Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P.

University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Lecture 13
Lecture-13

Equivalent Frame Method

By: Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
NWFP UET Peshawar
drqaisarali@nwfpuet.edu.pk

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 1

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Topics Addressed
y Introduction

y Stiffness of Slab-Beam Member

y Stiffness of Equivalent Column

y Stiffness of Column

y Stiffness of Torsional Member

y Examples

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 2

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Topics Addressed
y Moment Distribution Method

y Arrangement of Live Loads

y Critical Sections for Factored Moments

y Moment Redistribution

y Factored Moments in Column and Middle Strips

y Summary

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 3

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (ACI 13.7)
z Introduction
z Consider a 3D structure shown in figure. It is intended to transform this 3D
system into 2D system for facilitating analysis. This can be done by using
the transformation technique of Equivalent Frame Analysis (ACI 13.7).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 4

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (ACI 13.7)
z Introduction
z First, a frame is detached from the 3D structure. In the given figure, an
interior frame is detached.

z The width of the frame is same as mentioned in DDM. The length of the
frame extends up to full length of 3D system and the frame extends the full
height of the building.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 5

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Introduction
z Interior 3D frame detached from 3D structure.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 6

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Introduction
z This 3D frame is converted to a 2D frame by taking effect of stiffness of
laterally present members (slabs and beams).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 7

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Introduction
z This 3D frame is converted to a 2D frame by taking effect of stiffness of
laterally present members (slabs and beams).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 8

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Introduction
z This 3D frame is converted to a 2D frame by taking effect of stiffness of
laterally present members (slabs and beams).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 9

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Introduction
z Ksb represents the combined stiffness of slab and longitudinal beam (if any).

z Kec represents the modified column stiffness. The modification depends on lateral
members (slab, beams etc) and presence of column in the storey above.
Ksb Ksb Ksb Ksb Ksb

Kec Kec Kec Kec Kec Kec

Ksb Ksb Ksb Ksb Ksb

Kec Kec Kec Kec Kec Kec

Ksb Ksb Ksb Ksb Ksb

Kec Kec Kec Kec Kec Kec

Ksb Ksb Ksb Ksb Ksb

Kec Kec Kec Kec Kec Kec

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 10

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Introduction
z Therefore, the effect of 3D behavior of a frame is transformed into a 2D frame in terms of
these stiffness i.e., Ksb and Kec.

z Once a 2D frame is obtained, the analysis can be done by any method of 2D frame analysis.
Ksb Ksb Ksb Ksb Ksb

Kec Kec Kec Kec Kec Kec

Ksb Ksb Ksb Ksb Ksb

Kec Kec Kec Kec Kec Kec

Ksb Ksb Ksb Ksb Ksb

Kec Kec Kec Kec Kec Kec

Ksb Ksb Ksb Ksb Ksb

Kec Kec Kec Kec Kec Kec

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 11

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Introduction
z Next the procedures for determination of Ksb and Kec are presented.

Ksb Ksb Ksb Ksb Ksb

Kec Kec Kec Kec Kec Kec

Ksb Ksb Ksb Ksb Ksb

Kec Kec Kec Kec Kec Kec

Ksb Ksb Ksb Ksb Ksb

Kec Kec Kec Kec Kec Kec

Ksb Ksb Ksb Ksb Ksb

Kec Kec Kec Kec Kec Kec

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 12

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Stiffness of Slab Beam member ((Ksb)):
z The stiffness of slab beam (Ksb = kEIsb/l) consists of combined stiffness of
slab and any longitudinal beam present within.

z For a span, the k factor is a direct function of ratios c1/l1 and c2/l2

z Tables are available in literature (Nilson and MacGregor) for determination

of k for various conditions of slab systems.

c1
l2 c2

l1
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 13

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Stiffness of Slab Beam member ((Ksb)):

z Determination of k

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 14

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Stiffness of Slab Beam member ((Ksb)):

z Isb determination

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 15

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Stiffness of Slab Beam member ((Ksb)): Values of k for usual
cases of structural systems.

Column l1 l2 c1/l1 c2/l1 k

dimension
12 12 10 10 0.10 0.10 4.182 As evident from the
15 15 0.07 0.07 4.05 table, the value of k for
20 20 0.05 0.05 4.07 usual cases of structures
15 15 10 10 0.13 0.13 4.30 is 4.
15 15 0.08 0.08 4.06
20 20 0.06 0.06 4.04
18 18 10 10 0.15 0.15 4.403
15 15 0.10 0.10 4.182
20 20 0.08 0.08 4.06

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 16

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Stiffness of Equivalent
q Column ((Kec)):
z Stiffness of equivalent column consists of stiffness of actual columns
{above (if any) and below slab-beam} plus stiffness of torsional members.

z Mathematically,

nKc mKt
1/Kec = 1/nKc + 1/mKt OR Kec =
nKc + mKt

Where,
n = 2 for interior storey (for flat plates only)
= 1 for top storey (for flat plates only)
m = 1 for exterior frames (half frame)
= 2 for interior frames (full frame)
Note: n will be replaced by for columns having different stiffness
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 17

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Stiffness of Column ((Kc)):
z General formula of flexural stiffness is given by K = kEI/l

z Design aids are available from which value of k can be readily obtained for
different values of (ta/tb) and (lu/lc).

z These design aids can be used if moment distribution method is used as

method of analysis.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 18

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Stiffness of Column ((Kc)):

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 19

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Stiffness of Column ((Kc)):

z Determination of k

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 20

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Stiffness of Column ((Kc)):

z Determination of k: Values of k for usual cases of structural

systems.
ta tb ta/tb lc lu lc/lu k
As evident from the
table, the value of k for
3 3 1.00 10 9.5 1.05 4.52
usual cases of structures
4 3 1.33 10 94
9.4 1.06 4.56
is 5.5.
5 3 1.67 10 9.3 1.07 4.60
6 3 2.00 10 9.3 1.08 5.20
7 3 2.33 10 9.2 1.09 5.39
8 3 2.67 10 9.1 1.10 5.42
9 3 3.00 10 9.0 1.11 5.46
10 3 3.33 10 8.9 1.12 5.5
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 21

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Stiffness of Torsional Member ((Kt)):
z Torsional members (transverse members) provide moment transfer
between the slab-beams and the columns.

z Assumed to have constant cross-section throughout their length.

z Two conditions of torsional members (given next).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 22

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Stiffness of Torsional Member ((Kt)):
z Condition (a) No transverse beams framing into columns

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 23

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Stiffness of Torsional member ((Kt)):
z Condition (b) Transverse beams framing into columns

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 24

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Stiffness of Torsional member ((Kt)):
z Stiffness Determination: The torsional stiffness Kt of the torsional member is
given as:

z If beams frame into the support in the direction of analysis,

analysis the torsional
stiffness Kt needs to be increased.

Ecs = modulus of elasticity of slab concrete; Isb = I of slab with beam; Is = I of slab without beam

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 25

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Stiffness of Torsional member ((Kt)):
z Cross sectional constant, C:

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 26

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Equivalent
q Frame

z Finally using the flexural stiffness values of the slab-beam

and equivalent columns, a 3D frame can be converted to 2D
frame.
Ksb Ksb Ksb

Kec Kec Kec Kec

Ksb Ksb Ksb

Kec Kec Kec Kec

Ksb Ksb Ksb

Kec Kec Kec Kec

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 27

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
y Example: Find the equivalent 2D frame for 1st storey of the E-W interior
f
frame off flat
fl t plate
l t structure
t t shown
h b l
below. Th slab
The l b is
i 10 thick
thi k and
d LL is
i
144 psf so that ultimate load on slab is 0.3804 ksf. All columns are 14
square. Take fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi. Storey height = 10 (from floor
top to slab top)
y Data:
l1 = 25 (ln = 23.83)
l2 = 20
Column strip width = 20/4 = 5

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 28

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 01: 3D frame selection.

20

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 29

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 01: 3D frame extraction.

20

10

10
25
25
10
25
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 25 30

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 02: Extraction of single storey from 3D frame for separate analysis.

20

25
25
10
25
25

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 31

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 03a: Slab-beam Stiffness calculation.

Table: Slab beam stiffness (Ksb).

l1 and l2 and k
Span
Spa c1/l1 c2/l2 I =ll h 3//12 Ksb=kEIs/l
c1 c2 A 20) s 2 f
( bl A-20)
(table
25' & 20' and
A2-B2 0.05 0.06 4.047 20000 270E
14" 14"
The remaining spans will have the same values as the geometry is same.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 32

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 33

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 03b: Equivalent column stiffness calculation

z (1/Kec = 1/Kc +1/Kt)

z Calculation of torsional member stiffness (Kt)

Table: Kt calculation.
Column
l2 c2 C = (1 0.63x/y)x
0 63x/y)x3y/3 (i
(in4) Kt = 9EcsC/ {l2(1 c2/l2)3}
location
A2 20 14" {1 0.63 10/ 14} 103 14/3 = 2567 2 [9Ecs2567/ {2012 (114/ (2012))3}]=231Ecs

Note 01: Kt term is multiplied with 2 because two similar torsional members meet at column A2.
Note 02: Kt values for all other columns will be same as A2 because of similar column
dimensions.
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 34

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM): A

lu
z Solution:
B
z Step 03b: Equivalent column stiffness calculation

z (1/Kec = 1/Kc +1/Kt)

z Calculation of column stiffness (Kc)

Table: Kc calculation.
kAB CAB
Ic (in4)
Column (from (from
lc lu = (lc hf) lc / lu for 14 14 ta/tb Kc = 2 kEIc/lc
location table table
column
A23) A23)
10 120/110 = 14 143/12 = 2(5.09Ecc3201/ 120)
A2 110 5/5 = 1 5.09 0.57
(120) 1.10 3201 = 272Ecc

Note: For flat plates, Kc term is multiplied with 2 for interior storey with similar columns
above and below. For top storey, the Kc term will be a single value (multiplied by 1)
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 35

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 36

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 03b: Equivalent column stiffness calculation

z (1/Kec = 1/Kc +1/Kt)

z Calculation of column stiffness (Kc)

z Equivalent column stiffness calculation (1/Kec = 1/Kc +1/Kt)

z 1/Kec = 1/Kc +1/Kt = 1/272Ecc + 1/231Ecs

z Because the slab and the columns have the same strength
concrete, Ecc = Ecs = Ec.

z Therefore, Kec = 124.91Ec

z As all columns have similar dimensions and geometric

conditions, the Kec value for all columns will be 124.91Ec
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 37

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 04: Equivalent Frame; can be analyzed using any method of analysis

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 38

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 04: To analyze the frame in SAP, the stiffness values are multiplied by
lengths.
Ksblsb = 2702512=81000E

Keclec = 124.911012=14989E

10

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 39

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
Load on frame:
z Solution: As the horizontal frame element
z Step 04: SAP results (moment at center). represents slab beam, load is
computed by multiplying slab load
with width of frame

wul2 = 0.3804 20 = 7.608 kip/ft

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 40

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 04: SAP results (moment at center).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 41

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 04: SAP results (moment at faces).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 42

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 04: Comparison with SAP 3D model results.

Load on model = 144 psf (LL)

Slab thickness = 10
Columns = 14 14

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 43

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 04: Comparison of SAP 3D model with EFM.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 44

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
y Example: Find the equivalent 2D frame for 1st storey of the E-W interior
f
frame off beam
b supported
t d frame
f structure
t t shown
h b l
below. Th slab
The l b is
i 7
thick with LL of 144 psf so that ultimate load on slab is 0.336 ksf. All
columns are 14 square. Take fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi. Storey height =
10 (from floor top to slab top)
y Data:
l1 = 25 (ln = 23.83)
l2 = 20
Column strip width = 20/4 = 5

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 45

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 01: 3D frame selection.

20

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 46

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 01: 3D frame extraction.

20

10

10
25
25
10
25
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 25 47

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 02: Extraction of single storey from 3D frame for separate analysis.

20

25
25
10
25
25

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 48

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 03a: Slab-beam Stiffness calculation.

Table: Slab beam stiffness (Ksb).

l1 and l2 and k
Span c1/l1 c2/l2 Isb Ksb=kEIs/l1
c1 c2 (table A
A-20)
20)
25' & 20' and
A2-B2 0.0467 0.058 4.051 25844 349E
14" 14"
The remaining spans will have the same values as the geometry is same.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 49

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 03b: Equivalent column stiffness calculation

z (1/Kec = 1/Kc +1/Kt)

z Calculation of torsional member stiffness (Kt)

Table: Kt calculation.
Column
l2 c2 C = (1 0.63x/y)x
0 63x/y)x3y/3 (i
(in4) Kt = 9EcsC/ {l2(1 c2/l2)3}
location
A2 20 14" 11208 3792.63Ecs

B2 20 14" 12694 4295.98Ecs

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 50

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM): A

lu
z Solution:
B
z Step 03b: Equivalent column stiffness calculation

z (1/Kec = 1/Kc +1/Kt)

z Calculation of column stiffness (Kc)

Table: Kc calculation.
Ic (in4)
kAB (from
Column location lc lu lc / lu 14 14
for 14 14 ta/tb Kc
table A23)
column
10 120/100 = 14 143/12 = 16.5/3.5 =
A2 (bottom) 100 7.57 201.9Ecc
(120) 1.20 3201 4.71
10 120/100 = 14 143/12 = 3.5/16.5=
A2 (top) 100 5.3 141.39Ecc
(120) 1.20 3201 0.21

z Kc = 202Ecc + 141Ecc = 343Ecc

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 51

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM): A

lu
z Solution:
B
z Step 03b: Equivalent column stiffness calculation

z (1/Kec = 1/Kc +1/Kt)

z Calculation of column stiffness (Kc)

Table: Kc calculation.
Ic (in4)
kAB (from
Column location lc lu lc / lu 14 14
for 14 14 ta/tb Kc
table A23)
column
10 120/100 = 14 143/12 = 16.5/3.5 =
B2 (bottom) 100 7.57 201.9Ecc
(120) 1.20 3201 4.71
10 120/100 = 14 143/12 = 3.5/16.5=
B2 (top) 100 5.3 141.39Ecc
(120) 1.20 3201 0.21

z Kc = 202Ecc + 141Ecc = 343Ecc

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 03b: Equivalent column stiffness calculation (Column A2)

z (1/Kec = 1/Kc +1/Kt)

z Calculation of column stiffness (Kc)

z Equivalent column stiffness calculation (1/Kec = 1/Kc +1/Kt)

z 1/Kec = 1/Kc +1/Kt = 1/343Ecc + 1/3792.63Ecs

z Because the slab and the columns have the same strength
concrete, Ecc = Ecs = Ec.

z Therefore, Kec = 315Ec

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 53

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 03b: Equivalent column stiffness calculation (Column B2)

z (1/Kec = 1/Kc +1/Kt)

z Calculation of column stiffness (Kc)

z Equivalent column stiffness calculation (1/Kec = 1/Kc +1/Kt)

z 1/Kec = 1/Kc +1/Kt = 1/343Ecc + 1/4295.98Ecs

z Because the slab and the columns have the same strength
concrete, Ecc = Ecs = Ec.

z Therefore, Kec = 318Ec

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 54

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 04: Equivalent Frame; can be analyzed using any method of analysis

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 55

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 04: To analyze the frame in SAP, the stiffness values are multiplied by
lengths. Ksblsb = 3492512=104700E

Keclec = 3151012=37800E

Keclec = 3181012=38160E

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 56

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
Load on frame:
z Solution: As the horizontal frame element
z Step 04: SAP results (moment at center). represents slab beam, load is
computed by multiplying slab load
with width of frame

wul2 = 0.336 20 = 6.72 kip/ft

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 57

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 04: SAP results (moment at center).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 58

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 04: SAP results (moment at faces).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 59

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 04: Comparison with SAP 3D model results.

Load on model = 144 psf (LL)

Slab thickness = 7
Columns = 14 14
Beams = 14 20

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 04: Comparison of beam moments of SAP 3D model with beam
moments of EFM by SAP 2D analysis.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 61

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Moment Distribution Method:
z The original derivation of EFM assumed that moment distribution would be
the procedure used to analyze the slabs, and some of the concepts in the
method are awkward to adapt to other methods of analysis.

z In lieu of computer software, moment distribution is a convenient hand

calculation method for analyzing partial frames in the Equivalent Frame
Method.

z Once stiffnesses are obtained from EFM, the distribution factors are
conveniently calculated.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 62

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Moment Distribution Method:
z Distribution Factors:
Kct
Ksb1
1 Kt
2 Ksb2 lc
l1 Kt
Kec
l1 3
Kcb
K = kEI/l lc

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 63

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Moment Distribution Method:
z Distribution Factors:

z Slab Beam Distribution Factors:

Ksb1
DF (span 2-1) =
Ksb1 + Ksb2 + Kec

Ksb2
DF (span 2-3) =
Ksb1 + Ksb2 + Kec
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 64

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Moment Distribution Method:
z Distribution Factors:

z Equivalent Column Distribution factors:

Kec
DF =
Ksb1 + Ksb2 + Kec

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 65

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Moment Distribution Method:
z Distribution Factors:

z These distribution factors are used in analysis.

z The equivalent frame of example 02 shall now be analyzed using

moment distribution method.

z The comparison with SAP 3D model result for beam moments is also
done
done.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 66

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 04: Comparison of SAP 3D model with EFM done by Moment
distribution method.
Joint A B C D E
CarryOver 0.5034 0.5034 0.5034 0.5034
DF 0.000 0.301 0.699 0.412 0.177 0.412 0.412 0.177 0.412 0.412 0.177 0.412 0.699 0.301 0.000

Slab Column Slab Slab Column Slab Slab Column Slab Slab Column Slab Slab Column Slab
FEM 0.000 0.000 399.103 399.103 0.000 399.103 399.103 0.000 399.103 399.103 0.000 399.103 399.103 0.000 0.000
Bal 0.000 119.955
119.955 279.148
279.148 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 279.148 119.955 0.000
Carryover 0.000 140.529 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 140.529 0.000
Bal 0.000 0.000 0.000 57.838 24.854 57.838 0.000 0.000 0.000 57.838 24.854 57.838 0.000 0.000 0.000
Carryover 29.117 0.000 0.000 29.117 29.117 0.000 0.000 29.117
Bal 0.000 8.751 20.365 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 20.365 8.751 0.000
Carryover 0.000 10.252 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.252 0.000
Bal 0.000 0.000 0.000 4.220 1.813 4.220 0.000 0.000 0.000 4.220 1.813 4.220 0.000 0.000 0.000
Total 0.000129.395 129.395 488.302 26.810 461.492367.695 0.000 367.695461.49226.810488.302129.395129.395 0.000

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 67

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 04: Comparison of SAP 3D model with EFM.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 68

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution of example
p 02 byy Moment Distribution Method:
z Step 04: Analysis using Moment distribution method.

Joint A B C D E
CarryOver 0.5034 0.5034 0.5034 0.5034
DF 0.000 0.474 0.526 0.344 0.313 0.344 0.344 0.313 0.344 0.344 0.313 0.344 0.526 0.474 0.000

Slab Column Slab Slab Column Slab Slab Column Slab Slab Column Slab Slab Column Slab

FEM 0.000 0.000 351.891 351.891 0.000 351.891351.891 0.000 351.891351.891 0.000 351.891351.891 0.000 0.000
Bal 0.00 166.90 185.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 185.00 166.90 0.00
Carryover 0.00 93.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 93.13 0.00
Bal 0.00 0.00 0.00 31.99 29.15 31.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 31.99 29.15 31.99 0.00 0.00 0.00
Carryover 16.11 0.00 0.00 16.11 16.11 0.00 0.00 16.11
Bal 0.00 7.64 8.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.47 7.64 0.00
Carryover 0.00 4.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.26 0.00
Bal 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.46 1.33 1.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.46 1.33 1.46 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 0. 174.900 174.900 415.961 30.544 385.417335.012 0.000 335.012385.41730.544415.961174.900174.900 0.000

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 69

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM):
z Solution:
z Step 04: Comparison of beam moments of SAP 3D model with EFM analysis
results obtained by moment distribution method.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 70

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Arrangement
g of Live loads ((ACI 13.7.6):
)

z When LL 0.75DL
z Maximum factored moment when Full factored LL on all spans

z Other cases
z Pattern live loading using 0.75(Factored LL) to determine maximum
factored moment

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 71

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 72

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Critical section for factored moments ((ACI 13.7.7):
)

z Interior supports
z Critical section at face of rectilinear support but 0.175l1 from center of
the support

z Exterior supports
z At exterior supports
pp with brackets or capitals,
p , the critical section < the
projection of bracket or capital beyond face of supporting element.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 73

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 74

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Moment Redistribution ((ACI 13.7.7.4):
)

Mu2
Mu1
Mo

Mu3
ln
c1/2 c1/2
l1

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 75

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Factored moments in column strips
p and middle strips:
p
z Same as in the Direct Design Method

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 76

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slab

y Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
z Summaryy of Steps
p required
q for analysis
y using
g EFM
z Extract the 3D frame from the 3D structure.

z Extract a storey from 3D frame for gravity load analysis.

z Identify EF members i.e., slab beam, torsional member and columns.

z Find stiffness (kEI/l) of each EF member using tables.

z Assign stiffnesses of each EF member to its corresponding 2D frame member.

z Analyze the obtained 2D frame using any method of analysis to get longitudinal moments
based on center to center span.

z Distribute slab-beam longitudinal moment laterally using lateral distribution procedures of

DDM.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 77

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

The End

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 78

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