" I

'

0
Amb..nt:299k
o

.

S
pil
lD p
th P
.nn
zol 30tD:O.75m
i
t v t
nv
EE20 aeFSS
FG

'mw

.00 300
E

"
T
if
.
n S
ec.

Figure 2
1. Comparison of experiment a
nd the rangepredicted by two
theoretica1 l
imi
ts for a
n unconfineG s
pil
1 ofPennzoil 3
0-1
-10o
na
s
tee
1 substrate.

44
 u-J
a
nvnv
e

d.ZaEd @
h

'e
ad @'mgeS'E-aEe -

tJnconfinedS
pillofPe
nnz
oil
30HOonEToxy-Coated
Concret.Subltrat.
8kW/m2

ElternolF&u:13
.
e

Ambitnt:299K
?

S
pil
l Dtplho
fPennzo
il!O HO:O.75mm

100 200 300

ExposureTime. Sec.
Figure 22. Dnconf1ned .p111 of Pennzo11 30BDon anepoxy-ated
concrete 8ubstrate.

45
NGS.llJ

B
S
H
I
BL
E
lO
E

GRAPHI CD AT

(REV.2 80)
U.S. OEPT. 0F eOMt.1.

A
T(SeeInstruct;ons)
11PUBLimoNOR
REPORTNO.
NBSIR-85/3195
3
n
i
o

Ju1y 1985
4
. TITLEANDSUBTITLE

Heat Release Rate Characteristics of Some

Combustible Fuel Sources in Nuclear Power Plants

5
.AUTHOR(S)
B
.T. Lee
6
. PERFORMINGORGANIZATION(
lfj
oin
torotherthanNBS. seeinstructions) 7
.ContractlGrantNo.

NATlONAL BUREAU OFSTANDARDS

DEPARTMENTOFCOMMERCE 8
.TypeofReport& PeriodCovered
WASHINGTOND.C. 20234
9
.SPONSORINGORGANIZATION N A
E ANDCOMPLETEADDRESS(
Str
eet
. City.State. ZIP)
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
WashingtonDC 20555

1
0. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

111111

Documentdescribesa computerprogram; SF185FIPSSoftwareSummaryi sauached.

Ilillili---
1
1.ABSTRACT(A 200 fc
wordorless factuol summaryofmostsignificant information. I 10cumentincludes 0 significant
bibliography orliterature survey. mention i
there)

A major risk to a nuclear power plant is the possibility of serious fire" There is
a need to know the heat release rate behavior of combustible fuels in the plant ln
order to help reduce the fire threat to these facilitieso Heat release rate
characteristies of cable tray fires and some of the associated potential external
ignition sources are discussed.Existing correlations are given for determining the
time toignition and the subsequent heat release rateof spills and pools of
flammable liquids.Approximate correlations are developed for heat release rate for
trash fires as a function of fire size and for one particular cable tray array
arrangement as a function of the type of cable. n additiona scheme i8 given for
calcuiating the heat release rate fromwood fuel fires-

1
2. KEYWORDS(5ix t
otwelve e
ntr
ies
;alphabetical order; capito/
izeonly propernomes; nd separatekey words by semicolons)
cable trays;fire safety;flamnability;flammable liquids;heat release rate!

ignition;liquid spills;nuclear power plants;poolfires:small-scale fire tests

trash; wood.
1
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