Complex Fourier

3: Complex Fourier Series
Eulers Equation
Complex Fourier Series
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Complex Fourier Analysis
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 1 / 12

Eulers Equation
Eulers Equation: ei = cos + i sin

Eulers Equation [see RHB 3.3]
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

Eulers Equation

i i
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Hence: cos = e +e2
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

Eulers Equation

i i
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Hence: cos = e +e2
ei ei
Fourier Series
sin = 2i
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

Eulers Equation

i i
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Hence: cos = e +e2 = 1 i
2 e + 1 i
2e
ei ei
Fourier Series
sin = 2i = 21 iei + 12 iei
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

Eulers Equation

i i
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
2 e + 1 i
2e
ei ei
Fourier Series
sin = 2i = 21 iei + 12 iei
Example
Time Shifting Most maths becomes simpler if you use ei instead of cos and sin
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

Eulers Equation

i i
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
2 e + 1 i
2e
ei ei
Fourier Series
sin = 2i = 21 iei + 12 iei
Example
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary
Examples where using ei makes things simpler:
Using ei Using cos and sin

ei(+) = ei ei

Eulers Equation

i i
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
2 e + 1 i
2e
ei ei
Fourier Series
sin = 2i = 21 iei + 12 iei
Example
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

ei(+) = ei ei
ei ei = ei(+)

Eulers Equation

i i
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
2 e + 1 i
2e
ei ei
Fourier Series
sin = 2i = 21 iei + 12 iei
Example
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

ei(+) = ei ei
ei ei = ei(+)
d i
d e = iei

Eulers Equation

i i
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
2 e + 1 i
2e
ei ei
Fourier Series
sin = 2i = 21 iei + 12 iei
Example
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

ei(+) = ei ei cos ( + ) = cos cos sin sin
ei ei = ei(+)
d i
d e = iei

Eulers Equation

i i
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
2 e + 1 i
2e
ei ei
Fourier Series
sin = 2i = 21 iei + 12 iei
Example
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

1 1
ei ei = ei(+) cos cos = 2 cos ( + ) + 2 cos ( )
d i
d e = iei

Eulers Equation

i i
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
2 e + 1 i
2e
ei ei
Fourier Series
sin = 2i = 21 iei + 12 iei
Example
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

1 1
d i d
d e = iei d cos = sin

Eulers Equation

i i
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
2 e + 1 i
2e
ei ei
Fourier Series
sin = 2i = 21 iei + 12 iei
Example
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples The Complex Fourier Series is the Fourier Series but written using ei
Summary

1 1
d i d
d e = iei d cos = sin

3: Complex Fourier Series a0 P

Eulers Equation Fourier Series: u(t) = 2 + n=1 (an cos 2nF t + bn sin 2nF t)
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary


Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Substitute: cos = 21 ei + 12 ei
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary


Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Substitute: cos = 21 ei + 12 ei and sin = 21 iei + 12 iei
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary


Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series P 1 i 1 i
a0
bn 12 iei 1 i

u(t) = 2 + n=1 an 2e + 2e + + 2 ie
Example
Time Shifting [ = 2nF t]
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary


Averaging Complex
Exponentials
a0
bn 12 iei 1 i

u(t) = 2 + n=1 an 2e + 2e + + 2 ie
Example P
a0 1 1 i2nF t

Time Shifting = 2 + n=1 2 an 2 ibn e [ = 2nF t]
Even/Odd Symmetry
P 1 1
i2nF t
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
+ n=1 2 an + 2 ibn e
Symmetry Examples
Summary


Averaging Complex
Exponentials
a0
bn 12 iei 1 i

u(t) = 2 + n=1 an 2e + 2e + + 2 ie
Example P
a0 1 1 i2nF t

Time Shifting = 2 +
n=1 2 an 2 ibn e [ = 2nF t]
Even/Odd Symmetry
P 1 1
i2nF t
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
+ n=1 +2 an 2 ibn e
Symmetry Examples P i2nF t
Summary = n= Un e


Averaging Complex
Exponentials
a0
bn 12 iei 1 i

u(t) = 2 + n=1 an 2e + 2e + + 2 ie
Example P
a0 1 1 i2nF t

Time Shifting = 2 +
n=1 2 an 2 ibn e [ = 2nF t]
Even/Odd Symmetry
P 1 1
i2nF t
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
+ n=1 +2 an 2 ibn e
Summary = n= Un e
where

1 1
2 an 2 ibn
n1
Un = 12 a0 n=0
1
1
2 a |n| + 2 ib|n| n 1


Averaging Complex
Exponentials
a0
bn 12 iei 1 i

u(t) = 2 + n=1 an 2e + 2e + + 2 ie
Example P
a0 1 1 i2nF t

Time Shifting = 2 +
n=1 2 an 2 ibn e [ = 2nF t]
Even/Odd Symmetry
P 1 1
i2nF t
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
+ n=1 +2 an 2 ibn e
Summary = n= Un e
where [b0 , 0]

1 1
2 an 2 ibn
n1
1
Un = 21 a0

n=0 Un = 2 a|n| ib|n|
1
1
2 a |n| + 2 ib|n| n 1


Averaging Complex
Exponentials
a0
bn 12 iei 1 i

u(t) = 2 + n=1 an 2e + 2e + + 2 ie
Example P
a0 1 1 i2nF t

Time Shifting = 2 +
n=1 2 an 2 ibn e [ = 2nF t]
Even/Odd Symmetry
P 1 1
i2nF t
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
+ n=1 +2 an 2 ibn e
Summary = n= Un e
where [b0 , 0]

1 1
2 an 2 ibn
n1
1
Un = 21 a0

n=0 Un = 2 a|n| ib|n|
1
1
2 a |n| + 2 ib|n| n 1

The Un are normally complex except for U0 and satisfy Un = Un


Averaging Complex
Exponentials
a0
bn 12 iei 1 i

u(t) = 2 + n=1 an 2e + 2e + + 2 ie
Example P
a0 1 1 i2nF t

Time Shifting = 2 +
n=1 2 an 2 ibn e [ = 2nF t]
Even/Odd Symmetry
P 1 1
i2nF t
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
+ n=1 +2 an 2 ibn e
Summary = n= Un e
where [b0 , 0]

1 1
2 an 2 ibn
n1
1
Un = 21 a0

n=0 Un = 2 a|n| ib|n|
1
1
2 a |n| + 2 ib|n| n 1

The Un are normally complex except for U0 and satisfy Un = Un
P i2nF t
Complex Fourier Series: u(t) = n= Un e [simpler ,]
Averaging Complex Exponentials
If x(t) has period Tn for some integer n (i.e. frequency Tn = nF ):

Eulers Equation
1
RT
hx(t)i ,
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
T t=0
x(t)dt
Fourier Series
This is the average over an integer number of cycles.
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary


Eulers Equation
1
RT
hx(t)i ,
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
T t=0
x(t)dt
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
For a complex exponential:
Even/Odd Symmetry
i2nF t
Antiperiodic Odd e = hcos (2nF t) + i sin (2nF t)i
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary


Eulers Equation
1
RT
hx(t)i ,
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
T t=0
x(t)dt
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
i2nF t
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples = hcos (2nF t)i + i hsin (2nF t)i
Summary


Eulers Equation
1
RT
hx(t)i ,
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
T t=0
x(t)dt
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
i2nF t
Harmonics Only
Summary (
1 + 0i n = 0
=
0 + 0i n 6= 0


Eulers Equation
1
RT
hx(t)i ,
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
T t=0
x(t)dt
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
i2nF t
Harmonics Only
Summary (
1 + 0i n = 0
=
0 + 0i n 6= 0
Hence:
(

i2nF t 1 n=0
e = [,]
0 n=
6 0

P
Un ei2nF t
Eulers Equation Complex Fourier Series: u(t) = n=
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

P
Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
To find the coefficient, Un , we multiply by something that makes all the
Complex Fourier Analysis terms involving the other coefficients average to zero.
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

P
Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
i2nF t

P i2rF t i2nF t

Complex Fourier Analysis u(t)e = r= Ur e e
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

P
Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
i2nF t

P i2rF t i2nF t

Example
Time Shifting
P i2(rn)F t

Even/Odd Symmetry = r= Ur e
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

P
Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
i2nF t

P i2rF t i2nF t

Example
Time Shifting
P i2(rn)F t

Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only P
i2(rn)F t
Symmetry Examples = r= Ur e
Summary

P
Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
i2nF t

P i2rF t i2nF t

Example
Time Shifting
P i2(rn)F t

Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only P
i2(rn)F t
Summary
All terms in the sum are zero, except for the one when n = r which equals
Un :
i2nF t

Un = u(t)e [,]

P
Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
i2nF t

P i2rF t i2nF t

Example
Time Shifting
P i2(rn)F t

Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only P
i2(rn)F t
Summary
Un :
i2nF t

Un = u(t)e [,]
This shows that the Fourier series coefficients are unique: you cannot have
two different sets of coefficients that result in the same function u(t).

P
Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
i2nF t

P i2rF t i2nF t

Example
Time Shifting
P i2(rn)F t

Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only P
i2(rn)F t
Summary
Un :
i2nF t

Un = u(t)e [,]
This shows that the Fourier series coefficients are unique: you cannot have
two different sets of coefficients that result in the same function u(t).
Note the sign of the exponent: + in the Fourier Series but for Fourier
Analysis (in order to cancel out the +).

Fourier Series Complex Fourier Series

Eulers Equation u(t) = 2+ n=1 (an cos 2nF t + bn sin 2nF t)
P
= n= Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary


Eulers Equation u(t) = 2+ n=1 (an cos 2nF t + bn sin 2nF t)
P
= n= Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
We can easily convert between the two forms.
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary


Eulers Equation u(t) = + n=1 (an cos 2nF t + bn sin 2nF t)
2
P
= n= Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Fourier Coefficients Complex Fourier Coefficients:
Even/Odd Symmetry
1

Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Un = 2 a|n| ib|n|
Symmetry Examples
Summary


2
P
= n= Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
1

Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Un = 2 a|n| ib|n| [Un = Un ]
Symmetry Examples
Summary


2
P
= n= Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
1

Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Un = 2 a|n| ib|n| [Un = Un ]
Symmetry Examples
Summary
Complex Fourier Coefficients Fourier Coefficients:
an = Un + Un = 2 (Un ) [ = real part]


2
P
= n= Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
1

Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Un = 2 a|n| ib|n| [Un = Un ]
Symmetry Examples
Summary

bn = i (Un Un ) = 2 (Un ) [ = imaginary part]


2
P
= n= Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
1

Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Un = 2 a|n| ib|n| [Un = Un ]
Symmetry Examples
Summary

bn = i (Un Un ) = 2 (Un ) [ = imaginary part]
The formula for an works even for n = 0.

Complex Fourier Analysis Example
3: Complex Fourier Series T 10
Eulers Equation T = 20, width W = 4, height A = 8 5

W
A
Complex Fourier Series 0
Averaging Complex 0 5 10 15 20 25
Exponentials
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary


W
A
Averaging Complex 0 5 10 15 20 25
Exponentials
Complex Fourier Analysis n an bn Un
Fourier Series
Example 5
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry 4
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only 3
Symmetry Examples
Summary
2
1
0 4
8 8
1
16
2 0 2
8 8
3 3 3
4 0 0
8 8
5 5 5
16
6 0 6


W
A
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Method 1: 0 5 10 15 20 25
n an bn Un
Fourier Series Un = 21 an i 21 bn
Example 5
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry 4
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only 3
Symmetry Examples
Summary
2
1
0 4
8 8
1
16
2 0 2
8 8
3 3 3
4 0 0
8 8
5 5 5
16
6 0 6


W
A
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Method 1: 0 5 10 15 20 25
n an bn Un
Example 5
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry 4
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only 3
Symmetry Examples
Summary
2
1
0 4 2
8 8
1
16
2 0 2
8 8
3 3 3
4 0 0
8 8
5 5 5
16
6 0 6


W
A
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Method 1: 0 5 10 15 20 25
n an bn Un
Example 5
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry 4
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only 3
Symmetry Examples
Summary
2
4
1 + i 4
0 4 2
8 8 4
1 + i 4

16
2 0 2
8 8
3 3 3
4 0 0
8 8
5 5 5
16
6 0 6


W
A
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Method 1: 0 5 10 15 20 25
n an bn Un
Example 5
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry 4
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only 3
8
Symmetry Examples
Summary
2 i 2
4 4
1 + i
0 4 2
8 8 4 4
1 + i
16 8
2 0 2 i 2
8 8
3 3 3
4 0 0
8 8
5 5 5
16
6 0 6


W
A
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Method 1: 0 5 10 15 20 25
n an bn Un
Example 5
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry 4
4 4
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only 3 3 + i 3
8
Symmetry Examples
Summary
2 i 2
4 4
1 + i
0 4 2
8 8 4 4
1 + i
16 8
2 0 2 i 2
8 8 4 4
3 3 3 3 + i 3
4 0 0
8 8
5 5 5
16
6 0 6


W
A
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Method 1: 0 5 10 15 20 25
n an bn Un
Example 5
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry 4 0
4 4
Antiperiodic Odd
8
Symmetry Examples
Summary
2 i 2
4 4
1 + i
0 4 2
8 8 4 4
1 + i
16 8
2 0 2 i 2
8 8 4 4
3 3 3 3 + i 3
4 0 0 0
8 8
5 5 5
16
6 0 6


W
A
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Method 1: 0 5 10 15 20 25
n an bn Un
Complex Fourier Analysis 4 4
Example 5 5 + i 5
Time Shifting
4 4
Antiperiodic Odd
8
Symmetry Examples
Summary
2 i 2
4 4
1 + i
0 4 2
8 8 4 4
1 + i
16 8
2 0 2 i 2
8 8 4 4
3 3 3 3 + i 3
4 0 0 0
8 8 4 4
5 5 5 5 + i 5
16
6 0 6


W
A
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Method 1: 0 5 10 15 20 25
n an bn Un
Fourier Series Un = 21 an i 21 bn 8
Complex Fourier Series 6 i 6
Complex Fourier Analysis 4 4
Example 5 5 + i 5
Time Shifting
4 4
Antiperiodic Odd
8
Symmetry Examples
Summary
2 i 2
4 4
1 + i
0 4 2
8 8 4 4
1 + i
16 8
2 0 2 i 2
8 8 4 4
3 3 3 3 + i 3
4 0 0 0
8 8 4 4
5 5 5 5 + i 5
16
6 0 6 i 8
6


W
A
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Method 1: 0 5 10 15 20 25
n an bn Un
Method 2: 4 4
Example 5 5 + i 5
i2nF t
Time Shifting

Even/Odd Symmetry Un = u(t)e 4 0
4 4
Antiperiodic Odd
8
Symmetry Examples
Summary
2 i 2
4 4
1 + i
0 4 2
8 8 4 4
1 + i
16 8
2 0 2 i 2
8 8 4 4
3 3 3 3 + i 3
4 0 0 0
8 8 4 4
5 5 5 5 + i 5
16
6 0 6 i 8
6


W
A
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Method 1: 0 5 10 15 20 25
n an bn Un
Method 2: 4 4
Example 5 5 + i 5
i2nF t
Time Shifting

4 4
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only 1 T
= T 0 u(t)ei2nF t dt
R 3 3 + i 3
8
Symmetry Examples
Summary
2 i 2
4 4
1 + i
0 4 2
8 8 4 4
1 + i
16 8
2 0 2 i 2
8 8 4 4
3 3 3 3 + i 3
4 0 0 0
8 8 4 4
5 5 5 5 + i 5
16
6 0 6 i 8
6


W
A
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Method 1: 0 5 10 15 20 25
n an bn Un
Method 2: 4 4
Example 5 5 + i 5
i2nF t
Time Shifting

4 4
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only 1 T
R 3 3 + i 3
8
Symmetry Examples
2 i 2
Summary 1 W
= T 0 Aei2nF t dt
R
4 4
1 + i
0 4 2
8 8 4 4
1 + i
16 8
2 0 2 i 2
8 8 4 4
3 3 3 3 + i 3
4 0 0 0
8 8 4 4
5 5 5 5 + i 5
16
6 0 6 i 8
6


W
A
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Method 1: 0 5 10 15 20 25
n an bn Un
Method 2: 4 4
Example 5 5 + i 5
i2nF t
Time Shifting

4 4
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only 1 T
R 3 3 + i 3
8
Symmetry Examples
2 i 2
Summary 1 W
= T 0 Aei2nF t dt
R
4 4
1 + i
i2nF t W
A
= i2nF T e 0 4 2
0 8 8 4 4
1 + i
16 8
2 0 2 i 2
8 8 4 4
3 3 3 3 + i 3
4 0 0 0
8 8 4 4
5 5 5 5 + i 5
16
6 0 6 i 8
6


W
A
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Method 1: 0 5 10 15 20 25
n an bn Un
Method 2: 4 4
Example 5 5 + i 5
i2nF t
Time Shifting

4 4
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only 1 T
R 3 3 + i 3
8
Symmetry Examples
2 i 2
Summary 1 W
= T 0 Aei2nF t dt
R
4 4
1 + i
i2nF t W
A
= i2nF T e 0 4 2
0 8 8 4 4
A i2nF W
1 + i
= i2n 1 e 16 8
2 0 2 i 2
8 8 4 4
3 3 3 3 + i 3
4 0 0 0
8 8 4 4
5 5 5 5 + i 5
16
6 0 6 i 8
6


W
A
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Method 1: 0 5 10 15 20 25
n an bn Un
Method 2: 4 4
Example 5 5 + i 5
i2nF t
Time Shifting

4 4
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only 1 T
R 3 3 + i 3
8
Symmetry Examples
2 i 2
Summary 1 W
= T 0 Aei2nF t dt
R
4 4
1 + i
i2nF t W
A
= i2nF T e 0 4 2
0 8 8 4 4
A i2nF W
1 + i
= i2n 1 e 16 8
2 0 2 i 2
inF W
Ae inF W 8 8 4 4
einF W

= i2n e 3 3 3 3 + i 3
4 0 0 0
8 8 4 4
5 5 5 5 + i 5
16
6 0 6 i 8
6


W
A
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Method 1: 0 5 10 15 20 25
n an bn Un
Method 2: 4 4
Example 5 5 + i 5
i2nF t
Time Shifting

4 4
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only 1 T
R 3 3 + i 3
8
Symmetry Examples
2 i 2
Summary 1 W
= T 0 Aei2nF t dt
R
4 4
1 + i
i2nF t W
A
= i2nF T e 0 4 2
0 8 8 4 4
A i2nF W
1 + i
= i2n 1 e 16 8
2 0 2 i 2
inF W
Ae inF W 8 8 4 4
einF W

= i2n e 3 3 3 3 + i 3
= Ae inF W
sin (nF W ) 4 0 0 0
n 8 8 4 4
5 5 5 5 + i 5
16
6 0 6 i 8
6


W
A
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Method 1: 0 5 10 15 20 25
n an bn Un
Method 2: 4 4
Example 5 5 + i 5
i2nF t
Time Shifting

4 4
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only 1 T
R 3 3 + i 3
8
Symmetry Examples
2 i 2
Summary 1 W
= T 0 Aei2nF t dt
R
4 4
1 + i
i2nF t W
A
= i2nF T e 0 4 2
0 8 8 4 4
A i2nF W
1 + i
= i2n 1 e 16 8
2 0 2 i 2
inF W
Ae inF W 8 8 4 4
einF W

= i2n e 3 3 3 3 + i 3
= Ae inF W
sin (nF W ) 4 0 0 0
n 8 8 4 4
8 n
i n 5 5 5 5 + i 5
= sin 4 e 4 16
n 6 0 6 i 8
6

Time Shifting
P
Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

Time Shifting
P
Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
If v(t) is the same as u(t) but delayed by a time : v(t) = u(t )
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

Time Shifting
P
Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Complex Fourier Analysis P
Fourier Series v(t) = n= Un ei2nF (t )
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

Time Shifting
P
Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Complex Fourier Analysis P i2nF (t )
P i2nF
ei2nF t

Fourier Series v(t) = n= Un e = n= Un e
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

Time Shifting
P
Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
P i2nF
ei2nF t

= i2nF t
P
Example n= Vn e
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry where Vn = Un ei2nF
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

Time Shifting
P
Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
P i2nF
ei2nF t

= i2nF t
P
Example n= Vn e
Time Shifting
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only Example:
Symmetry Examples
Summary u(t) = 6 cos (2F t) 5
0
u(t)
-5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Time Shifting
P
Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
P i2nF
ei2nF t

= i2nF t
P
Example n= Vn e
Time Shifting
Antiperiodic Odd
Symmetry Examples
0
u(t)
Fourier: a1 = 6, b1 = 0 -5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Time Shifting
P
Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
P i2nF
ei2nF t

= i2nF t
P
Example n= Vn e
Time Shifting
Antiperiodic Odd
Symmetry Examples
0
u(t)
Fourier: a1 = 6, b1 = 0 -5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Complex: U1 = 12 a1 21 ib1 = 3

Time Shifting
P
Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
P i2nF
ei2nF t

= i2nF t
P
Example n= Vn e
Time Shifting
Antiperiodic Odd
Symmetry Examples
0
u(t)
Fourier: a1 = 6, b1 = 0 -5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Complex: U1 = 12 a1 21 ib1 = 3
v(t) = 6 sin (2F t) = u(t ) 5

v(t)
0
-5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Time Shifting
P
Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
P i2nF
ei2nF t

= i2nF t
P
Example n= Vn e
Time Shifting
Antiperiodic Odd
Symmetry Examples
0
u(t)
Fourier: a1 = 6, b1 = 0 -5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Complex: U1 = 12 a1 21 ib1 = 3
v(t) = 6 sin (2F t) = u(t ) 5

v(t)
0
Time delay: = T4 F = 41 -5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Time Shifting
P
Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
P i2nF
ei2nF t

= i2nF t
P
Example n= Vn e
Time Shifting
Antiperiodic Odd
Symmetry Examples
0
u(t)
Fourier: a1 = 6, b1 = 0 -5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Complex: U1 = 12 a1 21 ib1 = 3
v(t) = 6 sin (2F t) = u(t ) 5

v(t)
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Complex: V1 = U1 ei 2 = 3i

V1 = U1 ei 2 = +3i

Time Shifting
P
Un ei2nF t
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
P i2nF
ei2nF t

= i2nF t
P
Example n= Vn e
Time Shifting
Antiperiodic Odd
Symmetry Examples
0
u(t)
Fourier: a1 = 6, b1 = 0 -5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Complex: U1 = 12 a1 21 ib1 = 3
v(t) = 6 sin (2F t) = u(t ) 5

v(t)
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Complex: V1 = U1 ei 2 = 3i

V1 = U1 ei 2 = +3i
Note: If u(t) is a sine wave, U1 equals half the corresponding phasor.

Even/Odd Symmetry

(1) u(t) real-valued Un conjugate symmetric [Un = Un ]
Eulers Equation
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

Even/Odd Symmetry

Eulers Equation
Complex Fourier Series (2) u(t) even [u(t) = u(t)] Un even [Un = Un ]
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

Even/Odd Symmetry

Eulers Equation
Averaging Complex
Exponentials (3) u(t) odd [u(t) = u(t)] Un odd [Un = Un ]
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

Even/Odd Symmetry

Eulers Equation
Averaging Complex
Fourier Series (1)+(2) u(t) real & even Un real & even [Un = Un = Un ]
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

Even/Odd Symmetry

Eulers Equation
Averaging Complex
Complex Fourier Analysis (1)+(3) u(t) real & odd Un imaginary & odd [Un = Un = Un ]
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

Even/Odd Symmetry

Eulers Equation
Averaging Complex
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Proof of (2): u(t) even Un even
1
RT
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Un = T 0
u(t)ei2(n)F t dt
Summary

Even/Odd Symmetry

Eulers Equation
Averaging Complex
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
1
RT
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Un = T 0
u(t)ei2(n)F t dt
Summary 1
R T
= T x=0
u(x)ei2nF x (dx) [substitute x = t]

Even/Odd Symmetry

Eulers Equation
Averaging Complex
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
1
RT
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Un = T 0
u(t)ei2(n)F t dt
Summary 1
R T
= T x=0
1
R0
= T x=T
u(x)ei2nF x dx [reverse the limits]

Even/Odd Symmetry

Eulers Equation
Averaging Complex
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
1
RT
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Un = T 0
u(t)ei2(n)F t dt
Summary 1
R T
= T x=0
1
R0
= T x=T
1 0
u(x)ei2nF x dx = Un
R
= T x=T [even: u(x) = u(x)]

Even/Odd Symmetry

Eulers Equation
Averaging Complex
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
1
RT
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Un = T 0
u(t)ei2(n)F t dt
Summary 1
R T
= T x=0
1
R0
= T x=T
1 0
u(x)ei2nF x dx = Un
R
Proof of (3): u(t) odd Un odd

Same as before, except for the last line:

Even/Odd Symmetry

Eulers Equation
Averaging Complex
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
1
RT
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Un = T 0
u(t)ei2(n)F t dt
Summary 1
R T
= T x=0
1
R0
= T x=T
1 0
u(x)ei2nF x dx = Un
R
Proof of (3): u(t) odd Un odd

Same as before, except for the last line:
1
R0
= T x=T
u(x)ei2nF x dx = Un [odd: u(x) = u(x)]

Antiperiodic Odd Harmonics Only
A waveform, u(t), is anti-periodic if u(t + 21 T ) = u(t).

Eulers Equation
Averaging Complex
If u(t) is anti-periodic then Un = 0 for n even.
Exponentials
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary


Eulers Equation
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary
Example:
U0:5 = [0, 3 + 2i, 0, i, 0, 1] U[0:5]=[0, 3+2j, 0, j, 0, 1]
Odd harmonics only 5

0
Second half of each period is the -5
negative of the first half. -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1


Eulers Equation
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Complex Fourier Analysis Proof:
Fourier Series
Define v(t) = u(t + T2 )
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary
Example:
U0:5 = [0, 3 + 2i, 0, i, 0, 1] U[0:5]=[0, 3+2j, 0, j, 0, 1]

0


Eulers Equation
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
Define v(t) = u(t + T2 ), then
Example
Time Shifting (1) v(t) = u(t)
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary
Example:
U0:5 = [0, 3 + 2i, 0, i, 0, 1] U[0:5]=[0, 3+2j, 0, j, 0, 1]

0


Eulers Equation
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting (1) v(t) = u(t) Vn = Un
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary
Example:
U0:5 = [0, 3 + 2i, 0, i, 0, 1] U[0:5]=[0, 3+2j, 0, j, 0, 1]

0


Eulers Equation
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
Example
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only (2) v(t) equals u(t) but delayed by T2
Symmetry Examples
Summary
Example:
U0:5 = [0, 3 + 2i, 0, i, 0, 1] U[0:5]=[0, 3+2j, 0, j, 0, 1]

0


Eulers Equation
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
Example
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Symmetry Examples
Summary
T
Vn = Un ei2nF 2
Example:
U0:5 = [0, 3 + 2i, 0, i, 0, 1] U[0:5]=[0, 3+2j, 0, j, 0, 1]

0


Eulers Equation
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
Example
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Symmetry Examples
Summary
T
Vn = Un ei2nF 2 = Un ein
Example:
U0:5 = [0, 3 + 2i, 0, i, 0, 1] U[0:5]=[0, 3+2j, 0, j, 0, 1]

0


Eulers Equation
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
Example
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Symmetry Examples
Summary
(
i2nF T
in Un n even
Vn = Un e 2 = Un e =
Un n odd
Example:
U0:5 = [0, 3 + 2i, 0, i, 0, 1] U[0:5]=[0, 3+2j, 0, j, 0, 1]

0


Eulers Equation
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
Example
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Symmetry Examples
Summary
(
i2nF T
in Un n even
Un n odd
Hence for n even: Vn = Un = Un
Example:
U0:5 = [0, 3 + 2i, 0, i, 0, 1] U[0:5]=[0, 3+2j, 0, j, 0, 1]

0


Eulers Equation
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
Example
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Symmetry Examples
Summary
(
i2nF T
in Un n even
Un n odd
Hence for n even: Vn = Un = Un Un = 0
Example:
U0:5 = [0, 3 + 2i, 0, i, 0, 1] U[0:5]=[0, 3+2j, 0, j, 0, 1]

0

Symmetry Examples

All these examples assume that u(t) is real-valued Un = U+n
Eulers Equation
.
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

Symmetry Examples

Eulers Equation
.
Averaging Complex
Exponentials (1) Even u(t) real Un U[0:2]=[0, 2, -1]
Complex Fourier Analysis 2

Fourier Series 0
Complex Fourier Series U0:2 = [0, 2, 1] -2
Complex Fourier Analysis -4
Example -6
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

Symmetry Examples

Eulers Equation
.
Averaging Complex

Fourier Series 0
Example -6
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
(2) Odd u(t) imaginary Un U[0:3]=[0, -2j, j, j]
5
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples U0:3 = [0, 2i, i, i] 0
Summary
-5
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

Symmetry Examples

Eulers Equation
.
Averaging Complex

Fourier Series 0
Example -6
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
5
Harmonics Only
Summary
-5
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
(3) Anti-periodic u(t) 2
U[0:1]=[0, -j]
odd harmonics only 0
U0:1 = [0, i] -2
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

Symmetry Examples

Eulers Equation
.
Averaging Complex

Fourier Series 0
Example -6
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
5
Harmonics Only
Summary
-5
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
(3) Anti-periodic u(t) 2
U[0:1]=[0, -j]
odd harmonics only 0
U0:1 = [0, i] -2
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
(4) Even harmonics only U[0:4]=[2, 0, 2, 0, 1]

8
period is really 12 T 6
4
2
U0:4 = [2, 0, 2, 0, 1] 0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

Summary

Eulers Equation
Fourier Series: P
Complex Fourier Series u(t) = a20 + n=1 (an cos 2nF t + bn sin 2nF t)
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Fourier Series
Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

Summary

Eulers Equation
Fourier Series: P
Averaging Complex
Complex Fourier Series: u(t) =

Exponentials
i2nF t
P
Complex Fourier Analysis n= Un e
Fourier Series
i2nF t 1 T
, T 0 u(t)ei2nF t dt

R
Complex Fourier Analysis Un = u(t)e
Example

Time Shifting Since u(t) is real-valued, Un = Un
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

Summary

Eulers Equation
Fourier Series: P
Averaging Complex

Exponentials
i2nF t
P
Fourier Series
i2nF t 1 T

R
Example

Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
FSCFS: Un = 21 a|n| i 12 b|n|
Symmetry Examples
Summary
CFSFS: an = Un + Un
bn = i (Un Un )

Summary

Eulers Equation
Fourier Series: P
Averaging Complex

Exponentials
i2nF t
P
Fourier Series
i2nF t 1 T

R
Example

Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary
CFSFS: an = Un + Un
bn = i (Un Un )
u(t) real and even u(t) = u(t)
Un is real-valued and even bn = 0 n

Summary

Eulers Equation
Fourier Series: P
Averaging Complex

Exponentials
i2nF t
P
Fourier Series
i2nF t 1 T

R
Example

Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary
CFSFS: an = Un + Un
bn = i (Un Un )
u(t) real and odd u(t) = u(t)
Un is purely imaginary and odd an = 0 n

Summary

Eulers Equation
Fourier Series: P
Averaging Complex

Exponentials
i2nF t
P
Fourier Series
i2nF t 1 T

R
Example

Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary
CFSFS: an = Un + Un
bn = i (Un Un )
u(t) anti-periodic u(t + T2 ) = u(t)
odd harmonics only a2n = b2n = U2n = 0 n

Summary

Eulers Equation
Fourier Series: P
Averaging Complex

Exponentials
i2nF t
P
Fourier Series
i2nF t 1 T

R
Example

Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary
CFSFS: an = Un + Un
bn = i (Un Un )
u(t) anti-periodic u(t + T2 ) = u(t)
odd harmonics only a2n = b2n = U2n = 0 n
For further details see RHB 12.3 and 12.7.

Complex Fourier

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3: Complex Fourier Series

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 1 / 12

Eulers Equation: ei = cos + i sin

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 2 / 12

Eulers Equation: ei = cos + i sin

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 2 / 12

Eulers Equation: ei = cos + i sin

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 2 / 12

Eulers Equation: ei = cos + i sin

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 2 / 12

Eulers Equation: ei = cos + i sin

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 2 / 12

Eulers Equation: ei = cos + i sin

Examples where using ei makes things simpler:

Using ei Using cos and sin

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 2 / 12

Eulers Equation: ei = cos + i sin

Examples where using ei makes things simpler:

Using ei Using cos and sin

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 2 / 12

Eulers Equation: ei = cos + i sin

Examples where using ei makes things simpler:

Using ei Using cos and sin

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 2 / 12

Eulers Equation: ei = cos + i sin

Examples where using ei makes things simpler:

Using ei Using cos and sin

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 2 / 12

Eulers Equation: ei = cos + i sin

Examples where using ei makes things simpler:

Using ei Using cos and sin

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 2 / 12

Eulers Equation: ei = cos + i sin

Examples where using ei makes things simpler:

Using ei Using cos and sin

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 2 / 12

Eulers Equation: ei = cos + i sin

Examples where using ei makes things simpler:

Using ei Using cos and sin

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 2 / 12

3: Complex Fourier Series a0 P

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 3 / 12

3: Complex Fourier Series a0 P

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 3 / 12

3: Complex Fourier Series a0 P

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 3 / 12

3: Complex Fourier Series a0 P

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 3 / 12

3: Complex Fourier Series a0 P

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 3 / 12

3: Complex Fourier Series a0 P

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 3 / 12

3: Complex Fourier Series a0 P

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 3 / 12

3: Complex Fourier Series a0 P

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 3 / 12

3: Complex Fourier Series a0 P

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 3 / 12

3: Complex Fourier Series a0 P

If x(t) has period Tn for some integer n (i.e. frequency Tn = nF ):

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 4 / 12

If x(t) has period Tn for some integer n (i.e. frequency Tn = nF ):

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 4 / 12