1. Static procedures are appropriate when higher mode effects are not significant.

This is generally true for

short, regular buildings. Therefore, for tall buildings, buildings with torsional irregularities, or non-
orthogonal systems, a dynamic procedure is required.
2. In the linear dynamic procedure, the building is modelled as a multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) system
with a linear elastic stiffness matrix and an equivalent viscous damping matrix.

3. The seismic input is modelled using either modal spectral analysis or time history analysis but in both
cases, the corresponding internal forces and displacements are determined using linear elastic analysis.

4. The advantage of these linear dynamic procedures with respect to linear static procedures is that higher
modes can be considered. However, they are based on linear elastic response and hence the applicability
decreases with increasing nonlinear behaviour, which is approximated by global force reduction factors.

5. In linear dynamic analysis, the response of the structure to ground motion is calculated in the time
domain, and all phase information is therefore maintained. Only linear properties are assumed.

6. In general, linear procedures are applicable when the structure is expected to remain nearly elastic for
the level of ground motion or when the design results in nearly uniform distribution of nonlinear
response throughout the structure. As the performance objective of the structure implies greater inelastic
demands, the uncertainty with linear procedures increases to a point that requires a high level of
conservatism in demand assumptions and acceptability criteria to avoid unintended performance.
Therefore, procedures incorporating inelastic analysis can reduce the uncertainty and conservatism. This
approach is also known as "pushover" analysis.

7. A pattern of forces is applied to a structural model that includes non-linear properties (such as steel
yield), and the total force is plotted against a reference displacement to define a capacity curve.
This can then be combined with a demand curve (typically in the form of an acceleration-
displacement response spectrum (ADRS)). This essentially reduces the problem to a single degree of
freedom (SDOF) system.

8. Nonlinear static procedures use equivalent SDOF structural models and represent seismic ground motion
with response spectra. Story drifts and component actions are related subsequently to the global
demand parameter by the pushover or capacity curves that are the basis of the non-linear static
procedures.

9. Nonlinear dynamic analysis utilizes the combination of ground motion records with a detailed
structural model, therefore is capable of producing results with relatively low uncertainty. In
 nonlinear dynamic analyses, the detailed structural model subjected to a ground-motion record
produces estimates of component deformations for each degree of freedom in the model and the
modal responses are combined using schemes such as the square-root-sum-of-squares.

10. In non-linear dynamic analysis, the non-linear properties of the structure are considered as part of a time
domain analysis. This approach is the most rigorous, and is required by some building codes for
buildings of unusual configuration or of special importance.

11. However, the calculated response can be very sensitive to the characteristics of the individual ground
motion used as seismic input; therefore, several analyses are required using different ground motion
records to achieve a reliable estimation of the probabilistic distribution of structural response. Since the
properties of the seismic response depend on the intensity, or severity, of the seismic shaking, a
comprehensive assessment calls for numerous nonlinear dynamic analyses at various levels of intensity
to represent different possible earthquake scenarios.

LINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS

When loads are applied to a body, the body deforms and the effects of loads are transmitted throughout the
body. The external forces induce internal forces and reactions to render the body into a state of equilibrium

What are the assumptions for Linear Static Analysis?

All loads are applied gradually and slowly until they reach their full magnitude
After reaching full magnitude the loads remain constant
Inertial and damping forces to small velocities and accelerations are neglected

The Difference Between Linear and Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Answer: There are 3 characteristics that differentiate a linear problem from a nonlinear one.

Linear Nonlinear

Geometric
Nonlinearity

Small deformations, displacements, Large deformations, displacements,

and strains and strains
 Material
Nonlinearity

This is a linear elastic material, the
behavior is linear since the force
linearly proportional to displacement,
the behavior is elastic because the solid
returns to original shape after loading
This is an elasto plastic material, the
behavior is nonlinear since the force
applied is no longer linearly proportional
to displacement, the behavior is plastic
since the solid is now permanently
deformed

Boundary
Condition
(Contact)
Some FEA packages include linear
contact, but usually, you would need
to include geometric nonlinear and
material nonlinear effects, which
require a full nonlinear analysis
A rigid contact body makes directs
contact with another body (rigid to
deformable contact), alternatively, you
can have 2 solid meshed bodies touch
each other (deformable to deformable
contact)

Linear Nonlinear

Geometric Small Strains(Infinitesimal Strain Large displacement, large strain

Nonlinearity Theory) (Finite Strain Theory)
Large displacement, small strain
(Large-Displacement Theory)
Follower forces that contribute to
stiffening

Material Nonlinearity Linear Elastic Elasto-Plastic, Viscoplastic, Viscoelastic,

Hyperelastic, etc.

Boundary Condition Not applicable Deformable to deformable contact or rigid to

(Contact) deformable contact

Difference between Natural Frequency and Frequency

Frequency of an oscillation indicates how frequent an event occurs.

Frequency and natural frequency are two very important concepts discussed in physics.
It is vital to have a proper understanding in frequency and natural frequency in order to excel in fields such as
waves and vibrations, quantum mechanics, construction engineering, mechanical engineering and various other
fields.
Frequency
Frequency is a concept discussed in periodic motions of objects.
To understand the concept of frequency, a proper understanding of periodic motions is required.
A periodic motion can be considered as any motion that repeats itself in a fixed time.
A planet revolving around the sun is a periodic motion.
A satellite orbiting around the earth is a periodic motion, and
even the motion of a balance ball set is a periodic motion.
Most of the periodic motions we encounter are circular, linear or semi-circular.
A periodic motion has a frequency.
The frequency means how frequent the event occurs.
For simplicity, we take frequency as the occurrences per second.
Periodic motions can be either uniform or non-uniform.
A uniform can have a uniform angular velocity.
The inverse of the frequency of the periodic motion gives the time for a period.
Simple harmonic motions and damped harmonic motions are also periodic motions.
Thereby the frequency of a periodic motion can also be obtained using the time difference between two similar
occurrences.
The frequency of a simple pendulum only depends on the length of the pendulum and the gravitational
acceleration for small oscillations.
Natural Frequency
1. Every system has a property called the natural frequency.
2. The system will follow this frequency, when the system is provided with a small oscillation.
3. The natural frequency of a system is very important. Events such as earthquakes and winds can do
destruction on objects with the same natural frequency as the event itself.
4. It is very important to understand and measure the natural frequency of a system in order to protect it
from such natural disasters.
5. Natural frequency is directly related with resonance.
6. When a system (e.g. a pendulum) is given a small oscillation, it will start to swing. The frequency with
which it swings is the natural frequency of the system.
7. Now imagine a periodical external force applied to the system. The frequency of this external force does
not necessarily be similar to the natural frequency of the system. This force will try to oscillate the
system to the frequency of the force. This creates an uneven pattern. Some energy from the external
force is absorbed by the system.
 8. Now let us consider the case where the frequencies are the same. In this case, the pendulum will freely
swing with maximum energy absorbed from the external force. This is called resonance. Systems such
as buildings, electronic and electrical circuits, optical systems, sound systems and even biological
systems have natural frequencies.
9. They can be in the form of impedance, oscillation or superposition depending on the system.

What is the difference between Frequency and Natural Frequency?

Frequency is a term commonly used to describe how frequent an event occurs, whereas
the natural frequency refers to a special frequency for a given dynamical system.
The frequency of a system can take any value, but the natural frequency of a given
system is a specific value.

Difference between Fundamental Frequency and Natural Frequency

Natural frequency and fundamental frequency are two wave related phenomena that are very important.
These phenomena are of great significance in fields such as music, construction technologies, disaster
prevention, acoustics and most of the natural system analysis.
What is Natural Frequency?
Every system has a property called the natural frequency. The system will follow this frequency, if the system is
to be provided with a small oscillation.
The natural frequency of a system is very important. Events such as earthquakes and winds can do destruction
on objects with the same natural frequency as the event itself.
It is very important to understand and measure the natural frequency of a system in order to protect it from such
natural disasters. Natural frequency is directly related with resonance.
Systems such as buildings, electronic and electrical circuits, optical systems, sound systems and even biological
systems have natural frequencies.
They can be in the form of impedance, oscillation, or superposition, depending on the system.
What is Fundamental Frequency?
Fundamental frequency is a concept discussed in standing waves.
Imagine two identical waves, which are travelling in opposite directions. When these two waves meet, the result
is called a standing wave.
The equation of a wave travelling in +x direction is y = A sin (t kx), and the equation for a similar wave
traveling in the -x direction is y = A sin (t + kx). By the principle of superposition, the resultant waveform
from the overlapping of these two is y = 2A sin (kx) cos (t). This is the equation of a standing wave. x being
the distance from the origin; for a given x value, the 2A sin (kx) becomes a constant. Sin (kx) varies between -1
and +1. Therefore, the maximum amplitude of the system is 2A. The fundamental frequency is a property of the
system. At the fundamental frequency, the two ends of the systems are not oscillating, and they are known as
nodes. The center of the system is oscillating with the maximum amplitude, and it is known as the antinode.

What is the difference between natural frequency and fundamental frequency?

Natural frequency is a property that concerns oscillations, but fundamental frequency is
a property that concerns waves.
Every system has a natural frequency, but the fundamental frequency occurs in only
some of the systems.
For the fundamental frequency, the superposition of oppositely travelling two identical
waves is required, but for natural frequency, only a single oscillation is required.

The natural frequency tells us how many wave cycles are there in a second, for example, a 3 Hz frequency
means that there are 3 complete wave cycles in one second time.

w (omega) is the angular frequency. a single cycle of wave covers a distance of 2 pi radians. thus w denotes
how many radians are there in a wave in one second, for example, a wave having an angular frequency of 50
rad/s means that a wave covers 50 radians in one second.

i hope the above statement clarified the difference.

Edit: and also, x = 2 pi * natural frequency, just like the guy above said.

In physics, angular frequency (also referred to by the terms angular speed, radial frequency, circular
frequency, orbital frequency, radian frequency, and pulsatance) is a scalar measure of rotation rate. It refers
to the angular displacement per unit time (e.g., in rotation) or the rate of change of the phase of a sinusoidal
waveform (e.g., in oscillations and waves), or as the rate of change of the argument of the sine function.

Angular frequency (or angular speed) is the magnitude of the vector quantity angular velocity. The
term angular frequency vector is sometimes used as a synonym for the vector quantity angular velocity.[1]

One revolution is equal to 2 radians, hence[1][2]

where:
 is the angular frequency or angular speed (measured in radians per second),
T is the period (measured in seconds),
f is the ordinary frequency (measured in hertz) (sometimes symbolised with ).

Circular motion[edit]

Main article: Circular motion

In a rotating or orbiting object, there is a relation between distance from the axis, tangential speed, and the
angular frequency of the rotation:

An object attached to a spring can oscillate. If the spring is assumed to be ideal and massless with no damping,
then the motion is simple and harmonic with an angular frequency given by[4]

where

k is the spring constant,

m is the mass of the object.

is referred to as the natural frequency (which can sometimes be denoted as 0).

As the object oscillates, its acceleration can be calculated by

where x is displacement from an equilibrium position.

Using "ordinary" revolutions-per-second frequency, this equation would be

Fundamental natural period of vibration in seconds is _________________for RC framed building.

Answer:

0.075 h0.75

Soft storey is one lateral stiffness is less than 70% of that in the soft storey above

A lumped mass model is used for practical design of

A.
 single storeyed buildings

B.

multistoreyed buildings

C.

single or multistireyed buildings

D.

none
Incorrect. The correct answer is : B

1.
Seismic design methods are described as

A.

Rigidity (serviceability)

B.

Strength (damageability)

C.

Ductility (survivability)

D.

all of these
Incorrect. The correct answer is : D
2.
What are the various methods of restoring an earth quake damaged masonry buildings = ________

A.

Grouting

B.

guniting

C.

prestressing

D.

All of the above

Incorrect. The correct answer is : D

In earthquakes all buildings sway horizontally producing differential movements of each floor relative to the one just
below it, called

A.

Storey drift

B.

final drift

C.

middle drift
 D.

intermediate
Incorrect. The correct answer is : A

When the tension steel content is low and the compression steel content is high, the tension steel reaches the yield
strength and then a large increase in curvature can occur at near constant B.M, this type of failure is known as =
___________.

Answer:

Tension failure

The ratio of the element response to the floor response is called = _____________.

Answer:

Magnification factor