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CriteriaontheselectionofPedestrianFacilities
October2015
HPN Control Sheet
HPN033
HPNTitle HPN033CriteriaontheselectionofPedestrianFacilities
SubjectCategory TrafficManagement
Status Final
Revision
ControlDate 8thOctober2015
Record of Issue:
Authorised by:
DirectorforCommissioning:Transport&
PaulBird 22/12/15
Infrastructure
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ContentsPage
1 Scope 3
2 Background 3
3 Practice 4
4 Calculation 4
5 SiteAssessment 7
6 OptionAssessment 8
7 StatutoryProcess 8
8 FacilitiesaspartofaDevelopmentManagementscheme 9
9 GeneralNotes 10
10 LinkingPolicy/Practice 10
11 WebTextExternal 11
12 InfoBaseTextInternal 11
13 CustomerTeamText 11
14 Appendices 11
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1. Scope
In2013thethenCabinetMemberfollowingaquestionatfullcouncilinstructedthat
officersshouldapplyatransparentandrigoroustestagainstsafetycriteria/policy
(includingthePV2calculation)forrequestsforpedestrianfacilities.Toensure
consistentandtransparentadvicetoLocalHighwayPanelsastowherepedestrian
crossingsmeetsafetycriteria/policyandwheretheyarenotappropriate.Toensurea
methodologyisappliedtoproposalsfromdevelopersforpossiblesites,thispractice
noteidentifiesthemethodsandcriteriausedtojustifytheintroductionofanew
pedestriancrossingortheupgradingofaZebraCrossingtosignalcontrolled.
2.Background
Before1995DepartmentforTransportguidancesuggestedthattheinstallationof
formalpedestriancrossingfacilitiesshouldbeassessedonthebasisofthePV2value
(thefactorofthesquareofthevehicleflow(V)atthelocationandthevolumeof
pedestrianscrossing(P))Itwassuggestedthatifthearithmeticaverageofthefour
highesthourlyvaluesoveratypicaldayexceeded100million(108)aformalcrossing
pointmaybejustifiedandshouldbeconsidered.Theuseofthisformulawasto
effectivelyevaluatethepotentialforconflictbetweenvehiclesandpedestrians.
Crossingsareprovidedasamenitiestogiveaccessandeasiermovementto
pedestrians.
TheDepartmentforTransportLocalTransportNote1/95TheAssessmentof
PedestrianCrossingsandLocalTransportNote2/95TheDesignofPedestrian
Crossingarethecurrentguidelinesnationally.Theseguidelinesencouragetheuseof
anassessmentmethodologytoencourageinformeddecisionstobemadeastothe
demandforacrossingandthetypeofcrossingbestsuited.Siteinformationisusedto
formulateasiteassessmentrecord.Thisisthenusedtocompleteanassessment
frameworkwhichhastwoparts;i)Thesiteassessment,andii)Anoptionassessment.
InEssexPV2wasusedasabasisforjustifyingtheinstallationofacrossinguptoabout
2005whenthereappearstohavebeenconflictinginformationgivenaboutits
continueduse.Ithashowever,continuedtobethestatisticalbasisfortheintroduction
ofSchoolCrossingPatrolOfficersbutthemethodologyusedisdifferentandcontained
withinSchoolCrossingPatrolService,Guidelines,andRevised2012.
Theuseofanassessmentmethodologyensuresthatdecisionsandconsequencesare
documentedandclearandvisibleforalltosee.Since1995otherHighwayAuthorities
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havedevelopedmodifiedformulaetoensureaweightedsystemtakesaccountofthe
differenttypesofpedestriansandvehiclestoassesstheriskassociatedwithcrossing
roads.Severalofthesemodifiedformulaearecomplicatedandfollowingdetailed
researchinEssexasimplifiedoptionisbeingputforward.
OntheNetworkwheretherearesufficientcrossingopportunitiesmostindividualsare
abletocrosswithoutprovisionofacrossing.However,atsiteswithhighervehicle
flowseitherpedestriansorcertaintypesofpedestriansmayrequireacrossingfacility
toenablethemtocrosssafely.
Thepurposeofacrossingistoprovidepedestrianswithapassageacrossa
carriageway.Thetypeofcrossingshouldbeidentifiedfromthecircumstancesonsite
andthedemandsandbehaviourofroadusers.
Thedifficultyofcrossingatasiteisassessedbylookingatthegapsinthetrafficflow
whichmaybeperceivedbypedestriansasbeingsafetouse.Thisisreferredtoasgap
acceptance.Theaveragegapregardedasacceptablevariesaccordingtotheageand
abilityofthepedestrianandalltheconditionssurroundingthesite.Infreeflow
conditionsthegapsbetweensuccessivearrivalsarerandomlydistributedand
thereforearelativeshorttimewilloccurwhenlookingforanacceptablegap.
However,inthesecircumstancesspeedsarelikelytobehigherthannormalandthe
lengthofgaprequiredwillalsobelonger.
Thepresenceofnearbytrafficsignalcontrolledjunctionsorotherpedestriancrossings
willoftenproduceaplatoonvehicledistribution.Atsiteswherevehicleflowisheavily
platooned,crossingmaybevirtuallyimpossiblewhilsttheplatoonispassing,butthese
willusuallybefollowedbyperiodswherethereislessdifficultyincrossingasalthough
thewaitingtimemaybelongerbutthefirstavailablegapislikelytobegreater.
3.Practice
EssexwilladoptthegeneralprinciplesoutlinedinTheAssessmentofPedestrian
CrossingsLocalTransportNote1/95andTheDesignofPedestrianCrossingsLocal
TransportNote2/95.Inconjunctionwiththegeneralprinciplesofthetransportnotes
aweightedformulawillbeusedinEssexinordertoensurethateachsiteistreated
accordingtoitsownindividualcharacteristicsandsitelocation,takingfullaccountof
vehicleflow,pedestrianflow,vulnerableroadusers,sitecharacteristics,andcollisions.
4.Calculation
Asameasureofthedegreeofpedestrian/vehicleconflictPV2willbeusedinEssexin
conjunctionwiththeEssexSiteAssessmentasthebasisforassessingtheneedforthe
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provisionofapedestriancrossingfacility.However,inordertotakeaccountof
currentroadconditionsaweightedfactorwillbeappliedtobothPandVtogivea
morerepresentativemeasurementofthedegreeofriskbasedonconflictassessment
incurrentconditions.Theweightedformulahasbeenbasedontheformulausedby
otherauthoritiesandprofessionalofficersexperience.Thepedestrianvolume(P)will
beweightedtoreflecttheproportionsofdisabled,elderlyandyoungrecordedatthe
site,andthevehiclevolume(V)willbeweightedtoidentifytheproportionoflarge
goodsvehiclesandbuses.
Siteswhichshowrecordedpedestrianpersonalinjurycasualtieswillbereferredtothe
RoadSafetyEngineeringTeamtoidentifyiftheprovisionofacrossingwouldaddress
thecollisionpattern.Theincidenceofpedestriancollisionsintheareaofstudywillalso
besubjecttoaweightedvalueC.Thefinalelementthatinfluencesthepedestrians
perceptionofsafelycrossingaroadisthespeedoftrafficandwidthoftheroadagain
EssexwilladoptaweightedvalueD.
Pedestrians(P)
Theaveragegapthatisseenasacceptabletopedestriansvariesaccordingtotheage
andabilityofthepedestrians.
UniversalPedestrians countas1
Under16spedestrians:.Schoolunaccompanied countas2
Pedestrians:Over65 countas2
Pedestrians:Visuallyimpaired countas3
Wheeledprams/pushchairs countas1.5
Wheelchairs countas3
Vehicles(V)
Pedestriandecisionsonwhenitissafetocrossacarriagewayareaffectedbytraffic
composition.Abusorlargegoodsvehicleisperceivedbypedestriansasnotbeingable
tostopquicklyintheeventofanemergencythestandardPV2formulatakesno
accountofthecompositionoftrafficallocatingallvehiclesavalueof1.Thereforea
weightedvaluewillbeallocatedtolargegoodsvehicles(includingbuses)intheEssex
SiteAssessment.
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AllVehiclesnotdetailedbelow countas1
PSV,buses&coaches countas1.5
HGVs countas2
CollisionData(C)
PedestriancollisionswillbeidentifiedfromtheuseoftheEssexHighwayscollision
datasetaccessibleathttp://www.essexworkstraffweb.org.uk/.Theweightingapplied
willbeknownasthepedestriancollisionfactorCandwillbederivedfromtheformula
C=(10+N)
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WhereN=thenumberofpedestrianinjurycollisionswithinthestudyareaduringthe
lastthreeyears,basedonaweightingof
Fatality Nx3
Serious Nx2
Slight Nx1
SiteDifficulty(D)
APedestriansexperienceofcrossingaroadisalsoinfluencedbyboththewidthofthe
roadandthespeedoftraffic.Thestandardwidthofanurbantwowayroadwitha
speedlimitof30mphistakenas7.3metres.Roadsthathavehigherspeedswillbe
additionallyweighted.
Twowayroadsupto30mphspeedlimit Actualwidth/7.3
Twowayroadsover30mphspeedlimit 1.2xactualwidth/7.3
Onewaysinglelaneroadsupto30mphspeedlimit 0.8xactualwidth/7.3
Onewaysinglelaneroadsover30mphspeedlimit Actualwidth/7.3
EssexAssessmentFormula
TheEssexadjustedassessmentformulacanbeexpressedas
CDPV2where
C=pedestriancollisionfactorweightonclassificationofinjury
D=difficultyfactor
P=Essexweightedsumofpedestrianmovements
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V=Essexweightedvolumeoftraffic
Thetrafficvolumesfromthe4busiesthoursareselectedandsquared.Thisfigureis
themmultipliedbythecorrespondingfactoredpedestriancount,thendividedby10^8
toproduceanhourlyPV2.
Thecollisionfactormultipliedbythedifficultyfactor,furthermultipliedbytheEssex
PV2valueproducedtheCDPV2.
WherethevalueofCDPV2isbetween0.2and0.7x10^8thenacontrolledcrossing
wouldnotberecommended,andalternativessuchaspedestrianrefugeorzebra
crossingshouldbeconsidered.
WherethevalueofCDPV2isbelow0.2thenacrossingfacilitywouldnotnormallybe
justified,butthesitemaybereviewedonitsmeritswithregardtolocaland/orspecial
needsandmaythenbeconsideredwithafulldocumentedjustificationforfundingto
theCabinetMemberonaCMA.
5.SiteAssessment
ForallrequestsforaPedestrianCrossingFacilityviatheLocalHighwayPanelthe
RequestFormattachedAppendix1mustbecompleted.Iftheschemeisidentifiedto
progresstodesignthedesignteamwillundertakeamoredetailedsiteassessmentand
survey.
Thesurveyshouldincludeapproximately50metreseithersideofthesitebutmaybe
variedbytheexistenceofsideroads,andmajorentrancesorexits.Therationalforany
changesincriteriashouldbedocumentedontheRequestForm.
Caremustbetakenoverthepossiblelocationofthecrossing.Thesiteshouldbethe
appropriateplacetoattractthemostpedestrians,andonceinstalledwillbecomea
focusofconcentrationfordriversresultinginthepossibilitythattheareaeitherside
couldbecomepotentiallyhazardousforpedestrians.Therearenoclearcutstatistical
parametersthatcanbeappliedacrosstheboardtoallcrossingrequests.Eachrequests
needstobeinvestigatedbyacompetenttrafficengineertoascertaintheexactsite
requirementsandmakeupofthepedestrianflow.
AdetailedsitesurveyandCDPV2calculationshouldberequestedthroughEssex
Highways,TrafficDataCollectiontrafficdata@essexhighways.organdacostcodewill
berequired(estimatedcost900).Theinstructingofficerwillberequiredtoidentifyto
thedatateamanyimpactsonconditionsatthesitethatmayaffectasurvey,e.g.
schoolholidays/trainingdaysorroadworksinthevicinitythatmayimpactontraffic
flows.
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TheinstructingofficerwillbeprovidedwithadetailedEssexbasedsiteassessment
thatwillidentifyifthethresholdforapedestrianfacilityismet.
Additionallocalfactorsandoptionswillthenneedtobetakenintoconsiderationalong
withcostsbeforeafinaloptionisagreed.
*AcopyofasampleEssexCDPV2surveyreportwiththeweightedscoringisattached
atappendix2.
6.OptionAssessment
Havingobtainedalltherequiredsiteassessmentdatatheoptionsavailableare
DoNothing
Providetrafficmanagement
o Considerroadnarrowing
o Introducearefuge
ProvideaZebraCrossing
o Considersiteclassificationunderthefunctionalroutehierarchy
Provideasignalcontrolledcrossing
o DiscussoptionswithNetworkITSandidentifyestimatedcosts
7.StatutoryProcess
PartIII,S23oftheRoadTrafficRegulationAct1984providespowerstolocaltraffic
authoritiestoestablishcrossingsforpedestriansonroads,forwhichtheyarethe
trafficauthority,andtoalterandremovesuchcrossings.Thecrossingshallbe
indicatedinthemannerprescribedbyregulationsundersection25oftheRoadTraffic
RegulationAct1984.
Thereisarequirementforthelocaltrafficauthoritytoconsultthechiefofficerof
policeandtogivepublicnoticebeforeestablishing,alteringorremovingacrossing,
andtoinformtheSecretaryofState.Theprocessofconsultingthroughpublicnotice
requiresdueconsiderationtobegiventoanycommentsmadebythepublic.
EngineerswillcompleteaChiefOfficerActionFormfortheadvertisingofaremoval,
neworalteredcrossing.ThisformwillbeforwardtotheStatutoryProcessingTeam,
NetworkManagement,EssexHighways(exampleattachedappendix3).
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8.FacilitiesrequestedaspartofaDevelopmentManagement
Scheme
Pedestrianfacilitiesareoftenrequestedaspartofnewdevelopmentschemesandare
thereforedifficulttoassessusingthecriteriabeingadopted.Ideallyitwouldbeof
benefittosecuredeveloperfundingtoenablefacilitiestobeinstalledoncepedestrian
desirelineshavebeendevelopedpostdevelopmentbutthisisnotpracticalinreality
asECCwouldberequiredtodeliverpedestrianfacilitiestoaccordwithdeveloper
timescalestoavoidnewresidentsmovingintoanareawithnopedestriancrossing
facilitiesinplace.
TheNationalPlanningPolicyFramework(NPPF)promotesapresumptioninfavourof
sustainabledevelopmentunlesstheresidualimpactofdevelopmentissevere.One
ofthecoreplanningprinciplesintheNPPFistoactivelymanagepatternsofgrowthto
makethefullestpossibleuseofpublictransport,walkingandcycling.Italsostates
thatplansanddecisionsshouldtakeaccountofwhethertheopportunitiesfor
sustainabletransportmodeshavebeentakenupdependingonthenatureand
locationofthesite,toreducetheneedformajortransportinfrastructure;
Thereforegoodpedestrianandcyclelinksmustbeprovidedbetweennew
developmentand:keyfacilities;thelocalwalkingandcyclingnetwork;passenger
transportfacilitiesandexistingdevelopmenttopromotesustainabletravelandreduce
theimpactofthedevelopmentontheHighwayNetwork.Theinstallationofnew
crossingsorupgradingofexistingfacilitiesisthereforeoftenessentialifadevelopment
istobeacceptableintransportationterms.
Whenaplanningapplicationforthenewdevelopmentisreceivedtheneedfor
crossingswillbeassessedaccordingtothefollowingprinciples.
1. Theneedforlinkstofacilitieswithina2kmwalkingdistanceor5kmcycling
distancetheseinclude:
1.1. keyhealth,educational,shopping,businessandemploymentfacilities,
1.2. thelocalwalkingandcyclingnetwork
1.3. Passengertransportfacilities
1.4. existingdevelopment
2. Preventionofseveranceofthedevelopmentfromtheexistingcommunity
3. Identificationofthelikelydesirelinesforthelinksrequiredandassociatedcrossing
points
4. Physicalconstraintsthatmaydictatewherethecrossingissited
5. Thenatureoftheroadi.e.whetheritisontheprimary(PR1),secondary(PR2)or
localroadnetwork.
6. Theforecasttrafficanduseoftheproposedcrossingslikelytobegeneratedby
newdevelopment(calculatedusingTRICSmultimodaldata)togetherwithexisting
trafficandpedestrianand/orcycleusage.
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7. ResultsofinternalconsultationwithNetworkManagementandHighwayLiaison
Officer.
Allthefactorsabovewillbetakenintoaccountwhendeterminingifacrossingis
requiredandalsowhattypeofcrossingisneededtoensurethesustainabilityand
accessibilityofnewdevelopmentsinaccordancewithcurrentplanninglegislation.
9.GeneralNotes
Zebracrossingsshouldnotbeinstalledonroadswithan85percentilespeedof
35m.p.h.orabove(LTN1/95)
Surfacecrossingsshouldnotbeinstalledatsiteswherethe85thpercentilespeed
exceeds50mph(LTN1/95)
AllchangestotheHighwaywillbesubjecttotheEssexSafetyAuditprocess
EssexCountyCouncilhadadoptedafunctionalroutehierarchy,therouteclassification
underthishierarchywilldeterminewhatoptionsmaybeavailable.
Atgradefacilitiesshouldnotgenerallybeinstalledwherethereisprovisionforgrade
separated.
Forallpedestrianfacilitiesconsiderationneedstobegiven
1. tothedisplacementofparkedvehicles,
2. areparkingrestrictionsrequired(involvetheparkingPartnership)
3. doparkingrestrictionneedtoberemoved(involvetheparkingPartnership)
4. LocationofSchoolCrossingPatrol
5. Locationofanycrossoversandgatewaysoffthehighway
Theinstructingclientmustidentifysiteswherethepossibilityofasignalisedcrossing
exists.ThisistoenabletheAutomaticTrafficCount(ATC)equipmenttobeinstalled
80meithersideoftheproposedcrossinginordertoobtain85%ileapproachspeeds,
whilstthe100mpedestriancountremainscentredovertheproposedsite.This
methodologymayalsobeappropriatewhenconsideringanupgradetoexistingzebra
crossings.
10.LinkingPolicy/Practice
EssexSpeedManagementStrategy2010
DfT Advice Note TA 15/07, Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB) Vol. 8
Section 1 - Pedestrian Facilities at Traffic Signal Installations.
The Zebra, Pelican and Puffin Pedestrian Crossings Regulations and General Directions
1997.
The Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2002.
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11.WebTextExternal
EssexCountyCouncilwebsite;ServiceInformationCentre(SIC)
www.essex.gov.uk/highways
AllrequestsforpedestriancrossingfacilitiesshouldbedirectedthroughtheLocal
HighwayPanelprocessbytheapplicantfirstcontactingtheirlocalCountycouncillor.
12.InfoBaseTextInternal
AllrequestsforpedestriancrossingfacilitiesshouldbedirectedthroughtheLocal
HighwayPanelprocessbytheapplicantfirstcontactingtheirlocalCountycouncillor.
ThissectionwillbeusedbytheContactCentretowhendealingwithenquiries.This
textshouldbeupdatedatthesametimeasanupdateoftheHPNsotheinformationis
consistent.Toseewhatcurrentlyappears(ifapplicable)clickhere:
Http://inetapps.essex.gov.uk/InfoBase/Pages/AToZ.aspx
CustomerServicesTeamwilluploadnewtexttoInfoBasewhichwillbeusedtodeal
withenquiriesaboutthissubject.
13.CustomerTeamText
AllrequestsforpedestriancrossingfacilitiesshouldbedirectedthroughtheLocal
HighwayPanelprocessbytheapplicantfirstcontactingtheirlocalCountycouncillor.A
copyoftheHPNwillindicatetheprocessforestablishingtheneedforthecrossing.
14.Appendices
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