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(b) Write this system in polar coordinates and show that for > 0 there is a unique stable
limit cycle around the origin and that for 0 there is no limit cycle around the origin.
Sketch the phase portrait for these two cases.
(c) Draw the bifuraction diagram and sketch the conical surface generated by the one-
parameter familiy of limit cycles of this system.
Solution:
+ x + (x x3 ) = 0.
x
(a) Write this system in polar coordinates and show that the origin changes from a stable
to an unstable spiral as decreases through zero.
(b) Draw the phase portraits for > 0, = 0 (Hamiltonian system) and < 0, and show
that the bifurcation at = 0 is a degenerate version of the Hopf bifurcation.
Solution:
x = y + x( r2 )( 2r2 )
y = x + y( r2 )( 2r2 ).
in polar coordinates and show that forp > 0 there are two limit cycles represented by
1 (t) = (cos t, sin t)T and 2 (t) = /2(cos t, sin t)T . Draw the phase portraits for this
system for 0 and > 0.
Solution: