1.

Thelivingandnonliving:componentsoftheEarthcontainmixtures
Studentslearnto:
constructwordandbalancedformulaeequationsofchemicalreactionsastheyareencountered
identifythedifferencebetweenelements,compoundsandmixturesintermsofparticletheory

1 Definitions 1 Examples: 1 DescriptionofParticle

Bondingintheabove:

Elementsapuresubstancecomposedofasingletype Elements:Oxygen, Elements:Mayormaynotbe

ofatom(atomswithequalnumbersofprotons) Hydrogen,Helium bonded(diatomicpairsare
Compoundsapuresubstancewithtwoormore Compounds:Water bonded)
differentelementsbondedtogether (H2O),Carbon Compounds:atoms/elementsare
Mixturesanimpuresubstancecombiningtwoormore Dioxide(CO2),NaCl, chemicallybondedtogether
elementsorcompoundsthatarenotchemicallybonded HCl,NaOH Mixture:atoms/elementsarenot
together Mixture:Seawater, chemicallybonded
sand,bronze,milk,
blood

identifythatthebiosphere,lithosphere,hydrosphereandatmospherecontainexamplesofmixturesof
elementsandcompounds

Atmosphere Biosphere Lithosphere Hydrosphere

Mixture Air Blood Minerals,Ores Saltwater
Compound CO2,CH4 Silicon,Oxides NaCl
Element Nitrogen carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, Au,Ag,Pt,S,C Hydrogen,Oxygen,Sodium,
nitrogen,phosphorus, Chlorine,Potassium,magnesium,
andsulphur calcium

identifyanddescribeproceduresthatcanbeusedtoseparatenaturallyoccurringmixturesof:
solidsofdifferentsizes:Sieving
solidsandliquids:Sedimentation,decanting,filtration,centrifugation
dissolvedsolidsinliquids:Evaporation,crystallisation,distillation
miscibleliquids(mismix):Distillationandcondensation,FractionalDistillation
immiscibleliquids(oilandwater):Separatingfunnel
gases:fractionaldistillation
assessseparationtechniquesfortheirsuitabilityinseparatingexamplesofearthmaterials,identifying
thedifferencesinpropertieswhichenabletheseseparations

describesituationsinwhichgravimetricanalysissuppliesusefuldataforchemistsandotherscientists

Gravimetric Analysis: Gravimetric analysis describes a set of methods used in analytical

chemistry for the quantitative determination of an analyte based on its mass.

How is it useful? Gravimetric Analysis allows us to determine the concentration of a

substance in another substance by finding its mass

When is it useful? Gravimetric analysis is useful when trying to determine the

composition of a substances before and after and experiment.

*When drinking alcohol, gravimetric analysis allows you to determine the percentage of pure
alcohol

*To find the composition of an alloy by heating it (based on melting point) or electrolysis
(based on electric conductivity)
 applysystematicnamingofinorganiccompoundsastheyareintroducedinthelaboratory
identifyIUPACnamesforcarboncompoundsastheyareencountered
Number of Carbons Name
1 methane
2 ethane
3 propane
4 butane
5 pentane
6 hexane
7 heptane
8 octane
9 nonane
10 decane
11 undecane
12 dodecane

Students:
gatherandpresentinformationfromfirsthandorsecondarysourcestowriteequationstorepresent
allchemicalreactionsencounteredinthePreliminarycourse
identifydatasources,plan,chooseequipmentandperformafirsthandinvestigationtoseparatethe
componentsofanaturallyoccurringorappropriatemixturesuchassand,saltandwater
gatherfirsthandinformationbycarryingoutagravimetricanalysisofamixturetoestimateits
percentagecomposition
identifydatasources,gather,processandanalyseinformationfromsecondarysourcestoidentifythe
industrialseparationprocessesusedonamixtureobtainedfromthebiosphere,lithosphere,hydrosphere
oratmosphereandusetheevidenceavailableto:
o identifythepropertiesofthemixtureusedinitsseparation
o identifytheproductsofseparationandtheiruses
o discussissuesassociatedwithwastesfromtheprocessesused


2.AlthoughmostelementsarefoundincombinationsonEarth,someelementsarefounduncombined
explaintherelationshipbetweenthereactivityofanelementandthelikelihoodofitsexistingasan
uncombinedelement
Highlyreactivemetalsareunlikelytoexistasuncombinedelementsbecausetheyneedtoincompoundstoexist
inastableform.
classifyelementsasmetals,nonmetalsandsemimetalsaccordingtotheirphysicalproperties

accountfortheusesofmetalsandnonmetalsintermsoftheirphysicalproperties

Studentslearnto:Students:
planandperformaninvestigationtoexaminesomephysicalproperties,includingmalleability,
hardnessandelectricalconductivity,andsomeusesofarangeofcommonelementstopresent
informationabouttheclassificationofelementsasmetals,nonmetalsorsemimetals
 Connectingdifferentmetalstoamultimetertomeasuretheirelectricalconductivity.

analyseinformationfromsecondarysourcestodistinguishthephysicalpropertiesofmetalsandnon
metals

processinformationfromsecondarysourcesanduseaPeriodicTabletopresentinformationaboutthe
classificationofelementsas:
metals,nonmetalsandsemimetals
solids,liquidsandgasesat25 Candnormalatmosphericpressure

3.ElementsinEarthmaterialsarepresentmostlyascompoundsbecauseofinteractionsattheatomiclevel
identifythatmatterismadeofparticlesthatarecontinuouslymovingandinteracting
describequalitativelytheenergylevelsofelectronsinatoms
analyseinformationbyconstructingorusingmodelsshowingthestructureofmetals,ioniccompounds
andcovalentcompounds
describeatomsintermsofmassnumberandatomicnumber
describetheformationofionsintermsofatomsgainingorlosingelectrons
applythePeriodicTabletopredicttheionsformedbyatomsofmetalsandnonmetals
applyLewiselectrondotstructuresto:
o theformationofions
o theelectronsharinginsome
simplemolecules
describetheformationofioniccompoundsintermsoftheattractionofionsofoppositecharge
describemoleculesasparticleswhichcanmoveindependentlyofeachother
distinguishbetweenmoleculescontainingoneatom(thenoblegases)andmoleculeswithmorethanone
atom
describetheformationofcovalentmoleculesintermsofsharingofelectrons
analyseinformationbyconstructingorusingmodelsshowingthestructureofmetals,ioniccompounds
andcovalentcompounds
constructformulaeforcompoundsformedfrom:
o ions
o atomssharingelectrons
constructionicequationsshowingmetalandnonmetalatomsformingions

4.Energyisrequiredtoextractelementsfromtheirnaturallyoccurringsources
identifythedifferencesbetweenphysicalandchemicalchangein
termsofrearrangementofparticles
summarisethedifferencesbetweentheboilingandelectrolysisofwaterasanexampleofthedifference
betweenphysicalandchemicalchange
identifylight,heatandelectricityasthecommonformsofenergythatmaybereleasedorabsorbed
duringthedecompositionorsynthesisofsubstancesandidentifyexamplesofthesechangesoccurringin
everydaylife
explainthattheamountofenergyneededtoseparateatomsinacompoundisanindicationofthe
strengthoftheattraction,orbond,betweenthem

planandsafelyperformafirsthandinvestigationtoshowthedecompositionofacarbonatebyheat,
usingappropriateteststoidentifycarbondioxideandtheoxideastheproductsofthereaction
gatherinformationusingfirsthandorsecondarysourcesto:
o observetheeffectoflightonsilversaltsandidentifyanapplicationoftheuseofthisreaction
 o observetheelectrolysisofwater,analysetheinformationprovidedasevidencethatwaterisa
compoundandidentifyanapplicationoftheuseofthisreaction
analyseandpresentinformationtomodeltheboilingofwaterandtheelectrolysisofwatertracingthe
movementsofandchangesinarrangementsofmolecules

5.Thepropertiesofelementsandcompoundsaredeterminedbytheirbondingandstructure
identifydifferencesbetweenphysicalandchemicalpropertiesofelements,compoundsandmixtures
describethephysicalpropertiesusedtoclassifycompoundsasionicorcovalentmolecularorcovalent
network
distinguishbetweenmetallic,ionicandcovalentbonds
describemetalsasthreedimensionallatticesofionsinaseaofelectrons
describeioniccompoundsintermsofrepeatingthreedimensionallatticesofions
explainwhytheformulaforanioniccompoundisanempiricalformula
identifycommonelementsthatexistasmoleculesorascovalentlattices
explaintherelationshipbetweenthepropertiesofconductivityandhardnessandthestructureofionic,
covalentmolecularandcovalentnetworkstructures
performafirsthandinvestigationtocomparethepropertiesofsomecommonelementsintheir
elementalstatewiththepropertiesofthecompound(s)oftheseelements(egmagnesiumandoxygen)
chooseresourcesandprocessinformationfromsecondarysourcestoconstructanddiscussthe
limitationsofmodelsofioniclattices,covalentmoleculesandcovalentandmetalliclattices
performaninvestigationtoexaminethephysicalpropertiesofarangeofcommonsubstancesinorder
toclassifythemasmetallic,ionicorcovalentmolecularorcovalentnetworksubstancesandrelatetheir
characteristicstotheiruses