What is the limitation of

It cannot distinguish between two objects less than 0.2 m apart.

a light microscope?
How can an electron
microscope overcome Beams of electrons have a shorter wavelength.
this?
In terms of
magnification, define The material put under the microscope
object.
Define image. The way the material appears when viewed through the microscope.

Define magnification. How many times bigger the image of an object is compared to its actual size.
How do you find out the
magnification of an Size of image/size of object
Microsco image?
py How do you find out the
Size of image/magnification
size of the object?
Refer to drawing g,
Figure 1, p. 41, showing
a ribosome. What is the 21mm
2.1x10 5 21nm
actual size of the 1,000,0000
ribosome? (Take size of
image as between X and
Y)
The minimum distance apart two objects must be in order to be distinguished from
Define resolution. each other.
Increasing magnification
always increases False
resolution. True or false?
Cell What is cell Where cells are lysed and the contents separated.
fractionation?
 To minimise the activity of enzymes that
1. Cold?
Why must the solution could digest organelles
fractionat the tissue is placed in To prevent damage to the organelles by
ion before cell fractionation 2. Isotonic?
osmosis
be...
3. Buffered? To keep pH constant
What is used to break up
Homogeniser (or blender)
cells?
The fluid obtained is
Homogenate
called:
How are the organelles in
the homogenate By using an ultracentrifuge.
separated?
Which organelles are
Cell Nuclei
heaviest?
fractionat Where in the centrifuged
ion tube are the heaviest cell At the bottom, in the sediment.
(continued)
components found?
What is the fluid at the
Supernatant
top of the tube called?
Study Figure 2 and Table
2 on p. 42. Which of the
organelles in Table 2 Ribosomes
would still be left in
Supernatant 3?
Introducti What are the two main
2. Beam can be focused using
on advantages of an 1. Short wavelength
electromagnets
electron microscope?
What special condition A near-vacuum Why is this? Molecules in the air can
must an electron absorb electrons
microscope operate in?
 Two types of electron 1. Transmission electron microscope
2. Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
microscope: (TEM)
How is the beam
A condenser electromagnet
focused in a TEM?
Does the beam pass
Yes
through the specimen?
Why do some parts of
the specimen appear They absorb electrons
dark?
Why do some parts of
the specimen appear The electrons pass straight through
bright?
What is the
TEM photographed image Photomicrograph
produced called?
1. Vacuum
2. Process is complex and image is not a colour image
Limitations:
3. Specimen must be very thin
4. Artefacts
How can a 3D image be
produced from TEM By taking cross sections through a specimen and studying the sections in order.
images?
SEM In a SEM, does the
electron beam come Below
from above or below?
How is a 3D image Electrons scatter as the beam is passed back and forth over the sample; the pattern
produced using an SEM? of scattering is analysed and used to make an image.
What is the resolution Light microscopes: TEM: 0.1 nm SEM: 0.2 nm
of: 0.2 m