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, or {
 
  , in Filipino, is defined as the psychology rooted
on the experience, ideas, and cultural orientation of the Filipinos. It is regulated by the

  {  {
 

  , (National Organization of Filipino
Psychology), in English, which was established in 1975 by Virgilio Enriquez, regarded by many
as the Father of Filipino Psychology.

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?Y 1 Basic orientation and context

?Y º Four traditions
?Y Ñ Basic tenets
|Y Ñ.1 Core value or Kapwa
|Y Ñ.º Pivotal interpersonal value
|Y Ñ.Ñ Linking socio-personal value
|Y Ñ.4 Accommodative surface values
?Y 4 Confrontative surface values
|Y 4.1 Societal values
?Y 5 Approaches and methods
?Y r Psychopathology
?Y 7 Psycho-medicine
?Y ‰ Organizations
?Y 9 See also
?Y 10 References
?Y 11 External links

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Filipino psychology is usually thought of as a branch of Asian psychology, the placement,
determined primarily on culture. However, there is an ongoing debate on the make-up of
Philippine culture, because this will generally determine whether Philippine Psychology is to be
placed under the realms of either Asian psychology or Western psychology. The vast majority of
Philippine psychologists seem to prefer to classify this field as Asian, but there is a steadily
growing body that attempts to place the field as x
 .
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De La Salle University-Manila was one of the few universities in the country to first offer
Philippine Psychology as a course.

Zeus Salazar (19‰5), a historian, identified four traditions upon which Philippine psychology is
rooted:

?Y Academic Scientific Psychology or [

  
  {
 : Western
Tradition: This follows the tradition of Wilhelm Wundt in 1‰7r and is essentially the
American-oriented Western psychology being studied in the Philippines.
?Y Academic Philosophic Psychology or [

    {
 : Western
Tradition: This was started by priest-professors at the University of Santo Tomas. This
tradition is mainly focused on what is called 'Rational psychology'.
?Y Ethnic Psychology or å  {
 : This is the tradition on which Philippine
psychology is primarily based. This refers to the indigenous concepts that are studied
using indigenous psychological orientation and methodologies.
?Y Psycho-medical Religious Psychology or {
  {

: The tradition that
fuses native healing techniques and explains it in an indigenous religious context.

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ÿ
 

ÿ, meaning 'togetherness', is the core construct of Filipino Psychology. ÿ has two
categories,   å (other people) and     å (not other people).

?Y   å ("outsider") There are five domains in this construct:

|Y


 : civility
|Y


 : act of mixing
|Y



: act of joining
|Y


: conformity
 |Y


: being united with the group.
?Y     å ("one-of-us") There are three domains in this construct:
|Y


 : act of mutual trust
|Y



: act of joining others
|Y



 : being one with others

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?Y


: Shared inner perceptions. Filipinos use , or the inner perception of
others' emotions, as a basic tool to guide his dealings with other people.

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?Y ÿ : Shared humanity. This refers to being able to help other people in
dire need due to a perception of being together as a part of one Filipino humanity.

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?Y  : Loosely translated as 'shame' by most Western psychologists,   is actually 'sense

of propriety'.
?Y *   : Norm of reciprocity. Filipinos are expected by their neighbors to return
favors-²whether these were asked for or not²-when it is needed or wanted.
?Y


 



: Smooth Interpersonal Relationship, or SIR, as coined
by Lynch (19r1 and 197Ñ). This attitude is primarily guided by conformity with the
majority.

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?Y £ : This attitude, loosely translated into English as 'fatalistic passiveness',
actually describes the Filipino way of life, in which, he is determined to do his best,
hence the term  , which actually came from the phrase  , meaning 'I
will do all my best, let God take care of the rest'.
?Y 
   : This attitude is characterized by being courageous in the midst of
problems and uncertainties.
?Y



: Literally in English, it means 

 . It refers to the ability of the
Filipino to undertake revolutions and uprisings against a common enemy.

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?Y ÿ
: Loosely translated to dignity, this actually refers to what other people see in
a person and how they use that information to make a stand or judge about his/her worth.
|Y

: the external aspect of dignity. May refer to how other people judge a person
of his/her worth.
|Y : the internal aspect of dignity. May refer to how a person judges his own
worth.
 ?Y ÿ
: Loosely translated to justice, this actually refers to equity in giving rewards
to a person.
?Y ÿ: Freedom and mobility. Ironically, this may clash with the less important value
of 

 or 

 (conformity). kaylangang pagpawisan ka!

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Approaches, or  , and methods, or 
, in Filipino Psychology are different from
that of Western Psychology. In Filipino Psychology, the subjects, or participants, called

,
are considered as equal in status to the researcher. The participants are included in the research
as a group, and not as individuals - hence, an 
, or natural cluster, is required to serve as
the participants, per se. The researcher is introduced to a natural cluster by a   (bridge), who
is a part of the 
 and is a well-respected man in the community. Some of the many
approaches and methods used in Filipino Psychology are:

?Y



 : In this method, the researcher engages in a story-telling with an

. The researcher merely serves as the facilitator, while the

or
participants are the one who are to talk. The term
, from the Spanish word  ,
literally means 'to tell a story'.
?Y
   : In this method, the researcher stays in the home of his

or
participant while he conducts the research with consent by the host family, whose head
serves as the   to an 
. The term  , which is the root word of the term
   , literally means 'to go in'.
?Y
: In this method, the researcher occasionally visits the house of his
host or  , as opposed to staying in the house. The term  literally means 'visit'.
?Y
 : In this method, the researcher undergoes a kind of questioning
session with his

or participants. In this method, however, 'lead questions' (those
questions which directly refer to the topic being studied) are not supposed to be asked,
instead the questions to be asked are supposed to have been derived from the

s
answers themselves. The word  literally means 'question'.
?Y



: In this approach, the researcher uses entirely his/her own feelings or
emotions to justify if his participants or

are ready to be part of his research or
not. The term  literally means 'inner perception of emotions'.
?Y


: In this approach, the researcher uses 'groping', or a mixture of feelings as
well as circumstances, to justify his intrusion into the life of his/her participants or


. The term
 literally means 'to grope in the dark'.

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Filipino psychopathology, or 
  in Filipino, from Spanish   , is the
study of abnormal psychology in the Filipino context. Several 'mental' disorders have been
identified that can be found only in the Philippines or in other nations with which Filipinos share
racial connections. Examples of such are:
 ?Y Amok: Malayan mood disorder, more aptly called 'Austronesian Mood Disorder', in
which a person suddenly loses control of himself and goes into a killing frenzy, after
which he/she hallucinates and falls into a trance. After he/she wakes up, he has absolutely
no memory of the event.
?Y Bangungot: A relatively common occurrence in which a person suddenly loses control of
his respiration and digestion, and falls into a coma and ultimately to death. The person is
believed to dream of falling into a deep abyss at the onset of his death. This syndrome has
been repeatedly linked to Thailand's Brugada syndrome and to the ingestion of rice.
However, no such medical ties have been proven.

Filipino psychopathology also refers to the different manifestations of mental disorders in

Filipino people. One example of such is the manifestation of depression and Schizophrenia in
Filipinos, which are for the most part, less violent.

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{ 
    

Filipino psychomedicine, or 

  
  in Filipino, is the application of basic

psychology to native healing practices loosely considered as 'medicine'. These practices are
closely tied to the faith healers, as well as to the native pagan priestesses like the   or

, who were suppressed by the Spaniards during their colonization of the Philippines.
Examples of such practices include:

?Y Hilot: The use of massage to aid a pregnant mother in the delivery of her child.
?Y Kulam: The use of voodoo of a   
 to conjure up a spell, which she is to recite
while piercing the body of a ragdoll, supposedly representing that of the person she is to
cause sickness.
?Y Lihi: An intense craving for something or someone during pregnancy. Faith healers or
   testify that if the craving is not satisfied, abnormality of the child may result.
?Y Pasma: A concept that explains how   (heat) and   (cold) together can result in
illness, especially rheumatism.
?Y Susto: Soul-flight. Derived from Latin American traditions.
?Y Pagtatawas: A method of diagnosing illness wherein alum (called ) is ritualistically
used by the  
 or medicine man for diagnosis of a variety of health conditions.
The  is used to 'cross' (sign of the cross) the forehead and other suspicious or ailing
parts of the body as prayers are being whispered (  or 
 ). It is then placed on
glowing embers, removed when it starts to crack, then transferred to a small receptacle of
water. As it cools, its softened form spreads on the water surface and assumes a shape
that may suggest the cause of the illness, often one of several indigenous forces: dwarfs,
devils or other evil spirits (  
 ). The water in the vehicle is
then used to anoint the ailing part or parts of the body to counteract the evil forces or
illness. The  is then discarded and thrown westward, preferably into the setting sun.
?Y Usog: A concept that explains how a baby who has been greeted by a stranger acquires a
mysterious illness. Apparently derived from the Spanish tradition of Mal de Ojo.
?Y Gabâ or gabaa: The Cebuano concept of negative Karma.
Y