PHYSICS UNIFIED By HAROLD ASPDEN Perhaps the greatest challenge in 20th century physics is that of discovering how electromagnetism and gravitation can be embraced by a unified theory compatible with Einstein’s formulae for the energy-mass relationship, mass increase with speed and the rate of advance of a planet’s perihelion. In this work Dr. Aspden shows how this unification emerges from a straightforward analysis of energy deployment in particle inter- action, confirming the intuitive prediction of Oliver Heaviside (1893) as later endorsed by Leon Brillouin (1970). However, an essential further step in Dr. Aspden’s thesis is the recog- nition that energy considerations are more fundamental than field concepts. A law of electrodynamics is derived which was, in fact, first suggested empirically by Maxwell and then discarded in favour of one deducible from his field equations. The unified theory based upon this new law of electrodynamics should have practical application since it can account for anomalies in the electron-ion energy transfer process currently observed in experiments relating to fusion power. Its appeal to the physicist will be the intriguing connection between the properties of elementary particles and the structured character of the vacuum medium, allowing exact theoretical evaluation of several fundamental physical constants. In its broader sense the work constitutes a general unification by providing a new insight into the processes of creation of the solar system. The event of the sun’s creation is shown to result from the onset of the gravitational state as the vacuum. became ordered, a phenomenon analogous with the onset of the ferromagnetic state as a ferromagnetic crystal cools below the Curie temperature. SABBERTON PUBLICATIONS PO Box 35, Southampton, England ISBN 0 85056 009 8 (cloth edition) ISBN 0 85056 010 1 (paper edition)PHYSICS UNIFIED BY HAROLD ASPDEN Doctor of Philosophy of Trinity College in the University of Cambridge SABBERTON PUBLICATIONS P.O. Box 35, Southampton, EnglandContents Introduction UNIFIED FIELD THEORY The Challenge of the Unified Field; Einstein's efforts to unify electrodynamic and gravitational theory; unification of force rather than field The Electrodynamic Force; self-action of interacting moving charge with energy conservation; reaction to avoid self-induced angular momentum The Neumann Potential; electrodynamic interaction between two moving electric charges; analysis of their vector component interactions The Law of Electrodynamics; general three-component law of force; Maxwell's empirical laws of electrodynamics; anomalous ion acceleration; Trouton and Noble experiment Inverse-Square Laws of Force; empirical analysis of spatial energy distribution; the two alternative forms of dis- tribution GRAVITATION AND MAG ETISM Retardation; spatial energy distribution in Coulomb inter- action; retardation effects due to finite speed of energy transfer The Law of Gravitation; derivation of Einstein’s law of gravitation; Mercury's perihelion anomaly; Gerber’s 1898 space-time gravitation propagation hypothesis Electromagnetism; displacement theory; Ampére formula; retardation of electrodynamic field action xiii 17 23 27 30